So you want to be a Casper+sharding validator. 如果你想变成 Casper PoS/ 分片的验证者...
Step 1: Deposit 第一步 : 存款 Send the deposit transaction, with: 发送存款交易, 包括 : 32 ETH 以太币 Public key 公钥 Withdrawal address 取款地址
Signing key and withdrawal address do not need to be the same 签名的公钥和取款地址不一 定是一样的 Can delegate signing rights 可以让别人为你参加共识机制 Can stake with hot wallet, funds only withdrawable to cold wallet 能用热钱包签名, 取款到冷钱包
Step 2: wait to be inducted 第二步 : 等你加入 May take up to 1 day (not yet determined) 可能需要一天 ( 还不确定 )
Step 3: validate 第三步 : 参加验证机制 Validators have two roles 验证节点有 2 个作用 : Finalize the main chain 敲定主链的区块 Verify blocks on shards 验证分片上的区块
The Casper finality gadget is a process that runs as part of the chain s consensus and finalizes blocks, giving them additional security. Casper 的敲定工具是共识机制的一部分, 用于敲定区块, 给区块更多的安全性
The Ethereum sharding proposal involves ~100 child chains that are connected to a main beacon chain. Accounts and transactions are stored on the child chains. 以太坊的分片提案包含 ~100 个子链, 每个子链是跟主链连接的 账户和交易信息都储存在子链上
Distribution of responsibilities 责任的分配 Main chain 主链 Random number generation 生成随机数 Shard chains 子链 Process transactions 处理交易 Keep track of validators 保存验证节点相关信息 Store account/contract state 存储账户 / 合约的状态 Keep track of shards 追踪子链的区块
Validator assignment 验证节点分配 Every epoch (~1 hour), every validator is assigned to a newly selected random shard. For that epoch, the validator verifies and helps to confirm blocks on that shard. 每个阶段 (1 小时左右 ), 系统随机给各个验证节点分配一个分片 在此期间, 该节点验证并帮助确认该分片上的区块
Suppose a computer can process N transactions. Then the main chain can keep track of N shards, and each shard can process N transactions, so the chain can process N^2 transactions total. This is why we call it quadratic sharding. 假设一个节点能处理 N 个交易, 那么主链能追踪 N 个分片, 每个分片都能处理 N 个交易, 所以系统一共能处理 N^2 个交易 因此这个提案叫做二次性分片
Cross-links 交联 ( 交叉链接 ) A cross-link consists of a set of ~100 signatures from validators assigned to a shard that confirms a block in that shard into the main chain. Cross-links are the main form of in-protocol cross-shard communication. 一个交联包含约 100 个为一个分片分配的验证节点的签名, 并在主链上确认该分片上的区块 交联是跨分片间互操作性的主要方式
Block proposal 提出区块的机制 Validators are also randomly assigned to shards for longer periods of time (eg. 4 months) to propose blocks. 系统也给验证节点分配责任, 即在某个分片上生成区块 这个时间更长 ( 比如, 一个节点可能用 4 个月在一个分片上生成区块 )
Validator responsibilities 验证节点的责任 Validate main chain 验证主链 Validate 2 shards 验证 2 个分片 For block proposal 为了生成区块 For block confirmation/cross-links 为了确认区块 / 交联 Propose blocks on shards 生成分片区块 Propose blocks on the main chain 生成主链的区块 Confirm shard blocks and make cross-links 确认分片区块并进行交联
The more ETH you have, the more validator slots you will have, and the more computing power your node will need. This promotes decentralization by making validation more fair to small nodes. 你拥有的以太币越多, 你的验证节点位置越多, 那么需要的算力也越多 这个机制支持协议的去中心化, 对拥有较少以太币的人会公平一些
Rewards and penalties 奖励和罚款
Validate normally 正常运行 ( 验证 ) >⅔ of other validators validate normally: earn interest rate 如果至少 ⅔ 其他的节点正常运行 : 可以得到利息 Go offline 离线 >⅔ of other validators validate normally: small penalties 如果至少 ⅔ 其他的节点正常运行 : 小的罚款 Otherwise, large penalties (quadratic leak) 如果很多其他的节点也离线, 大的罚款 ( 二次行泄漏机制 ) Sign invalid or contradictory messages 签名有错误或者跟自己有冲突的信息 Penalty proportional to percentage of other validators that also signed invalid or contradictory messages 罚款与其他犯错验证节点的数量成正比
An innocent validator may still get penalized due to errors (or getting hacked), but if only they are hacked, then the penalty will be small. An actual attack requires many validators, so penalties will be large. 一个无辜的验证节点可能会因为错误被罚款 ( 或者被黑 ), 但是如果他们被黑, 罚款将不会太多 真正的攻击需要很多节点, 所以罚款会很多
A not penalized 没被罚款 A penalized 被罚款 B not penalized 没被罚款 (0, 0) (-12, 0) B penalized 被罚款 (0, -12) (-22, -22) The partial slashing mechanism incentivizes validators to set up their security to have failure modes that are maximally discorrelated from everyone else s failure modes. 罚款机制给了节点激励, 使其设置自己的安全保护机制, 尽量不跟其他节点的安全保护同时失败
This means 也就是说 : Don t participate in the same staking pool as everyone else 不要加入跟别人一样的权益池 Don t use the same VPS as everyone else 不要用跟别人一样的 VPS Don t use the same operating system as everyone else 不要使用跟别人一样的操作系统 Don t use the sample implementation as everyone else 不要用跟别人一样的客户端 (!!)
Step 5: logout 第五步 : 退出 Either your online key or your withdrawal address can trigger the withdraw function 你的私钥和提款地址都能触发取款过程 Your validator slot will be deactivated in ~7 days 你的验证节点会在 7 天后关闭 Once logged off, you will be able to recover your funds in 4 months. 验证节点关闭之后,4 月后才能提取以太币
Thank you and wish you a happy validating experience! 谢谢, 希望大家验证愉快!