茶叶的质量安全和 标准的合理化 中国农业科学院茶叶研究所 陈宗懋 2017-10-24 深圳
Quality Safety in Tea Production and Rationalization of MRL
中国茶产业可持续发展面临的问题 产能过剩 环境安全 质量安全 增加出口和消费
Problems facing the Sustainable Development of China Tea Industry 1. Excess Production Capacity 2. Quality Safety 3. Environmental Safety 4. Increasing of Tea Exporting and Consumption
茶产业中的质量安全问题 农药残留 金属元素污染 有害微生物污染 其他污染物
Quality Safety Problems in Tea Industry 1. Pesticide Residue 2. Environmental Contaminants 3. Metallic Elements Contaminants 4. Harmful Microorganisms
茶叶中的农药残留问题约占质量安全问题的 80% 茶叶中的农药残留 MRL 标准从六十年代来逐年严格化, 同时数量增多 大约每二十年残留 MRL 标准降低 10 倍
The pesticide residue problems occupied around 80% of the total problems of quality safety in China Tea Production. The pesticide MRL in tea was more and more rigorous since Sixties. The Pesticide MRL in tea was around 10 times rigorous in twenty years period.
TEA MRL IN CHINA AND OTHER COUNTRIES 我国与其它国家 / 地区茶叶标准数量的比较 国别 / 地区茶叶中 MRL 标准数国别茶叶中 MRL 标准数 欧盟 1138 俄罗斯 11 日本 883 澳大利亚 10 中国台湾省 92 南非 9 中国 28 美国 19 韩国 27 以色列 5 马来西亚 23 新加坡 4 印度 19 肯尼亚 3 MRL 标准五十多年来日益严格 CAC 15 泰国 3 印度尼西亚 15
TEA MRL IN CHINA AND OTHER COUNTRIES Countries/areas Tea MRL Countries Tea MRL EU 1138 Russia 11 Japan 883 Australia 10 China 28 South Africa 9 China Taiwan 92 USA 19 Korea 27 Israeli 5 Malasia 23 Singapore 4 India 19 Kenya 3 CAC 15 Thialand 3 Indonesia 15
食品中农药残留标准越来越严格 以欧盟的 MRL 标准为例 : 小于 0.05 53.1% 小于 0.1 38.6% 合 计 91.7% 大部分标准都是以仪器的最小检出量制定 1999 0% 2007 93.1% 2001 64.9% 2010 90.0% 2004 91.2%
Tea Pesticide MRL was more and more rigorous since 1960 s EU MRL: < 0.05 mg/kg 53.1% < 0.1 mg/kg 38.6% Total 91.7% The MRL was same as the minimum detectable quantity 1999 0% 2007 93.1% 2001 64.9% 2010 90.0% 2004 91.2%
GB 2763 2014 China Tea Pesticide MRL 2014-08-01 实施 序号 农药 ADI mg/kg bw 最大残留限量 (mg /kg) 1 苯醚甲环唑 0.01 10 difenoconazole 2 吡虫啉 imidacloprid 0.06 0.5 3 除虫脲 diflubenzuron 0.02 20 4 丁醚脲 diafenthiuron 0.003 5 * 5 多菌灵 carbendazim 0.03 5 6 灭多威 methomyl 0.02 3 7 噻虫嗪 thiamethoxam 0.026 10 8 哒螨灵 pyridaben 0.01 5 9 氟氯氰菊酯和高效氟氯氰菊酯 cyfluthrin 和 betacyfluthrin 0.04 1 10 氟氰戊菊酯 flucythrinate 0.02 20 11 甲氰菊酯 fenpropathrin 0.03 5 12 联苯菊酯 bifenthrin 0.01 5 13 硫丹 endosulfan 0.006 10 14 氯氟氰菊酯和高效氯氟氰菊酯 cyhalothrin 和 lambdacyhalothrin 0.02 15 15 氯菊酯 permethrin 0.05 20 16 氯氰菊酯和高效氯氰菊酯 cypermethrin 和 beta-cypermethrin 0.02 20 17 氯噻啉 imidaclothiz 0.025 3 * 18 喹螨醚 fenazaquin 0.005 15 19 噻嗪酮 buprofezin 0.009 10 20 噻螨酮 hexythiazox 0.03 15 21 22 23 杀螟硫磷 fenitrothion 溴氰菊酯 deltamethrin 乙酰甲胺磷 acephate 0.006 0.5 * 0.01 10 0.03 0.1 24 杀螟丹 cartap 0.1 20 25 草铵膦 glufosinateammonium 0.02 0.5 * 26 草甘膦 glyphosate 1 1 27 滴滴涕 DDT 0.01 0.2 28 六六六 HCB 0.005 0.2
China Tea Pesticide MRL GB 2763-2016: new 20 MRLs 农药名称 MRL mg/kg 农药名称 MRL mg/kg 农药名称 MRL mg/kg 吡蚜酮 2 甲基硫环磷 0.03* 三氯杀螨醇 0.2 虫螨腈 20 克百威 0.05 水胺硫磷 0.05 敌百虫 2 硫环磷 0.03 特丁硫磷 0.01 啶虫脒 10 氯唑磷 0.01 辛硫磷 0.2 甲胺磷 0.05 灭线磷 0.05 氧乐果 0.05 甲拌磷 0.01 内吸磷 0.05 甲基对硫磷 0.02 茚虫威 5 氰戊菊酯和 S- 氰戊菊酯 0.1
The MRL is around 50-200 times higher than that in EU.
