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194 207 207 235 242 245 246 255 269 276 284 295 299 2

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19 20 1905 1910 25 26 20 3

1 2 16 19 3 4 5 1. M. 1935. 2. M. 1938. 3. M. 1929. 4. M. 1934. 5 M. 1938. 4

20 30 1 2 3 4 1894 1 2. M. 1943. 3. M. 1940. 4. M. 1947. 5

1911 1 10 350 2 1958 1960 1960 1961 1. 1 10 M. 1980 1985. 2. M. 1988. 6

3 1985 1989 1994 1817 1949 1988 1 1. M. 1999. 7

1 2 12 1. M. 1993. 2. M. 1999. 8

1963 1967 1970 1943 8 1950 12 1965 1950 12 1951 7 10 1962 11 9

1960 1963 1987 1996 1979 1980 4 1981 1 8 2 19 1983 1 1985 10 64 46 1985 12 1987 4 7 50 1988 8 20 15 10

1990 4 1984 1990 1 3 1 2 1994 1996 1962 1965 1986 1990 1 2 3 4 1 M. 1996. 2. M. 1994. 3.. 1998. 4.. 1994. 11

1998 10 54 27 12

13

19 14

1840 2000 15

16

20 20 19 1 2 3 20 1. M.. M. 1988. 11. 2. A.. M. 1985. 15. 3. M. 1999. 403. 17

1 2 3 4 1. M. 1958. 438. 2 M. 1972. 254. 3 4. A. M. 1984. 155. 18

1 17 20 70 300 2 1. M. 1958. 438. 2 K. M. 1984. 49. 19

1 1. A.. M. 1993. 11. 20

1 15 18 1.. 15 18 M. 1992. 7. 21

1 10 20 50 100 200 2 1.. 15 18 M. 1992. 7. 2. A. M. 1988.52 58. 22

23

1. 1949 1930 1949 1949 1999 20 30 1952 20 80 2. 3. 1 2 3 4 1. M. 1993. 2. M. 1996. 3. M. 1991. 4. M. 1994. 24

4. 1 1 10 2 3 4 1980 1990 5 5. 6. 1. M. 1996. 2. M. 1993. 3. M. 1981. 4. M. 1985 1989 1994. 5. 1980 1990 M.1991. 25

1 2 1 2 1. 2. 1. A. C.1980. 2. M. 2000. 4. 26

1978 7.79 16.4% 2000 1045 26% 1.3% 212 1 12 1500 92.8% 132 500 1 /3 1. R.2001 1 1. 27

3. 3300 667 1 4. 1 R.2000 2 19. 4. 1988 6 490. 92 M.1987. 28

1 5. 1 29

1 618 907 1. M. 1935.35. 30

1883 1 1884 6 2 1884 3 1894 4 1899 5 20 20 1. M. 10. 5 2. M. 10. 5 3 M. 188.355. 4 M. 188.422. 5 M. 188.443. 31

1905 1847 1 1866 2 1867 3 1890 4 5 19 20 1898 6 7 1898 1. Z.1890.40. 2. Z.1866.97 128. 3. Z.1867.91. 4. Z.1890.75. 5. Z.1890.81. 6. M.1942. 1. 2. 7. M.1990. 1. 32

1 2 3 4 1910 1898 19 80 5 6 20 7 1882 1914 1927 1882 1893 1 M.1980 1.18. 2. A. 1 C.1982. 3. A. 2 C.1981.45. 4. A. C.1981 1. 5. A. C.1981 1. 6. A Note on the origins of Huachtiao A. Community and Nation Essays on Southeast Asia and the Chinese M. ASSA Southeast Asia Publication Series 1987. 122 123. 7. 1 C.1982.31. 33

1 19 90 1943 1907 3 1. A.. 1 C.1982.31. 34

1 2 3 4 5 1. A. M.1972.1. 2. M.1980.23. 3. M.1980.418. 4. A. M.1972.2. 5. M. 1984.11 12. 35

1 20 Overseas Chinese Chinese Abroad Ethnic Chinese 1990 8 7 2000 10 31 1. A. J. 34.158. 36

1 20 Overseas Chinese Chinese Abroad 1 Wanggengwu Greater. The Chinese and the Overseas Chinese Quarterly M. 1993. 926 948. 37

38

Overseas Ethnic Chinese or Ethnic Chinese Group 1 1. M. 2003. 22. 39

1980 Overseas Chinese Descendants N 1 1. A. J 2004 1.8. 40

1909 1914 1929 1 1949 10 1. M. 1991. 18 19. 41

1 20 50 1. M. 2000. 25. 42

1955 1980 9 7.7% 92.3% 1 2 1. A.. M. 1999. 2. 2. A.. M. 1999. 2. 43

20 50 50 44

Transnational Chinese G7 / 45

600 1 1. M. 2003. 215. 46

1 1 M. 2003 215. 47

Chinese diasporaic communities diaspora 405 586 70 diaspora 20 90 Diaspora 48

Cohen Mizroeff diaspora Transitions 15 counter modern discourse 1 Chinese Diaspora 2 1 See John Dockers paper on Reconceptualising the Southern Chinese From Community to Diaspora at the Australian National University. http / /rspas. anu. edu. au / cscsd 27 February 1999. 2. N. 1999 10 14. 49

