170 J Lake Sci m / 8 a 1 1 * 1 Tab 1 Annual statistics of pollutants into Three Gorges Reservoir / 10 8 t COD / 10 4 t / 10 4 t

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1 J Lake Sci http //www jlakes org jlakes@niglas accn 2012 by Journal of Lake Sciences * m 8 a Water environment and aquatic ecosystem of Three Gorges Reservoir China progress and prospects CAI Qinghua 1 & SUN Zhiyu State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology Institute of Hydrobiology Chinese Academy of Sciences Wuhan P R China 2 Department of S & T and Environment Protection China Three Gorges Corporation Beijing P R China Abstract As the final completion of the world-famous Three Gorges Project the Three Gorges Reservoir TGR came into a normal operation stage since the year 2010 with an annual water level fluctuation of 30 m Reservoir limnology can provide a scientific basis for environment-friendly dam construction and reservoir sustainable management On the basis of long-term monitoring and investigation on the TGR ecosystem for 8a this paper described the current status of aquatic environment in the reservoir and elaborated the spatial-temporal heterogeneity of water environmental dynamics longitudinal zonation and biological community structure vertical distribution and forming and tendency of algal bloom of the TGR The early warning of algal bloom and eco-hydrological regulation mechanism were also analyzed Two perspectives of ecological research on TGR were finally pointed out in the paper 1 Limnological observation and research in the large reservoir should have a long-term strategy 2 Research in near future should focus on the quantification of hydrodynamics mechanism on algal bloom and the coupling of early warning models of algal bloom and eco-hydraulic regulation platform Keywords Reservoir limnology spatial-temporal heterogeneity long-term observation phytoplankton blooms hydrodynamic mechanism forecasting model eco-hydraulic regulation Three Gorges Reservoir m m * KZCX2-YW ZX Y15B021F qhcai@ ihb ac cn

2 170 J Lake Sci m / 8 a 1 1 * 1 Tab 1 Annual statistics of pollutants into Three Gorges Reservoir / 10 8 t COD / 10 4 t / 10 4 t * TSI % % % > 2009 > Fig 1 Comparison of trophic status between some tributary bays and the mainstream of Three Gorges Reservoir 30 57' ~ 31 17'N ' ~ 'E Q Q 0 ~ 1 Q 1 ~ 2 Q 2 ~ 3 Q 3 ~ 4 Q 4 ~ Q

3 Fig 2 Temporal variations of ecological status in Xiangxi Bay t TN t TP 68 5% TN 91 74% TP 7 TN TP 8 TN TP TN TP TN TP TN TP TN TP TN TP 2 12 Synchrony Temporal coherence A B C B

4 172 J Lake Sci Carlson 19 TSI CHL - TSI SD TSI CHL - TSI TN TSI CHL - TSI TP Shao 24 mainstream zone % X2 Y P B D Lo 6 X2 Y Lo P B D 3 a 3 4 a

5 DO ph 36 Critical Depth Theory Peridiniopsis niei d - 1 a ~ 5 0 m Shannon-Wiener Margalef's NMDS a 5 - Recurrent Artificial Neural Network

6 174 J Lake Sci d 50 7 d 3a a R d 3b a R a a b 7 d Fig 3 Comparison of predicted and observed chlorophyll-a concentrations in Xiangxi Bay during a spring phytoplankton bloom period a 0-day-ahead b 7-day-ahead 0 1 ~ 0 2 m a a 0 5 m /d 32 km a a m/d 0 5 m a NO - 3 -N a

7 / - / - / 6 a a m Wang L Cai Q Tan L et al Phytoplankton development and ecological status during a cyanobacterial bloom in a tributary bay of the Three Gorges Reservoir China Science of the Total Environment Ye L Han X Xu Y et al Spatial analysis for spring bloom and nutrient limitation in Xiangxi Bay of Three Gorges Reservoir Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Ye L Cai Q Spring phytoplankton blooms in Xiangxi Bay of Three-Gorges Reservoir spatiotemporal dynamics across sharp nutrient gradients Journal of Freshwater Ecology

