1 : 103 [ 15] [ 1 9],,, 1,,,, [ 4, ] 100 cm [ 2, 8], 50% cm [ 8, 11] [ 16 ] [ 11, 16 ] 24,, [ 5 ] 28, [ 17 ], 19: 00 ( T. albacares) [ 7

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1 South China Fisheries Science Vol. 12, No. 1 Feb., 2016 doi: / j. issn ,,, (,, ) : ( Thunnus obesus), 5 ; , 3. 56, ; 50% cm; ; g - 1, 23, 14, 5, : ; ; ; : S 931 : A : ( 2016) Gonad maturity stage of female bigeye tuna ( Thunnus obesus) in the southern Pacific Ocean ZHAI Tianchen 1, DAI Xiaojie 1, 2, ZHU Jiangfeng 1, 2, CHEN Liwen 1 ( Key Lab. of Sustainable Exploitation of Oceanic Fisheries Resources, Ministry of Education; College of Marine Sciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai , China) Abstract: We applied paraffin section method to investigate the reproductive features for female bigeye tuna ( Thunnus obesus) in the southern Pacific Ocean ( SPO), using ovarian tissues sampled at sea during Maturity stage and fecundity were estimated under a microscope. The results show that the development of ovary was divided into five stages: 1 ( immature), 2 ( maturing ), 3 ( maturing ), 4 ( ovulating) and 5 ( ovulated). Female gonad somatic index ( GSI) ranged from to ( average 3. 56), increasing with the increase of fork length. Length at 50% maturity was cm. Average batch fecundity was pcs, average relative fecundity was pcsg - 1. Cluster analysis shows that there were three classes in terms of similarity in catch depth, i. e., Stages 2 and 3, Stages 1 and 4, and Stage 5. It is suggested that bigeye tuna reached first sexual maturity at earlier ages in SPO than in other areas, probably due to overfishing. Key words: Thunnus obesus; paraffin section; gonad maturity stage; the southern Pacific Ocean and [ 2-4 ] ( Thunnus obesus) [ 5-6 ] [ 4, 7-8] [ 4, 9-10],, [ ] [ ] [ 1], : ; : : ( ) ; ( ) : ( ),, @ qq. com : ( ),, xjdai@ shou. edu. cn

2 1 : 103 [ 15] [ 1 9],,, 1,,,, [ 4, ] 100 cm [ 2, 8], 50% cm [ 8, 11] [ 16 ] [ 11, 16 ] 24,, [ 5 ] 28, [ 17 ], 19: 00 ( T. albacares) [ 7 ], ( T. maccoyii) [ 18] 24 [ 5 ] 1 [ 3, 8, 11 ] 1. 1 ( ) [ 3],, [ 8, 11 ] 9 1 : 0 40 S,, S, W W, 176,, 1 (, cm), 2 3 [ ],, cm 10%, Fig. 1 1 Monthly distribution of sampling stations

104 12, A 1 - A 2 y =,, 2. 1 1 - ( x/x 0 ) p + A 2 ( 2) 263 1. 2 [ 19-21] SCHAEFER [ 5] 2 mm 2 mm 2 mm, 10% 12 h 0. 1 mg, n( ), [ 20] 70% GT( g) W 80% 85% 1 h, 90% 0.

3 104 12, A 1 - A 2 y =,, ( x/x 0 ) p + A 2 ( 2) [ 19-21] SCHAEFER [ 5] 2 mm 2 mm 2 mm, 10% 12 h 0. 1 mg, n( ), [ 20] 70% GT( g) W 80% 85% 1 h, 90% 0. 5 h, 90% 12 h, 100% 100% [ 23 ] 0. 5 h,,,, 5 K-S, [ 19 ], 11, 11 t, 0. 5 h, [ 19, 21],,, 1 h SPSS 21,, 0. 5 h GSI = GW FL ( 1) GSI GW a) ( g) ; FL ( cm) SPSS 21 ;, 10 cm,,,, ;, ( 2 ;, Origin 9 - b) Logistic ( 2), 50% y x, A 1 A 2 x 0 p,,, w( g), ( g), f ( 3) : f = n w W GT, 2 12 h -, 2. 1 [ 2 4] SCHAEFER [ 5] [ 8] [ 8 ], : , : MIYABE [ 22 ] ( ( 1 ), 1) ( gonadosomatic in- dex, GSI),,, ; ;, ; ( 3),, ( 2 - ( 2 ), ( 3 ),, ;,