1 Chinese Diaspora 2 1 N.2001 3 22. 2. M. 2003. 11. 50

identity 1 1. 1945 1959 M. 1989. 1. 51

1 2 40 74% 61% 64% 30 70% 20 90 1 Michael Kearney. The Local and the Global The Anthropology of Globalization and Transnationalism C. Annual Review of Anthropology No.24 1995. pp.302 338. 2. M. 2002. 78. 52

1 Ien Ang / 2 17 3 19 1. A.. C. 2004.119 120. 2 Ien Ang. On Not Speaking Chinese Living between Asia and the West M. london and New York Routledge 2001 p.8. 3 N. 2002 4 25. 53

1 2 3 transnational Chinese Networks 23 1 N 1997 4 5. 2. R. 2002.10. 3. M. 2003. 29. 54

1 20 70 Chinese American 1. A. 1 J.2005.47 52. 55

1 diaspora diaspora 1. 911 A. C. 2004. 238. 56

- nation - state 57

58

59

1 2 3 1. A.. 1 C.1982.236. 2. M. 2000. 279. 3. C. 2005.18 21. 60

1 12 20 50 2 32 10% 1994 80% 72% 1. A. 1 J.2001.16. 2. 12 M. 1998. 61

75% 1 20% 20% 2 1 /5 1 /3 1. A. 3 J. 2004. 2. M. 2001. 804. 62

1 1987 738248 1074504 69% 18 83% 50% 94.45 50 2 29.85 110 300 3 1990 27.3 66.4% 35 1990 127 66% 124.6 50 50 3 1 1986 4839 60% 8000 1. A.. 1 C.1982.236. 2. M. 1994. 53. 3. M. 1994. 1221. 63

1936 669785 222 3017 543981 59 9 1 59 1 18 1990 5.25 3 30 1950 1990 2000 4 16 18 1000 5 1985 500 3 3 2 1949 1950 1978 1.2 1979 1990 10 1992 2000 30 1. D. 1993. 53. 2. M. 1996. 304. 64

1 1. M. 1997. 163. 65

society socius gesellschaft 66

1 2 3 1. M. 1983.31 36. 2. M. 1986. 58. 3 M. 67

1840 1840 1893 1 1754 2 19 19 1. A.. 1 C.1982.236. 2. M.1987.25 94. 68

1866 1 19 70 19 2 15 ~ 25 3 4 1. M.. 1992. 12. 2.. 70 M. 139 232. 3. 270 M. 271. 4. 58 M.. 69

1 19 2 1... 432 M. 2. M.1985.25. 70

1747 1684 1820 9 141 1736 1820 1736 1795 19 19 1868 507 19 70 1918 16 20 30 3 1068 976 2 65 6.66% 911 93.34% 498 490 17 12 71

2.45% 488 97.55% 1 1982 2 5 10 19 19 19 20 1. 1. M. 1996. 6. 72

2. 1912 1937 25 1927 1925 9 9 1918 73

1929 1937 1000 4 1933 3. 1937 1949 12 1941 12 1944 5 74

1944 6 6000 3000 1948 8 492 9 120 4. 1949 1976 1967 7 1969 4 75

479 1965 52.8% 1 5. 1976 1990 10 1 1998 100 19 1. M. 1992.208 218. 76

1990 139 5 104 72.6% 1987 128 87 1.7% 1.6% 4% 1 10 20% 10 1 20% 2 1. M. 1996. 289. 2. M. 2001. 804. 77

2-1 2-2 15 961 1987 78248 1074504 69% 80% 75% 2-1 49.34 109.16 93.13 27.30 127.10 92.20 49.42 27.79 573.34 0.52 1.15 0.55 0.09 3.49 0.31 4.30 0.12 10.23 29.58 44.50 64.96 18.03 87.00 24.71 19.72 9.63 298.73 30.10 45.65 65.51 18.12 90.49 25.02 9.75 9.75 308.96 % 61.0 41.8 70.3 66.4 71.2 27.1 48.0 35.1 53.9 1990. M. 1996. 287. 2-2 78

. M. 1996. 288. 1. 649 15 1987 738248 1074504 69% 18 83% 50% 94.45 50 1 29.85 110 300 2 1980 1990 1991 55 1992 24 1994 15 2000 1995 372 1. M. 1994. 53. 2. M. 1994. 1221. 79

1950 1990 2.3 1.7 43 367 289 97% 200 5000 4000 1979 1997 10 1994 1 1993 1995 57.97% 13.06% 19.75% 9.22% 1 2. 159.59 1988 10 1990 27.3 66.4% 35 1978 5 1978 1988 4 1. M. 1998. 276. 80

