3 : 323 (5cm 200 / m 2 ), ;, 2, [1 ] 1 7 Table 1 The seven typical building thermal walls and their thermal performances [ 1 ]

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1 ACTA ENERGIAE SOLARIS SINICA : (2002) Vol123,No13 J un.,2002 ( ) :, : ; ; ; : T K51 :A m 1618m, ( 67m 10m 1 6 ) 50 %,2000, 10 % 013, W/ m K 2 5 3,, , m 2 55 m 2, m 2,,,, m 2,,, [1 1 7 ] [2, ] : : 973 ( G )

2 3 : 323 (5cm 200 / m 2 ), ;, 2, [1 ] 1 7 Table 1 The seven typical building thermal walls and their thermal performances [ 1 ]

3 [3 ] 2 Table 2 The heat transfer performance of different windows [ 3 ] 5cm 10cm / W m - 2 K ,, ASHRA E55 100W/ m 2,, ASHRAE55 80 % 012m/ s 2 20m W, 20 % [4 ] 3 [6 ],,, :, TS HVACB = 0151 T op ,, [5 ], TS NVB = 0127 T op TS HVACB TS NVB ( ) ASHRAE ; T op, ( ) TS = 0

3 : 325 2 1 Fig. 1 Concept of personalized air conditioning 4 (a) (b) PMV Fig.

outdoor temperature, the comparison between field tests and PMV model in (a)

2 Ventilation of personalized air in office 5 : Fig.

4 3 : Fig. 1 Concept of personalized air conditioning 4 (a) (b) PMV Fig. 4 The thermal comfort temperature vs. outdoor temperature, the comparison between field tests and PMV model in (a) centralized HVAC system and (b) natural ventilation cooling system 2 Fig. 2 Ventilation of personalized air in office 5 : Fig. 5 The thermal comfort temperature range vs. the outdoor temperature in natural ventilation system Fig. 3 Natural ventilation cooling in a building PMV ASHRAE PMV, PMV

5 326 23, PMV, ;, PMV, ASHRAE 5 : [5 ], ; 4 24h / 6 ( ), / 7 [7 ] %RH 80 %RH ; 0109, [7 ] %RH 40 % 7 RH 60 %RH, ( ) Fig. 7 Energy recovery rate per unit outdoor supply air2flow rate for sensible and total energy 15 exchangers under different operation conditions, MJ 190 t, 6 / Fig. 6 Schematic of a HVAC system with air2to2air heat/ energy recovery 6 10, 10 a %RH 1L/ s 31W, 1000L/ s 31kW 1000L/ s 31kW,

3 : 327 814 50 10 18 kj, 335 837kJ cm - 2 a - 1 586kJ cm - 2 a - 1 : 22 35,, ;, ; 30 40 4000m, 115212h 5,5 3 26 %, 2417d 24416d, 3 Table 3 Solar energy source in China / h / kj cm - 2 a - 1 / kg 2800

6 3 : kj, kJ cm - 2 a kJ cm - 2 a - 1 : 22 35,, ;, ; m, h 5, %, 2417d 24416d, 3 Table 3 Solar energy source in China / h / kj cm - 2 a - 1 / kg , ASHRAE2000, 20 1) ;2) ; 3) 511 [ 8 ] 8 8 Fig. 8 A solar house example [ 8 ] L ( - 32 ) 167m 2,, [8 6kW/ 38 ] 500

7 , [ 8 ] 9 Fig. 9 Schematic of solar energy house in New Hampshire [ 8 ] 512, 10 Fig. 10 Schematic of solar AC and hot water system,, 1987, 14kW ( ) 88 3 : V : 1),, ;2), ,, [9, ] 100kW, ( ) ,,, CO P 10

8 3 : %, 100kW 540m 2 100kW m 2,, 32t [10 ] 8m 3 4m 3,, ;, 6m 3, ;, 40 % 35 %, , 50 % ; CO P 017, % 88, 6 8, :1) : 500m 2, 60 ( 30m 3 55 [11 ] ) ( 11 ) ;2) :, 100kW m 2 ;3) : ;4) :, ;5) :,, 2 3, ( 45 ), 4 l12kw, , CO P 014, ( 600m 2 )

9 [ 12 ] 11, Fig. 11 A solar adsorption AC system with energy storage [ 12 ] ,, 2 [13 1 2, ] ( ) 513,, 2,,, 40 60, 20m 2 8h, 100W 57600kJ 1000W 10m kg 60 90kg ( L), 12 Fig. 12 Arrangement of the evaporator with solar heating for a heat pump system ( 12 ),,

3 : 331,,, 13 14 15 [14 ] [ 14 ] 13 Fig. 13 A typical plate type solar collector [ 14 ], 14, Fig.