4 1 : 105 Fig. 2 2 a e 1 5 Microstructures of bigeye tuna ovary at different maturity stages a e represent Stage 1 5. ; ;,, ;,, ( 2 - c) ( 4 ), ;,, ; ( 2 - e),, 2. 2,,, ;, 196 cm, 3 K-S ; ; ( 2 - d) ( 5 ),,,, 70 0,,

5 , 3. 56;, P < 0. 05,, 1, 5, 12 ; 34 ; 130 cm 4 5 ; 170 cm 4 5,, 1, ( 6 ) A 1 = 0. 03, A 2 = 0. 88, x 0 = , p = , 87. 2%, 50% cm cm, A 1 = , A 2 =0. 98, x 0 = , p = 8. 71, 95. 2%, 50% Fig cm Fig Distribution of length of samples Relationship between fork length and GSI 1 Tab. 1 Average maturity stage, mature tail and mature proportion for each size bin size bin average maturity stage / number of matured tuna / % mature proportion

1 : 107 Fig. 5 Fig. 6 5 31 4 Distribution of maturity stages of size bins 6, C, 25 Maturity curve of female bigeye tuna 2. 3 10 ( 2),, 109 10 4 20. 5 g - 1 2. 4, 106, 5 K-S, t, : ; t P 0.

6 1 : 107 Fig. 5 Fig Distribution of maturity stages of size bins 6, C, 25 Maturity curve of female bigeye tuna ( 2),, g , 106, 5 K-S, t, : ; t P 0. 05( 4) 5 1 4,, 2 3 1,, A; 1 4 5,, B; 5 C A B 16, ( 7) 2 Tab. 2 Batch and relative fecundity of female bigeye tuna / cm fork length / g / kg / g 10-3 / gonad processing /10 4 / g - 1 mature oocyte number slice weight weight weight batch fecundity relative fecundity

7 ( 95% ) Tab. 3 Average catch depth of female bigeye tunas at maturity stages ( CI = 95% ) / maturity stage sample number / m average depth standard error t P Tab. 4 / m maturity stage P value of t-test of catch depth among maturity stages Fig Cluster analysis of maturity stage 3. 1 [ ], 10%,,, Bouin [ 2 5], 0. 5 h, [ ] 95% 12 h [ ], 1 2 [ 19, 21 ],, [ 1 9] 3. 2 [ 10, 22, 26],,,, [ 2 2] [ 13], ,, [ 11] , 2. 17,, [ 8, 11],,,,,,, [ 19 ], 50%, 110 cm [ 10 ],

1 : 109 102. 4 cm [ 27], 135 cm [ 9 ] SUN [ 4 ] 1997 1999, 5, 50% 102. 85 cm 4 2 5,, 1 2 3, 4 5 [ 15 ], [ 5, 8] 2010, 50% 135 cm t,,, [ 1 ] 2010, [ 28-30] :, SUN [ 4] ( 0. 84 8.