1979 1990 8500 1 10 100 100 5000 20 1 3. 2032.5 20 1990 127 66% 124.6 50 1980 1981 20 80 1950 1990 15 2.9 1989 59 429 183 64.5% 1989 95% 2 4. 114 1990 4.71 23 1. M. 1996.300 301. 2. M. 1996. 302. 81

3.7 2.5 1.48 758.5 20 80 1987 8 148 11 1 2 24 15 1980 1990 6400 2 1988 1 5. 51.7 24 1 1990 5.58 70% 6 1950 600 28 200 640 3000 80% 1921 1. M. 1996.291 292. 82

1949 1990 400 1 6. 56.7 20 1990 5.66 80% 10 1990 1100 1980 7000 1990 2 1. M. 1996.291 292. 2. M. 1996.292 293. 83

1. Manuel Castells Castells 1996 transnationalism Nina Glick Schiller 84

social fields transmigrants 1 deterritorized transnational social fields Alejandro Ports Thomas Faist transnational social spaces 2. 1 Nina Glick Schiller Linda Basch and Cristina Blanc - Szanton. Towards a Transnational. 85

3. 86

1 4. 1. M. 1998. 23. 87

John Kao 1 2 3 13 15 15 18 1. 4 1. M. 1997 21. 2. M. 2000. 11. 3. M. 2001 1.60. 4. M. 1992. 81. 88

1 2 3 20 50 4 5 6 1. M. 14 15. 2. A. C.1983 3. 3 A. C. 27. 4. A.. M.1986.111 143. 5 Z. 80 Z. 33 Z. 629. 6. M. 1989. 121. 89

19 60 90 1893 1 2 1. C. 1977.. 1877 1912... C..1972.. A.. M. 1978. 2. M. M. 1992. 2. 90

1 2 3 4 5 6 1. M. 1966.1 2. 2. M. 1985.72 73. 3. M 4. M. 1989. 126. 5. M. 1989. 126. 6. A.. M.1986.168. 91

2. 1 1. M.1998.786. 92

1 1. 1 1. M.1998.789. 93

20 50 70 80 2 94

1 2. 1. J. 2004 1.36 39. 95

96

1949 1949 20 60 1978 97

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20 40 60 20 70 99

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101

1 2 728 3 1 600 110 90% 300 50% 53. 9% 1990 139 75%. M. 1996. 1. 2 3 2000 728. 102

10 1 753 873 25 30 907 766 799 1. M. 2. 103

720 1 1015 1091 19 7 500 1070 67 1102 2 1. A. M. 2. M. 3. 104

15000 1 2 99 3 323 Wolfang Franke 1 M. 134. 2. A.. M. 2000. 258. 3. A. M. 105

1 2 3 4 5 W J 1 Z. 70.139.252. 2. M. 2. 3. M. 1994. 100. 4. M. 96. 5. M. 1996. 12. 106

1555 1573 1619 1606 150 1607 1639 13 1 16 16 16 70 1. M. 1996. 4. 107

1593 1630 1639 1643 1687 1773 1 1678 1718 16 5 1612 3 1683 1684 1.. 108

1 1736 1736 1795 46 1. M. 1998. 102. 109

1 1 19 19 19 110

1843 1852 475 410 207 111

19 40 70 29 12 1 1853 1865 1892 1914 1918 600 1. M. 1988.42 43. 112

3-1 3-2 80 130 3-1 1841 1911 1841 1875 164280 4694 1886 1890 37625 7525 1901 1905 133752 26750 1876 1880 11641 2328 1891 1893 29614 9871 1906 1911 198377 33063 1881 1885 29727 4955 1894 1900 103629 14804 708645 9981 1988 2. M. 1996. 6. 3-2 1912 1938 1912 1915 + 72519 + 18130 1927 1930 + 55978 + 13994 1916 1920 + 98319 + 19664 1931 1933-94823 - 31608 1921 1925 + 110426 + 22085 1934 1938 + 98068 + 19614 1926 + 136924 + 136924 + 477411 + 17682 60% 1916 1920 1921 1925 1926 70% 80% 90%. M. 1996. 8. 24 16 18 1915 1916 113

1917 1918 1912 9 9 1921 200 1923 4 400 300 1925 7 11 1926 20 13 1927 40 1934 1934 1938 10 3 2 1939 3426 1945 135 40 25 1945 1946 114

1947 1947 1949 9 84625 1947 1949 19682 1947 1949 25 1 1. 20 70 1996 51 20 70 1. M. 1996. 7. 115

1978 1998 30 1 /3 10 3% ~ 4% 40 1 1998 19749 11927 60% 2 3 10 50 90% 1. A. J.1999.2. 2 R. 1988.11.8. 3. J.1999.1.. J.1999.2 116

98% 1996 1978 1995 76873 2. 100 ~ 120 2001 3580 20 400 250 40 20 160 30 150 1980 80 300 2 /3 1950 1990 1956 1962 4 1956 1957 1962 6600 4 1972 1979 1978 1985 20 80 117