MRL 标准的合理化 1. 标准的国际通用性 2. 标准严格程度的合理性
Rationalization of MRL Setting 1. International Universality of MRL Standard 2. Rationalization in the rigorous MRL Standard
从目前已制定的茶叶中 MRL 标准来看, 在茶叶生产国和茶叶进口国之间存在很大的差距 一般相差 40-200 倍 从茶叶生产国来看, 很难对 MRL 标准差异如此大的不同要求进行茶园的农药管理 因此很有必要制定一个全球通用的茶叶农药 MRL 标准
Established Pesticide MRL between tea producing countries and tea importing countries showed a large gap. Generally, 40-200 times of pesticide MRL are more rigorous in tea importing countries than those in tea producing countries. This gap makes difficulty to conduct the pesticide management in such a largely different MRL system in world tea trade. So it is required to establish a General Tea MRL in the world tea trade.
为什么会产生如此大的差异? MRL 标准制定原则的认识存在差异 根据有害化合物的摄入量来制定标准的数值, 这也是有害化合物风险评估的基础 但现在有的标准的制定依据并不遵循这个原则 以茶叶中的农药残留 MRL 标准为例 大部分茶叶中的 MRL 标准是以在成茶中的量为依据来制定的 喝茶时是将茶叶用水浸泡, 我们是喝茶汤, 而不是吃茶叶 这是茶叶消费和其他食品不同的地方 其他食品 ( 包括粮食 蔬菜 水果 肉蛋等等 ) 都是将是食品吃进体内, 而茶叶人们只喝茶汤而将茶叶弃去 但在制定标准时没有按照摄入量这个根本原则
What is the reason of the difference? From the viewpoint of risk evaluation of pesticide residue in tea is different from the residues in other foods Basic of risk evaluation is the intake amounts of pesticide. Tea drinking is only drink the tea infusion, the tea leaves are not ingested. In comparing with the other foods, such as rice, vegetables, fruits, meats, aquatic products, these foods are ingested into the human body. This major difference must be considered in the risk evaluation of pesticide residue.
农药的水溶性问题 根据农药在水中的溶解度可以分为两大类 : 脂溶性农药和水溶性农药 根据在实验室中进行的研究表明, 茶叶中的农药残留在泡茶时中的浸出率与农药在水中溶解度密切相关 农药在水中的溶解度愈高, 在泡茶时进入茶汤中的浸出率也愈高
农药的水溶性问题 According to the water solubility, pesticides Could be 根据农药在水中的溶解度可以分为 divided into two kinds: lipid-soluble pesticides and water soluble 两大类 : 脂溶性农药和水溶性农药 pesticides. Experiments conducted in the laboratory 根据在实验室中进行的研究表明 showed that the extracting, 茶 rate of pesticide 叶中的农药残留在泡茶时中的浸出率 residues in tea during brewing process was closely related 与农药在水中溶解度密切相关 农药 with the water solubility of pesticides. 在水中的溶解度愈高, 在泡茶时进入 The higher water solubility the pesticide was, the higher 茶汤中的浸出率也愈高 extracting rate of the pesticide residue in tea infusion during the tea brewing process showed.