8 176 J Lake Sci Baines S Webster K Kratz T et al Synchronous behavior of temperature calcium and chlorophyll in lakes of northern Wisconsin Ecology Lansac-T ha F Bini L Velho L et al Temporal coherence of zooplankton abundance in a tropical reservoir Hydrobiologia Rusak J Yan N Somers K Regional climatic drivers of synchronous zooplankton dynamics in north-temperate lakes Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences Xu Y Shao M Cao M et al Using temporal coherence to determine the responses of water clarity to hydrological processes in a giant subtropical canyon-shaped reservoir China Quaternary International Xu Y Zhang M Wang L et al Changes in water types under the regulated mode of water level in Three Gorges Reservoir China Quaternary International Xu Y Cai Q Shao M et al Seasonal dynamics of suspended solids in a giant subtropical reservoir China in relation to internal processes and hydrological features Quaternary International Xu Y Shao M Han X et al Temporal asynchrony of trophic status between mainsteam and tributary bay with a giant dendritic reservoir the role of local-scale regulators Water Air and Soil Pollution Xu Y Cai Q Han X et al Factors regulating trophic status in a large subtropical reservoir China Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Xu Y Cai Q Shao M et al Patterns of asynchrony for phytoplankton fluctuations from reservoir mainstream to a tributary bay in a giant dendritic reservoir Three Gorges Reservoir China Aquatic Science 2011 DOI /s Stra kraba M Tundisi J Guidelines of lake management Volume 9 reservoir water quality management International- Lake Environment Committee Wetzel RG Limnology Lakes and river ecosystems 3rd ed California Academic Press Shao M Xu Y Cai Q Effects of reservoir mainstream on longitudinal zonation in reservoir bays Journal of Freshwater E- cology Shao M Xie Z Han X et al Macroinvertebrate community structure in Three-Gorges Reservoir China International Review of Hydrobiology Shao M He L Han X et al Seasonal patterns of sedimentation and their associations with benthic communities in Xiangxi Bay of the Three Gorges Reservoir China Journal of Freshwater Ecology Zhang M Shao M Xu Y et al Effect of hydrological regime on macroinvertebrate community in Three-Gorges Reservoir China Quaternary International Wang L Cai Q Zhang M et al Longitudinal patterns of phytoplankton distribution in a tributary bay under reservoir operation Quaternary International Zhou S Huang X Cai Q Temporal and spatial distributions of rotifers in Xiangxi Bay of the Three Gorges Reservoir China International Review of Hydrobiology Wang L Cai Q Xu Y et al Weekly dynamics of phytoplankton functional groups under high water level fluctuations in a subtropical reservoir-bay Aquatic Ecology Wang L Cai Q Tan T et al Longitudinal differences of phytoplankton community during a period of small water level fluctuations in a subtropical reservoir bay Xiangxi Bay Three Gorges Reservoir China International Review of Hydrobiology Berger SA Diehl S Stibor H et al Water temperature and stratification depth independently shift cardinal events during plankton spring succession Global Change Biology Mellard JP Yoshiyama K Litchman E et al The vertical distribution of phytoplankton in stratified water columns Journal of Theoretical Biology

9 Platt T Bird D Sathyendranath S Critical depth and marine primary production Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences Sommer U Lengfellner K Climate change and the timing magnitude and composition of the phytoplankton spring bloom Global Change Biology Xu Y Cai Q Wang L et al Diel vertical migration of Peridiniopsis niei Liu et al a new species of dinoflagellates in an eutrophic bay of Three-Gorge Reservoir China Aquatic Ecology Xu Y Cai Q Ye L et al Spring diatom blooming phases and their characters in a representative eutrophic bay of the Three-Gorge Reservoir China Journal of Freshwater Ecology Wang L Cai Q Zhang M et al Studies on in situ growth rate and its influencing factors of Microcystis in Xiangxi Bay of the Three Gorges Reservoir China Fresenius Environmental Bulletin Wang L Cai Q Zhang M et al Vertical distribution patterns of phytoplankton in summer Microcystis bloom period of Xiangxi Bay Three Gorges Reservoir China Fresenius Environmental Bulletin Zhou S Cai Q Xu Y et al Daily and vertical dynamic of rotifers under the impacts of diatom blooms in the Three Gorges Reservoir China Hydrobologia Zhou S Huang X Cai Q Vertical distribution and migration of planktonic rotifers in Xiangxi Bay of the Three Gorges Reservoir China Journal of Freshwater Ecology Xu Y Cai Q Ye L et al Asynchrony of spring phytoplankton response to temperature driver within a nutrient gradient bay of Three-Gorges Reservoir China Limnologica Xu Y Wang L Cai Q et al Temporal coherence of chlorophyll a during a spring phytoplankton bloom in Xiangxi Bay of Three-Gorges Reservoir China International Review of Hydrobiology Ye L Cai Q Forecasting daily chlorophyll a concentration during the spring phytoplankton bloom period in Xiangxi Bay of the Three-Gorges Reservoir by means of a recurrent artificial neural network Journal of Freshwater Ecology a Cai Q Chen Y King L Why Watershed Ecology A new approach for research and protection of aquatic ecosystems In King L Metzler M Jiang T eds Flood risks and land use conflicts in the Yangtze Catchment China and at the Rhein River Germany-Strategies for a sustainable flood management Frankfurt Peter Lang Europaeischer Verlag der Wissenschaften

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