3-3 1950 1960 1950 1205 1954 4310 1958 1 6 2238 1951 1958 7 6 10 1406 1955 4331 1959 3776 1952 2040 1956 6707 1960 2460 1953 2187 1957 6639 37299. M. 1996. 8. 1996 1340 60 118

40 1949 10 1949 1951 5 1951 120 119

1.5 3000 30 40 20 40 50 50 80 3. 1 120

2 1997 2 1 121

3 4 5 122

1087 1206 30 5 1557 16 1982 2 5 10 1465 1521 1939 5 123

37.6 18 1982 23 1990 30 10 7 95% 1 1736 1795 1821 1850 1840 30 21 1911 80 1. M. 1996.92 93. 124

50 19 20 40 3-4 3-5 3-4 1939 % % 1911402 1 1349528 2 1232650 739540 60 406775 33 1709392 854695 50 564100 33 110520 85400 80 82890 75 193548 77400 40 54193 28 381417 75265 20 45770 12 2500000 376000 15 180000 7.2 75000 30000 40 9000 12 11502 7000 1 25015 82554 2. M. 1996. 11. 125

3-5 1940 154364 262565 224325 96582 15.23 % 25.9 22.13 9.53 144694 57542 73568 1013640 14.27 % 5.68 7.26 100. M. 1996. 12. 90% 20 20 70 1958 1960 6 1986 1988 6 3-6 3-7 126

3-6 1958 1960 4.4 1.04 1.33 6.51 1.52 14.8 0.42 7.7 3.5 1.32 1.06 14 5.76 2.9 1.92 36 1.42 48 9 11 6.52 8.16 5.32 40 3.5 3.92 4.48 2.1 14 3 23.7 1.55 0.8 0.95 30 0.15 6.8 0.05 7 1958 1960 6. M. 1996. 13. 127

3-7 1990 154 17.5 4.5 168.1 10 3.5 86 3.1 3 124 0.9 1.2 26 15. M. 1996. 15. 168.1 154 124 86 26 - - - 128

1. 1 1546 1617 2 3 1646 4 5 1. Z. 1565 1731. 2. 3.. 4 Z.1983.134. 5. Z. 129

1853 1 1 A. M.106. 130

36 1859 131

6 200 360 50 24 16 18 2. 1 1. Z. 132

1393 391 500 146259 1578 134226 1 2 3 4 1. M. 1994. 229. 2. 4 A.. M. 1257.755. 3 A. 433 M. 4727. 4.. M. 1947 760 761. 133

1 1300 De Baker 2 103458 1840 14 40% 2.5 2.2 1.05 0.5 3 4 1.. 400 M. 4333. 2. A. 8 M. 1949. 38. 3. A. J. 1922. 4 54 M. 1985. 822. 134

1717 1 1683 2 3 1717 1727 1. 1. 10 M. 1975.502 503. 2. 98 M. 1894. 6. 3. A.. 20 M. 1985. 27. 135

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600 1921 200 30 40 137

24 16 18 1923 4 400 300 1 4. 48 11 1919 15 16 18 19 1940 1950 1930 19 1. M. 1999. 62. 138

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1 2 3 4 1567 2. 1. M. 1936 6. 2.. 3 M. 10 502. 3 280. M.2967. 4. 7 M.. 1981. 131. 141

142

117 ~ 119 24 ~ 25 157 138 11015 423 14 80% 1856 1500 29 1000 200 143

1 1890 2 1. A. J.1986 10.54 60. 2. 2 M. 1966. 133. 144

1 1. 145

19 1 600 2 3 1. A. 1 C.1984.26. 2. A. 1 C.1984.26. 3. Z. 146

70% 30 6 600 8 147

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149

150

1 1. A. 3 M. 10 502. 151

1 40% 30% 20% 10% 2 3 1. A. 3 M. 1959. 216. 2. A. J. 1992 1.24. 3 G W. A. C. 1964 2.68. 152

1923 1860 1 2 3 4 1. A.. 4 M.1981.106. 2. A.. 1 M. 1981. 661. 3 L. M. Douw and F. N. Pieke. International Social Organization in East and Southeast Asia Qiaoxiang Ties in the Twentieth Century M.1985.10. 4. M. 1938. 15. 153

1 1. M. 1938. 245. 154

155

1 2 15 ~ 25 3 4 5 1 Z. 70.139.152. 2 15 1955. 3.. 270 Z. 271. 4. 58 M.. 5.. 58 Z.. 156

1 2 3 19 1 Z. 324 325.. M.16. 2. M. 1992. 12. 3. M. 1992. 14. 157

1644 1 1. M. 1992. 15. 158

1.20 159

20 1918 62 13 1 1920 2000 157 2 3 4 1926 5 20 1926 2 50 6 1. A.. 2 C.1983.63. 2. A.. 2 C.1983.63. 3. A.. 9 C.1985.45. 4. 30 C.1987.65. 5. A.. 9 C.1985.45. 6 1911 1949 A.. 1 C.1982.86. 160

