1864, 12 ( ), (Law of Geneva) , (Law of Hague), 1949, , 1949,,,, 19? : (1) 19? (2)?, ( )?,, (R ichard A. Posner) :,,,,,, ( )

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1 19??,,,, 19,, 19,, 1856,, :,, 2001, ; :,, 2004, /1 ( 13 ), 1 32 Q uarterly Journal of Intenational Politics 1

2 1864, 12 ( ), (Law of Geneva) , (Law of Hague), 1949, , 1949,,,, 19? : (1) 19? (2)?, ( )?,, (R ichard A. Posner) :,,,,,, ( ) :,, 1986, 1 2 : ( ),, 2001, 97 : ( ),, 2003, 299 2

3 ( ), ( ),, (Logic of app rop riateness),,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,, 19 :, , 119 :, :, 2 :,

4 ? 19?, 19,,,,,, ?, 14 15, 350?, (Martha Finnemore),,, ( ) ( ),,,, 1864, (Henry Durant),,,, 19, T. N. : ( ),, 1985, :, 166,, 4

5 , (Norm Entrep reneurs),,,, 1863,,,,,,?,,,,?,,,,,,, :, 2 3 Martha Finnemore and Kathryn Sikkinnk, International Norm s Dynam ics and Political Change, International O rganization, Vol152, No14, 1998, pp :, 3 5

6 ( ) :,,, 16, 16 17, ( ),,, ( Kalevi J. Holsti) : ,, 1631, (M ichael Howard),,, 18, ( Frederic the Great), :, : : ( ), 2005, 26 : ( ),, 1998, 37 6

7 ,,,,,,,,, 18,, :, 19,,,,,,,,,,,, 19,,, ( ), (MarxW eber), Geoffrey Treasure, The M aking of M odern Europe (London: Methuen, 1985), p1207. :, 92 93, 92 : ( ),, 1978, 26 7

8 ,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( regulated violence), :, ; ; ; ;,, 19, 150,,,, : ( ) ( ),, 1997, 56 W illiam Gerald Downey, Jr., The Law of W ar and M ilitary Necessity, The Am erican Journal of International Law, Vol147, No12, 1953, p1254. Ibid., pp

9 ,,,, ( ( ) ),,,,,, ( ), 19,,, ( ),,,,,,,, :,,,, ;,, :,, 2006, ,,, Stuart Maslen and Peter Herby, An International Ban on Anti2Personnel M ines: No1325, 1998, pp H istory and Negotiation of the O ttawa Treaty, International Review of Red Cross, : ( ),, 1980, 55 9

10 ,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,, : ( ) ( ),, 1981, , Janice E. Thom son, State Practices, International Norm s, and the Decline of Mercenarism, International S tudies Q uarterly, Vol134, No11, 1990, pp Deborah Avant, From Mercenary to Citizen A rm ies: Exp laining Change in the Practice of W ar, International O rganization, Vol154, No11, 2000, pp John Janzekovic, Humanitarianism: W hat Is It and How to Get Some, Social A lternatives, Vol124, No13, 2005, pp

11 ,,?,, ( ),, ;,,, ;,,, 1864, 1864,, : (1864 ) ( ) ( ) (1929 ), 19,,,,?? 1864, 6 :, :,

12 ( ) ( ) : 18,, :,,, 18,,,,, 1702 (Marshal V illeroi),,,,,,, M. S. Anderson, W ar and Society in Europe of the O ld Regim e (New York: St. Martin s, 1988). pp ,, ;, 16 G. R. : : ( ),, 1999, 663 M. S. Anderson, W ar and Society in Europe of the O ld Regim e, p164.,, 17,,, : ( ),, 1984, J. O. : : ( ),, 1999, M. S. Anderson, W ar and Society in Europe of the O ld Regim e, pp

13 19,, ( ) :,,, ;,, ( Perry Anderson), ( ),, ; ; ( ),,,,,,, :, ; : ; : 17 18,, 1,, 1995, 274 ; 3, 191 ; 4, 172 : ( ), 2001, 26,,,, 17 18, J. O. : : ,