10 3 : 331,,, [14 ] [ 14 ] 13 Fig. 13 A typical plate type solar collector [ 14 ], 14, Fig. 14 PET coil heat exchanger for water heat source heat pump immersed in water tank,,, 11m 2, 2m 3,, 41m 2, , 32718W/ m 2, 41m h, 2

11 332 23, 8h 2217kWh, 55 % 24h, [17 ],, 1.,2.,3.,4.,5.,6.,7.,8.,9.,10.,11.,12.,13. [ 17 ] Fig. 16 Schematic of the heat pump with Fig. 15 A solar thermal integrated system for hot PCM heat storage [ 17 ] water supply and water source heat pump 16, 514 PCM,, ( ),,,,,,, COA,, [15, ] [16 ],

12 3 : 333 ( 20 ),, COA ( 6), 4 Table 4 Simulated parameters of various heat pump with heat storage 214kW 8h = 69120kJ kW 8h = 10582kJ 316kW 8h = kJ kW 8h = 15872kJ 712kW 8h = kJ kW 8h = 31744kJ 1414kW 8h = kJ kW 8h = 63488kJ 58538kJ 87808kJ kJ kJ PCM kg kg kg kg PCM 01223m m m m 3 ( 013) 01319m m m m 3 ( PCM) Na 2 SO 4 10H 2 O ( ) : kJ / kg 1460kg/ m 3 ( ) 1330kg/ m 3 ( ) ; R ; ( ) 0165 ; COA = , COA = 117, 3 1, COA = 213 8h, PCM 4,, :1),2) 17 E Fig. 17 Comparison of energy coefficient for heating E with various heating method 17 E 6 1), 33 % E = 0133 ( ) 2) 70 % E = 0170, E

334 23 3) 33 % 5, ( ) 3 E = 0133 3 = 7 0199 4) 19 /, 013,, ( ) 0199 70 %, 55 % E = 0199 + 0155 = 1145 18 Fig.

13 ) 33 % 5, ( ) 3 E = = ) 19 /, 013,, ( ) %, 55 % E = = Fig. 18 An tri - generation system for electricity, [ 19 ] refrigeration and hot water supply Fig. 19 Energy consumption in buildings and their functions [ 19 ] E = 1145, 70 % 18 [18 ], /, 20 Energy Plus Fig. 20 Energy Plus - a software for simulation of hybrid building energy systems 20 Energy, Plus,

14 3 : 335 [7 ] Besant R W, Simonsen C J. Air2to2air energy recovery ASHRAE [J ]. ASHRAE Journal, 2000, 42(5) : [8 ] Rosenbaum M. Solar energy house. ASHRAE Journal, [20 ] [J ], 2000, 42(9) : [9 ]. 100kW 20 [J ].,1999,20 (3) : [10 ]. [J ].,2001,22 (1) :, [11 ] Wang R Z. Adsorption refrigeration in Shanghai Jiao Tong University[J ]. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Review,2001,5(1) :1 37. [12 ]. [ 9 ]. : , ( G ). [13 ] Wang R Z, Li M, Xu Y X,et al. An energy efficient ( ) 973 hybrid system of solar powered water heater and adsorp2 tion ice maker [J ]. Solar Energy, 2000, 68 (2) : [14 ]. (SAHP) [D ].,2001. [ ] [15 ]. [J ].,1999,27 (2) : [1 ]. [ R ]. [16 ]. [J ].,2001.,1998 ;28 (6) : [2 ] 2 [17 ].. [J ].,2000,21 (4) :349 : , [18 ] White S D, Knowles J. A new trigeneration system for [3 ]. commercial buildings[ A ]. Proc. Of 20th International [J ].,1997,18 (4) : [4 ] Fanger O. Human requirements in future air2conditioned environments[ A ]. Proc. Of 20 th International Congress of Refrigeration[ C], Sydney : ,727. [5 ] Brager G S, Dear R J. A standard for natural ventilation [J ]. ASHRAE Journal, 2000, 42(10) : [6 ] Li Y, Delsante A. Natural ventilation induced by com2 bined wind and thermal forces[j ]. Building and Environ2 ment, 2001, 36 : Congress of Refrigeration [ C ], Sydney : 1999, III, 143. [19 ] Peippo K, Lund P D, Vartianen E. Multivariate opti2 mization of design trade - offs for solar low energy build2 ings[j ]. Energy and Buildings, 1999, 29 : [ 20 ] Crawley D B, Lawrie L K, Pedersen C O,et al. Energy Plus: Energy simulation program [ J ]. ASHRAE Jour2 nal, 2000, 42 (4) : SOME D ISCUSSIONS ON ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN BUILD ING AND HYBRID ENERGY SYSTEMS Wang Ruzhu ( Instit ute of ref rigeration and Crogenics, S hanghai Jiao Tong U niversity, S hanghai , Chi na) Abstract :Energy efficiency in buildings is an important part of energy efficiency movement launched in China, In this paper,from technical point of view,the energy efficient HVAC and the integrated use of energy in buildings were discussed. Keywords :building ;energy saving ; hybrid energy system ;solar energy ; HVAC E - mail sjtu. edu. cn

Building Technology Experience Center concept air conditioning concept heat pump special energy-saving techniques in hydraulics Concrete core conditio

Building Technology Experience Center concept air conditioning concept heat pump special energy-saving techniques in hydraulics Concrete core conditioning Initial situation Passive House Technology Experience