20 18 1930 1000 33 43 1 1930 7 10 2 26 3 1920 10 17 1926 3 15 20 1926 2 1 1911 1949 A.. 1 C.1982.86. 2 1911 1949 A.. 1 C.1982.87. 3. A. 7 C. 1986. 38. 161

13 1000 1 1927 1931 1932 12 2. 4 19 19 20 1. A.. 9 C.1985.45. 162

1911 1917 1917 1930 1 5 50 10 50 80 20 1. A.. C. 2000.21 22. 163

6 15 5 1 20 1. A. 1 10 C.1994.238 254. 164

1860 20 1908 1911 1945 1 20 1. A. 5 C.1981.36. 165

1879 1963 1912 1914 1920 1938 1939 1941 1946 1894 1927 1912 1910 166

1927 1938 1 1927 1927 1. A.. 2 C.1983.44 46. 167

1. 1 600 90 310 2 1 A. M.624 633. 2. A. M. 1994. 3. 168

1523 1566 1565 1 1871 1877 1896 1. Z. 1565. 1731. 169

1870 1871 1904 1905 1929 1930 1938 1 /3 ~ 1 /2 1905 8 1 1938 1000 1400 2500 1 1930 25000 1931 22780 1932 21130 1933 19250 1934 16960 1935 16460 1936 21590 1937 14513 1938 25000 1950 12 1931 7200 1932 1935 4000 1936 1937 1938 5300 1938 1. M. 1994. 27. 170

4-1 1938 % 7485.7 33.4 2500 8.83 2 59 661 4.94 2 15.6 370 4.87 3 8.7 364.8 4.3 4 8.6 322 0.19 15 7.6 14.5 0.13 14 0.34 9.78 56.67 20 0.23 4242. 08 100. M. 1996. 174. 1938 7 1938 5300 1 1938 7485.65 2500 600 4222 56.4% 1939 1.2 1940 2.8 1941 3.65 70% 20 1000 1930 2500 70% ~ 80% 1. M. 1940.. M. 1992.188 192. 171

1 1942 1945 1945 1945 10.7 83.6% 1945 1250 1946 1948 2000 1949 2000 1945 1949 2 /3 13 37744 1288 29% 36456 71% 151583 84147 55.5% 20 ~ 44 51158 33.75% 2 66.25% 60 29 1. M. 1994. 107. 2. M.1941.45. 172

24000 70% 1 2 1934 6.26 4.92 646.8 81.4% 147.6 18.6% 3 4 1. A.1925 9 9. M. 3.. C. 11.1985. 2. M. 3.. A. 11.1985.268. 3. M. 1938. 298. 4. M. 1938. 304. 173

78.66% 21.34% 50.51% 4.42% 15.94% 7.79% 21.34% 80% 1 2 58% 2% 20% 15% 3% 2% 93% 3 50.71% 37.04% 67.58% 18.97% 37.04% 18.9% 2. 1. M. 1938. 86. 2. A. 1 C.1981.72. 3. M. 3.. A. 11.1985.268. 174

1 2 3 4 1. M. 1938. 298. 2 1 M.1982.106. 3. M. 1938. 79. 4. 1 M.1982.105. 175

1 2 1. 2 M.1982.82. 2. M. 1994.304 305. 176

3. 15.94% 12000 1929 72 99 177

1 700 2 1862 1874 20 1900 56.23 16 3 18 3 1875 1908 12 4 5 1. M. 2001. 153. 2 M.1981.342. 3. M. 1989.47 48. 4. M. 1994. 92. 5. M. 2001.152 153. 178

19 70 1895 1 1899 1907 1908 18 1. M. 1990. 281. 179

1911 1 1923 12 1927 1929 2 1872 1913 6 2 3 1919 4 1 A. 2 C.1911.34 35. 2. R.1913 2 22. 3 R. 56.1919.3. 180

1 1922 1 1927 1912 1927 1862 1949 27.2% 34.5% 2 19 70 16 3 19 20 1. 1990. 443. 2. A. 1 C. 1989.288 300. 3 A. 9 10 C.1934.33 34. 181

1862 1874 1893 1889 1875 1908 1908 10 1.5 1871 1949 80% 4-2 1871 1949 % 30 6828925 4.90 2668 87486598 62.88 529 7993511 5.74 632 6726137 4.83 61 3078570 2.21 182

% 13 1333534 0.94 9 2988672 2.14 10 577291 0.41 18 9442059 6.78 20 2981759 2.14 65 9752760 7.00 40551 39189807 100.00 A. M.1959.184. 43 1907 160000 15000 1913 245000 90300 1920 210000 147000 1921 1000000 2900000 700000 567400 1921 1000000 1928 200000 158000 1937 200000 1943 400000 183