14 ,,,,,, (Duke of W ellington),,,,,, 18,,, , 2 5, 12,,,,,,, :,, :, :, 2004, 51 : ( ),, 2000, 157,,,, , J. O. :, :, 91, 2 M. S. Anderson, W ar and Society in Europe of the O ld Regim e, pp

15 ( ), ( Charles de Secondat, Baron de Montesquieu),, :,,,, : ;, ; ; (David Hume) ( ) :,, (Jean Jacques Rousseau) :,,,,, ;,,,,, : ( ),, 1961, 139, 141 : ( ),, 2001, 39 :, 55 15

16 ( ),,,,,,, ,,,,, / / / / : Janice E. Thom son, M ercenaries, P irates and Sovereigns, p183. James D. Morrow, The Institutional Features of the Prisoners of W ar Treaties, International O rganization, Vol155, No14, 2001,

17 ,, 19, ( 21),,, ( ) : ;, ; ;, ;,,, , , (Hebert Jenna),, , (DanielW ebster),, Janice E. Thom son, M ercenaries, Pirates and Sovereigns (New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1996), pp : ( ),, 1987, 62 ; Vasilis Vourkoutiotis, Prisoners of W ar and the Germ an High Comm and: the B ritish and Am erican Experience (New York: Palgrave Macm illan, 2003), p118 Vasilis Vourkoutiotis, Prisoners of W ar and the Germ an High Comm and, p119. :, 62 Vasilis Vourkoutiotis, Prisoners of W ar and the Germ an High Comm and, p119. :,

18 ,, ,, :, ; ;,,,, ; ; ; 1898, 4 :, 6 :,, 7 :, 17 : ; : ;,,,,,, Vasilis Vourkoutiotis, Prisoners of W ar and the Germ an H igh Comm and, pp (L ieber Code) Vasilis Vourkoutiotis, Prisoners of W ar and the Germ an H igh Comm and, pp , Vasilis Vourkoutiotis, Prisoners of W ar and the Germ an High Comm and, pp122,

19 , U,,,, 1929, ( ),, , , ,, 3500 Vasilis Vourkoutiotis, Prisoners of W ar and the Germ an High Comm and, p124. Ibid., pp177, 80. Ibid., p ( 1949 ),, :, :, (, ), 46 90%, % S. P. MacKenzie, The Treatment of Prisoners ofw ar in WorldW ar, Journal ofm odern History, Vol166, No13, 1994, p1487; Bob Moore and Kent Fedorowich, Prisoners ofw ar in the Second World W ar: An Overview, in Bob Moore & Kent Fedorowich eds., Prisoners of W ar and Their Captors in W orld W ar II (W ashington, DC: Berg 1996 ), p N iall Ferguson, Prisoner Taking and Prisoner Killing in the Age of Total W ar: M ilitary Defeat, W ar in H istory, Vol111, No12, 2004, pp1156, 163. Towards a Political Economy of 19

20 ,,,,,,, 18 19,,,,,,,,, ( ),,, 300,, ,,, A rnold Krammer, Japanese Prisoners of W ar in America, The Pacific H istorical Review, Vol152, No11, 1983, pp , , Vasilis Vourkoutiotis, Prisoners of W ar and the Germ an H igh Comm and, pp S. P. MacKenzie, The Treatment of Prisoners of W ar in World W ar, p1502. A rnold P. No12, 1976, p168. Krammer, German Prisoners of W ar in the United States, M ilitary Affairs, Vol140, 20

21 :,, , ,,,, 45,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, N iall Ferguson, Prisoner Taking and Prisoner Killing in the Age of TotalW ar, p1182. Bob Moore, Unruly A llies: B ritish Problem s with the French Treatment of Axis Prisoners of W ar, , W ar in H istory, Vol17, No12, 2000, p1190. Ibid., p1191. N iall Ferguson, Prisoner Taking and Prisoner Killing in the Age of TotalW ar, pp Ibid., pp , 189. A rnold P. Krammer, German Prisoners of W ar in the United States, p168 21