WATER SOLUBILITY OF SOME PESTICIDES AND RREWING FACTOR IN TEA DRINKING pesticide Imidacloprid Acetamicprid Triazophos Dimethoate Pyrethroids Water solubility (mg/l) 500 4200 120 25000 0.1 0.68 Extracting rate in tea infusion % 28-97% 68-97.6% 24% 85-98.1% <1-3%
Relationship of water solubility of pesticides and the Brewing factor in tea drinking Pesticide Water solubility(mg/l) Extracting rate of pesticide in tea infusion% P,P -DDT 滴滴涕 Cyhalothrin 氯氟氰菊酯 Permethrin 氯菊酯 Cypermethrin 氯氰菊酯 Deltamethrin 溴氰菊酯 Dicofol 三氯杀螨醇 gamma-bhc 丙体六六六 Quinalphos 喹硫磷 Fenitrothion 杀螟硫 Malathion 马拉硫磷 Imidacloprid 吡虫啉 Acetamiprid 啶虫咪 Dimethoate 乐果 0.001 0.005 0.040 0.041 0.1 0.1 7.0 22.0 30.0 150.0 420.0 5400.0 25000.0 <1 2.9 2.9 1.8 1.2 2.2 6.5 40.4 70.9 86.3 28-97.0 68-97.6 98.3
Residue level of five pesticides in tea brew(ng/l ) DDT 1mg/kg Dimethoate 1mg/kg Endosulfan 1mg/kg Chlorpyrifos 1mg/kg Malathion 1mg/kg DDT Endosulfan Chlorpyrifos Malathion Dimethoate More than 330 times 2327.0 2949.0 9.5 54.2 273.6
Residue levels of five pesticides with various water solubility in tea infusion (ng/l) DDT(1mg/kg) 乐果 (Dimethoate)1mg/kg 硫丹 (Endosulfan)1mg/kg 马拉硫磷 (Malathion)1mg/kg 毒死蜱 (Chlorpyrifos)1mg/kg 2949.0 >330times 2327.0 9.5 54.2 273.6 DDT Endosulfan Dursban Malathion Dimethoate
ACTIVITY It is shown that the pesticide residue in tea brew is relative to water solubility and octanol/water partition coefficient. The particular highlight is that the infusion rate of acetamiprid, dimethoate, dinotefuran, imdacloprid, thiacloprid and thiamethoxam is relative high. In the view of risk exposure, they are not recommended to apply in tea production, especially imidacloprid and acetamiprid.
ACCORDING TO THE ABOVE VIEWPOINT, THE CHINESE DELEGATION OF CCPR RAISED THE RECOMMENDATION OF USING THE TEA BREWING FACTOR OF PESTICIDE AS THE PRINCIPLE OF TEA MRL SETTING IN 2008 AND ADOPTED IN 43-44 TH CCPR (2011-2012). IN 2015 THE JMPR SECRETARIAT INFORMED THE COMMITTEE THAT THE USE OF AVAILABLE TEA BREW STUDIES TO ESTIMATE PROCESSING FACTORS WAS PART OF THE CURRENT JMPR PROCEDURES FOR THE ESTABLISHMENT OF MRLS FOR DRY TEA.
Principal 2015 Report in 48th CCPR 196. The Delegation of India recalled that CCPR44 (2012) has encouraged countries to submit relevant data/information on brewing factors and standard method to JMPR for consideration in estimation of MRLs for pesticides in tea. Inida, explained that following the CCPR s decision, the IGG in 2015 had endorsed a guidance document (CRD21), jointly prepared by India and China, which aimed at providing guidance on the establishment of MRLs for pesticides in dry tea leaves using brew factors for risk assessment. 197. The JMPR Secretariat informed the Committee that the use of available tea brew studies to estimate processing factors was part of the current JMPR procedures for the establishment of MRLs for dry tea leaves and encouraged countries when submitting their trials to also include tea brew studies.
MRLs Harmonization Setting up a General MRL on tea, possible? MRLs set-up principal Recomm MRLs should be set up in dry tea based on the brewing rate of pesticide in tea infusion, in order to evaluate the risk intake amounts of pesticide via tea drinking. Cooperation Cooperation among countries, between enterprises and research institutes is needed to clear the source of contaminants in tea and improve the quality safety of tea.
Tea drinking is beneficial to health. Hope you drink more tea