1948 400000 1 19 1916 1946 15 1939 1700000 2 1905 1927 3 20 4 1946 1949 72 310.8 35.6% 236.3 5 18775730 1871 1949 63345000 19243268 6 81 1890 1948 78 7 7955466 8 1 A. C.1959.88 92. 2 A. C.1959.184. 3 A. C.1959.223 228. 4. A.. C.1984 1.80. 5. A.. C.1984 1.82. 6 A. C.1959.55. 7 A. C.1959.63 367. 8 A. C.1959.184. 184

1927 1927 1932 1943 1 100000 1930 2 1946 24 23 90.19% 3.45% 4.20% 97.84% 2.16% 1949 1244 2212 170 4-3 1949 9 23 52.4 15 11.4 4 12 4 29 1912 187 306.6 59 46.8 7 153.2 10 21.5 4 13.8 10 22.3 97 49 1928 1929 641 469. 7 21 44. 4 11 99 29 135. 8 9 52. 8 30 33 541 105 1937 1 A. C.1959.455. 2 A. C.1959.70 73. 185

1938 220 425.2 8 1945 0.7 18 17.9 15 274.5 17 87.1 162 45 1946 343 238.6 50 1949 9 3.6 1 137.3 3 15.1 3 18 63 35.6 223 29 14141492.5153 106.9 19 389.5 60 190 35 371.1 124 207 1023 228. M. 1996. 185. 1. 1913 1916 1931 10 87% 13% 20 30 186

1933 9 10 20000 10000 5 000 45000 10000 50000 1930 1936 1930 3 10000 1929 30000 1931 2. 19 187

1912 1912 1929 100 140 7 1933 1936 6 /10 1946 1949 1958 12 1945 1949 9 301 268 246 323 12 12 188

1927 1927 1937 1930 1933 1946 1947 3. 1938 5 189

1917 23 50000 50 1000 20000 1918 70000 30 220 500 1948 190

1942 80000 1947 100000 100 190000 10000 10 6 10000 10 1938 1200 60000 10000 150000 75000 70 25000 1942 2 3 /4 4. 1916 200000 1936 1 191

1932 2000000 30 500000 1933 1929 1 1927 110000 1934 55000 35500 1. A.. C.1984 1.84. 192

1 19 1. A.. C.1984 1.84. 193

1 1. 1. M. 1998. 12. 194

1 960 987 2 1156 1190 3 4 1. M. 1998. 264. 2. M.. 3 C. 4. A. M. 195

1 2. 1. M. 1998. 304. 196

3. 1 4. 1. M. 1998. 304. 197

5. 6 198

1 6. 1. M. 1998.306 307. 199

1 Olga Lang nuclear family extended family stem family 1. A. J. 1994 1.41. 200

1 2 1. M 1994.77 78. 2. M. 1994. 78. 201

19 1 1996 5 1 A. N. 1996 6 2. 202

1860 1878 1901 2.61% 6.54% 1 1. A. J. 22. 1 2. 203

1 2 3 1. M. 1974 23 26. 2. A J.1994 1. 3. M. 1939. 150. 204

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207

1821 1851 2000 1851 1861 1909 1879 1891 1891 1898 1905 1300 1901 208

1901 1911 1905 7000 1904 1906 1000 1907 1910 1912 101 1905 1911 1 1 3 209

1 1. 1911 1931 1921 20 2 200 4 90% 1935 47.4 1. A. 10 C. 1 2. 2. A. 2 C.1983. 224. 210

3 1 1660 269 1291 819 2 1919 1920 1933 1 20 30 300 170 130 3 1912 530 370 101 33 1. A. 2 C.1983. 224. 2. M. 1996. 234. 238. 3. A. 16 C. 1989.34. 160.. A. 4 C.1985.74. 211

31 1 1912 1919 12 1920 1912 530 370 101 33 1. M. 1996. 234. 212

31 1 2 20 5-1 1916 1917 1930 1919 1919 1931 1920 1922 1925 1948 1928 1930 1923 1. M. 1996. 234. 213

1931 1942 1944 1944 1946 1946 1946 1947 1947 1947 1947 1948 1948 1948 1949 1949 1949. M. 1996.237 238. 3 214

1920 1923 1 1924 1924 1929 2 5-2 1920 1923 1924 1. A. 10 C.1989.54. 2. A. 1 C.1982.122. 215

1934 1924 1924 1918 1919 1921 1923 1 2 1934 3 30 1934 1929 1937. M. 1996. 235. 19 80 20 30 1. A. 10 C. 1993. 3. 2. A. 10 C. 1993. 8. 3. A. 5 C.1989.46. 216

2. 1 1924 1925 1935 5 120 10 1925 1919 1 1949 10 269 1. A. C.1986.5. 217

1291 1 1925 1927 120 63.5% 70% 2 20 30 1927 16.7 5 3 1935 47 3 4 40 37 5 62 13 21 3 6 6 1949 5 200 2 1. M. 1996. 238. 2. Z.1985.102 103. 3. M. 1994. 1043. 4. M. 1993. 217. 5. M. 1996. 238. 6. D. 1993. 53. 218