22 ,,,,,,,,, 80,, 8 /, 12 /,,,,, 1583, 30, 14, 80,,,,,, John B rown Mason, German Prisoners of W ar in the United States, Am erican Journal of International Law, Ap r. 1945, pp Ibid., pp A rnold P. Krammer, German Prisoners of W ar in the United State, p169; James E. Fickle and Donald W. Ellis, POW s in the Piney Woods: German Prisoners of W ar in the Southern Lumber Industry, , The Journal of Southern H istory, Vol156, No14, 1990, p1696. James E. Fickle, Donald W. Ellis, POW s in the PineyWoods, p1713. John B rown Mason, German Prisoners of W ar in the United States, p1212. John B rown Mason, German Prisoners ofw ar in the United States, p1215 A rnold P. Krammer, German Prisoners of W ar in the United State, p171; John B rown Mason, German Prisoners ofw ar in the United States, pp A rnold P. Krammer, German Prisoners of W ar in the United State, pp

23 ,, 1945,, , 7 22,, 0115%,, 0103%, 21, 1944, 21 : N iall Ferguson, Prisoner Taking and Prisoner Killing in the Age of Total W ar, p1190. ( ), 1905,, Ron Robin, The B arbed2w ire College: Reeducation Germ an POW S in the United S tates During W orld W ar II ( Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press, 1995). A rnold P. Krammer, German Prisoners of W ar in the United State, pp %, 3518%, 3219% N iall Ferguson, Prisoner Taking and Prisoner Killing in the Age of TotalW ar, p

24 ,,, :,,, :,,,, : :,,,,,, (Ruth Benedict), / 4 1, / 1 40,,,,, Philip A. Towle, Japanese Treatment of Prisoners in Foreign Officers Reports, M ilitary Affairs, Vol139, No13, 1975, pp ; Ibid., pp1254, Nevill W ylie, Prisoners of W ar in the Era of Total W ar, W ar in H istory, Vol113, No12, 2006, Ikuhiko Hata, From Consideration to Contemp t, p1264. Ikuhiko Hata, From Consideration to Contemp t: The Changing Nature of Japanese M ilitary and Popular Percep tions of Prisoners of W ar through the Ages, in Bob Moore & Kent Fedorowich eds., Prisoners of W ar and Their Captors in the W orld W ar II (W ashington D. C. : Berg, 1996), pp p1232; Andr Durand, From Sarajevo to Hiroshim a: H istory of the International Comm ittee of the Red Cross ( Geneva: Henry Durand Institute, 1984), p

25 , :, ,,,,, ,,,, (Uemura M ikio) :,, ( ) : ; , : :, : : : : ,, Ikuhiko Hata, From Consideration to Contemp t, p1269. : ( ),, 1990 Ibid., pp1255, Ikuhiko Hata, From Consideration to Contemp t, pp , 270. Ibid., p1524. Ikuhiko Hata, From Consideration to Contemp t, p

26 ,,, 27%, 4% , 16,, 2 3,, , : ( ),,,,,,, Sibylla Jane Flower, Cap tors and Cap tives on the Burma2Thailand Railway, in Bob Moore and Kent Fedorowich eds., Prisoners of W ar and their Captors in W orld W ar II, p1235. Ikuhiko Hata, From Consideration to Contemp t, p % 33% N iall Ferguson, Prisoner Taking and Prisoner Killing in the Age of Total W ar, p1186, 20, 8, 15 :, , ; Sibylla Jane Flower, Cap tors and Cap tives on the Burma2Thailand Railway, pp Nevill W ylie, Prisoners of W ar in the Era of TotalW ar, p1232. Andr Durand, From Sarajevo to H iroshim a, pp , 533. Ibid., p1525., Ibid., pp

27 ( ) ,,,, (OKW ), OKW : ; ; ;,, ,, 31, 248, 134, 114,,,, , 1940, 90%, 1 /3,, Andr Durand, From Sarajevo to H iroshim a, pp Vasilis Vourkoutiotis, Prisoners of W ar and the Germ an H igh Comm and, pp Ibid., pp S. P. MacKenzie, The Treatment of Prisoners of W ar in World W ar, pp Vasilis Vourkoutiotis, Prisoners of W ar and the Germ an H igh Comm and, chap s

28 3 4,,, 1944, , 1 /3, 1944,,, 20% 8, 1% , 47,,,,, ,,, ,,, ,, , , ( ), Vasilis Vourkoutiotis, Prisoners of W ar and the Germ an H igh Comm and, p1166 Ibid., pp Ibid., p1178. Ibid., pp ,, Ibid., pp :, 65 S. P. MacKenzie, The Treatment of Prisoners of W ar in World W ar, p

29 ,,,, OKW,,, , :,, 6 6, OKW (Comm issar O rder), :, :,, OKW Vasilis Vourkoutiotis, Prisoners of W ar and the Germ an H igh Comm and, pp : :, 2005, 619 S. P. MacKenzie, The Treatment of Prisoners of W ar in World W ar, p1495. Jgckel Eberhard, H itler sw orld V iew: A B lueprint for Power, trans. by Herbert A rnold (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1981), Chap ter 2. S. P. MacKenzie, The Treatment of Prisoners of W ar in World W ar, p1505. Ibid., p1506., Omer Bartov, H itler A rm y: Soldiers, N azis, 1991) and W ar in the Third Reich (New York: Oxford University Press, 1941, 60 N iall Ferguson, Prisoner Taking and Prisoner Killing in the Age of TotalW ar, p

30 ,, , OKW,,, , OKW,,,,,,,, 1% , , 40,,,,,, 570, 328, 5715%, 315%,,?, %, S. P. MacKenzie, The Treatment of Prisoners of W ar in World W ar, pp Ibid., p1508; N iall Ferguson, Prisoner Taking and Prisoner Killing in the Age of Total W ar, p1178. S. P. MacKenzie, The Treatment of Prisoners of W ar in World W ar, p1509. Ibid., pp Ibid., p1511. N iall Ferguson, Prisoner Taking and Prisoner Killing in the Age of TotalW ar, p

31 ,, 315, 112, 3518%,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,, :,,,,,,, S. P. MacKenzie, The Treatment of Prisoners of W ar in World W ar, p1511; N iall Ferguson, Prisoner Taking and Prisoner Killing in the Age of TotalW ar, p , N iall Ferguson, Prisoner Taking and Prisoner Killing in the Age of TotalW ar, p

32 ,,,,,, ( ), 19,,,,,,, 32

33 1994, 2000 : ( ) : x2j04@mails. thu. edu. cn 1991, 1996, 2002 : : ( 2004 ) ; : (2006 ) : chenqi@mail. tsinghua. edu. cn : hyx05 tsinghua@ gmail. com , 2002 Asian Survey, The Journal of Chinese Political Science : (1996 ) : gzhang85@ nankai. edu. cn : davidiao@mail. nankai. edu. cn 1986, 1989, 1997 : (2004 ) ; : 20 (2005 ) E2mail: zys @ yahoo. com. cn : TungTsingling@ sina. com

, ( Fareed Zakaria), ( Samuel P. Huntington),,,,,,, 1964,,, 1993 ( Foreign A ffa irs), 2000 ( The N ew sw eek) : 116 : ( ),, 2001 Fareed Zak

,,,,,,,?? : 2008 /3 ( 15 ), 115 128 Q uarterly Journal of Intenational Politics 115 , ( Fareed Zakaria), ( Samuel P. Huntington),,,,,,, 1964,,, 1993 ( Foreign A ffa irs), 2000 ( The N ew sw eek) 2003 2008