13 1 1888 1940 1913 1918 1920 1925 2 1893 1967 1939 1. A. 10 C. 1993. 8. 2. M. 1994. 161. 219

1943 1 1868 1936 1928 1934 2 1882 1919 1922 3 1868 1945 1914 4 1883 1937 1929 1928 1. 7 C.1991.326. 2. M. 1994. 152. 3. A. 1 C.1982.55. 4. A. 5 C.1989.2. 220

3000 1929 1 1887 1960 20 20 30 2 1936 50000 30 1906 1984 20 20 1931 1932 3 1935 732 3340 669785 222 3018 527167 232 2272 395240 132 2994 281940 83 3396 316286 63 5020 1940 1. M. 1994. 154. 2. A. 1 C. 1982. 179. 3. 7 C.1991.327. 221

141 1 15 1 1 3 1891 1912 1937 1913 1916 1917 1921 1924 1925 1932 20 30 20% 5% 2 20% 1915 3 1918 20 4 1921 1923 5 1934 1. M. 1935.461 462. 2. M. 1938. 223. 3. A. J. 1988. 26. 4. A. 5 C.1989.63. 5. A. 10 C. 1993. 5. 222

1 1937 2 1920 1922 3 4 20 30 1912 1. A. 10 C.1993.46. 2. M. 1938. 221. 3. A. 10 C. 1986. 117. 4. M. 1938. 221. 223

1919 1929 1 20 30 2 1931 1937 120 1937 1945 20 3 4 4 1. A. 1 C.1982.122. 2. M. 1938.205 206. 3. A. 10 C. 1986. 114. 4. A. 4 C. 1983. 111. 224

1 2 3 20 30 4 1. A. 2 C. 1988. 91. 2. A. 3 J.1985.141. 3. M. 1997.129 130. 4. M. 1938. 48. 225

1373 1933 588 42% 2113 789 37.7% 2.68 1 1914 1931 2 3 5 1. M. 1938.230 231. 2. D. 1993.53 51 58. 3.. D.1994.22. 226

300 200 1 1933 1. A. 10 C.1993.8. 227

1934 1 1932 1933 2 3 1. A. 10 C.1993.7. 2. A. 12 C. 1990.31 3. 3. A. 12 C.1990.47. 228

1. 1 3000 120 1800 170 1996 200 300 1 1979 1999 11.2 170 7 60% 5.28 2763 1996 7939 400 170 2300 300 50 1. A.. C.1999.47 48. 229

20 10 100 1000 200 1 500 3000 200 2 1983 240 3 230

1984 1987 4000 3 11 1988 212 1978 28 2. 1919 7000 150 1115 231

1 1 1988 1997 282.2 2763 2 1986 1988 107 1411.64 11 177.72 94 1057.32 1989 143 1157 3 1996 170 5000 1995 6 215 16943.3 1 238 100 2 1990 4509 10028 1 R.1998 3 14. 2 R.1997 9 7. 3. M. 1994. 1046.. 232

428 1 1988 40 60 100 1997 170 2 1998 152 1.35 3 1. M. 1998.85 86. 2 R.1997 1 12. 3 R.1998 10 10. 233

3. 100 4. 234

1 2 1. M. 1994. 686 690. 2. A. C. 1985. 138. 235

1 1. M. 34.. 236

1 2 3 4 5 1897 1899 1. M. 34.. 2. M. 34.. 3. M. 36.. 4. M. 34.. 5. M. 34.. 237

1901 1 19 40 1844 1949 21504 1911 1925 1912 1878 20 1878 1985 1954 1956 1950 1. M. 34.. 238

1961 1979 1980 1984 1990 1980 1990 1750 1 1993 1998 1.15 1998 1.12 5 1 1000 11 1992 2000 1. M. 1996.250 251. 239

30 1 1922 1950 1991 2804.7 7115.2 443 72 1821.1 2091.3 1992 20676710 2 150 1950 1978 1.2 1988 1979 1990 10 1988 1.2 1989 1.4 1.2001 1 18. 2. A.. M. 2000. 390. 240

1990 1.6 28 1996 4.4 1997 4.35 1 8000 1000 2 1991 41 2.8 60 200 10 1. A.. M. 2000. 391. 2. A.. C.1999.23. 241

1 1993 1995 19256 12970.13 67.1% 2 1. A.. C. 1999. 23 24. 2. D. 1998. 46. 242

243

244

1978 7.79 16.4% 2000 1045 26% 1.3% 212 1 12 1500 92.8% 20 132 500 2 1. R.2001 1 1. 2 R.2001 3 18. 245

20 20 50 20 246

80 200 1 1988 1. A.. C. 2000. 89. 247

1 1978 Kuah 1998 Diaspora Emigrant Villages Position and Status 1. A.. C. 2000. 89. 248

13000 1 19000 Ethnic Representation The Construction of Ethnic I- dentity Identity Politics Public Space 1997 1. A.. C. 1999.164 165. 249

1921 20 20 80 1990 1980 326 50 30 30 12 1987 1 2 1. Z.1990.88 89. 2. M. 1997. 147. 250

20 80 251

252

20 90 1993 1995 1997 1998 1 1992 1994 3000 1 Pierre Bourdieu. Social Space and Symbolic power Sociologicl Theorey M.1989.22. 253

4950 51 9242 6477 4.6 2.9 1 110 1995 27% 1990 92% 1995 70% 1. A. J. 1998 1.54. 254

20 1 2 3 20 70 1 A. M. 1992. 21. 2 A. M. 1992. 39. 3 A. M. 1992. 47. 255

1934 10 1935 9 81.4% 18.6% 30 1978 57 50 107 46.7% 1950 1957 3000 4000 1958 1963 2000 20 50 20 60 1978 7.8 7430 10% 2000 GNP 1045 256

6 2000 10 1% 800 500 3 257

1 2 1995 7 100 5000 655 1. 1. A.. M. 2000. 49. 2. A. J. 1997.18 22. 258

1978 1984 20 80 10 3000 1981 400 1000 60% ~ 70% 2. 1979 1987 968 4992 1979 259

71 23 1978 1988 11 17072 3114 43% 1986 123 520 5600 121 1992 1119 4930.46 1200.19 20 90 1978 1987 6 25000 46 25% 260

3. 1987 60 51 85% 9 15% 1997 2330 1265 864 37.1% 201 8.6% 29.87 1998 8 1585 18.7 97.45% 2400 90% 1993 1998 874 13.85 1997 168 52% 4. 1998 1997 8 261

31.84 1.63 241 5350 3000 33 10 1 1989 1991 6 2 1925 7 20 60 1. 8 C.1999.7. 2. 8 C.1999.6 7. 262

3 18 500 1 1982 1989 1995 50% 100 60 20 90 1997 2330 29.87 1995 5333 200 33% 1 1997 4 8. 263

1998 280 264

69 265

1. 1998 2 27 2. 20 80 4 10 266

1 18 3 1 26 2 1988 1986 3 19 14 24 20 80 1987 1 R.1996 6 13. 2 R.1996 6 13. 267

1990 3. 700 1 1997 5 1997 7 4568 583 1995 9 28 23 3 1997 93750 90% 1996 110 1031 4. 1 R.1997 7 30. 268

1950 1967 2400 44.55 1967 7 1979 1980 1990 50074 19202 4600 9.1% 1979 1999 132 269

2000 1045 212 58.4 1995 10 78.4% 90% 70% 70% 80 14% 25% 75% 1998 1 8 31.8% 21% 10.14% 9.96% 1980 35.9 90.4% 7.7% 1.9% 1994 42.51 44.4:34.9:20.7 15 50% 20 80 270

1990 1996 15 1995 42.26 0.34 0.8% 16.94 40.1% 14.78 34.97% 1990 5147 1997 10 1990 2274 / 1997 7410 / 1995 78.17 20 10 24.6:55.4:20.3 1994 6 12.4 20 90 75% 271

90 L. N 1 W J 5 1987 1997 J 10 20 50 1.1998 2 25. 272

10 1976 993 60 1978 20 80 100 100 1987 490 573 1 1. M. 1996. 14. 273

600 14 44 1 30 274

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276

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1 2 1. J. 2 2002.1 34. 2. J. 2003 2.41. 282

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1994. 1 3 C.1982.. M. 1998.. M. 1994.. M. 1989.. M. 1985. 1940.. M.. M. 1943.. 1980 1990 M.1991.. M. 1994.. C.1980.. 1 8 C.1982 1993.. C. 1989.. 1 3 C.1984 1990.. 1 7 C.1984.. 1980 1990 M.1991. 1991. 2003.. 1 7 C. 1984. M. 1998.. M. 285

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1 713 741 742 756 758 760 806 820 976 984 1078 1085 1241 1252 1341 1368 1381 1522 1562 1608 1644 1711 1761 1935 1949 10 2000 1.. 1 295

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3 1990 1. 1990 2.. M. 1996. 15 16. 297

4 1950 1990 1950 4677 1964 5562 1978 8740 1951 6895 1965 6166 1979 8979 1952 7208 1966 5673 1980 7430 1953 6175 1967 4733 1981 5709 1954 6289 1968 4942 1982 7408 1955 6117 1969 4362 1983 6393 1956 5950 1970 4503 1984 3927 1957 5986 1971 5152 1985 2124 1958 4561 1972 4958 1986 2468 1959 3293 1973 5428 1987 4088 1960 4170 1974 6681 1988 3033 1961 2966 1975 7171 1989 1408 1962 2076 1976 7915 1990 2069 1963 4441 1977 8707. M. 1996. 176. 298

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