8 1 : cm [ 27], 135 cm [ 9 ] SUN [ 4 ] , 5, 50% cm 4 2 5,, 1 2 3, 4 5 [ 15 ], [ 5, 8] 2010, 50% 135 cm t,,, [ 1 ] 2010, [ 28-30] :, SUN [ 4] ( ) 10 6,, KAIDO [ 17 ] 31 g - 1,, NI- SCHAEFER [ 5 ] 24 g - 1 NI- KAIDO, SCHAEFER,,,,,,,,,, ( 67 g - 1 ) [ 7 ] ( 57 g - 1 ) [ 18] [ 31-32],, [ ] ( T. alalunga) [ ],,,,,, 2 3, 1 4, 5 1 4,, 2 3, [ 1] RODZIAK J. Abundance trends and fisheries for highly migratory species in the Pacific Ocean[ C]. 144th Annual Meeting of the A- merican Fisheries Society, August 17-21, Qu bec City, Canada, [ 2] ZHU G P, DAI X J, SONG L M, et al. Size at sexual maturity of bigeye tuna Thunnus obesus ( Perciformes: Scombridae) in the tropical waters: a comparative analysis [ J]. Turk J Fish Aquat Sci, 2011, 11( 1) : [ 3] ZHU G P, DAI X J, XU L X, et al. Reproductive biology of bigeye tuna, Thunnus obesus, ( Scombridae) in the eastern and central tropical Pacific Ocean[ J]. Environ Biol Fish, 2010, 88( 3 ) : [ 4] SUN C L, YEH S Z, CHANG Y J, et al. Reproductive biology of female bigeye tuna Thunnus obesus in the western Pacific Ocean[ J]. J Fish Biol, 2013, 83 ( 2) : [ 5] SCHAEFER K M, FULLER D W, MIYABE N, et al. Reproductive biology of bigeye tuna ( Thunnus obesus) in the eastern and central Pacific Ocean[ J]. Inter-Am Trop Tuna Comm, 2005 ( 23 ) : [ 6] NISHIDA T, CHEN D G, MOHRI M. Fuzzy logic analyses for the spawner-recruitment relationship of bigeye tuna ( Thunnus obesus) in the Indian Ocean incorporating the environmental regime shift[ J]. Ecol Model, 2007, 203( 1) : [ 7] SCHAEFER K M, COMMISSION I-A T T. Reproductive biology of yellowfin tuna ( Thunnus albacares) in the eastern Pacific Ocean [ J]. Inter-Am Trop Tuna Comm, 1998, 21( 1) : [ 8]. [ D]. :, 2010: [ 9] SCHAEFER K M. Reproductive biology of tunas[ J]. Fish Physiol, 2001, 19: [ 10] ATSUMOTO T, MIYABE N. Preliminary report on the maturity and spawning of bigeye tuna Thunnus obesus in the Central Atlantic Ocean[ J]. Collect Vol Sci Pap, ICCAT, 2002, 54 ( 1 ) : [ 11],.

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9 [ J]., 2012( 4) : [ 12],,. [ 25]. [ J]. [ J]., 2010, 32( 3) : [ J]., ( 7 ) : [ 14],. Australia[ J]. Rev Fish Biol Fish, 2013, 23( 4 ) : ( ), 2004, 33( 3) : [ 15] DAVIES N, HOYLE S D, HARLEY S J, et al. Stock assessment of bigeye tuna in the western and central Pacific Ocean [ R ]. Pohnpei: Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission, Scientific Committee Seventh Regular Session, 2011: 6-7. [ 16] SUN C L, CHU S L, YEH S Z. Note on reproduction biology of bigeye tuna in the western Pacific [ C]. Twelfth Meeting of the Standing Committee on Tuna and Billfish, January 18-22, Tahiti, French Polynesia, [ 17] NIKAIDO H, MIYABE N, UEYANAGI S. Spawning time and frequency of bigeye tuna, Thunnus obesus [ J ]. Bull NRIFSF ( Jpn), 1991, 28: [ 18] FARLEY J H, DAVIS T L O. Reproductive dynamics of southern bluefin tuna, Thunnus maccoyii[ J]. Fish Bull, 1998, 96 ( 2 ) : , 2009( 23) : [ 20]. [ J]., 2006, 23( 1) : [ 21]. [ J]., , 25 ( 11 ) : [ 22 ] MIYABE N. Recent sex ratio data of the bigeye tuna caught by the Japanese longline fishery in the Atlantic[ J]. ICCAT, 2003, 55( 5) : Collect Vol Sci Pap, [ 23 ] ZHU J F, XU L X, DAI X J, et al. Comparative analysis of depth distribution for seventeen large pelagic fish species captured in a longline fishery in the central-eastern Pacific Ocean[ J]. Scientia Marina, 2012, 76( 1) : [ 24],. [ 36],,. [ J]. ( ), ( 2 ) : ( 6) : [ 13]. [ 26] ZISCHKE M T, FARLEY J H, GRIFFITHS S P, et al. Reproductive biology of wahoo, Acanthocybium solandri, off eastern - ( Thunnus obesus) [ J]. [ 27 ] FARLEY J, CLEAR N, LEROY B, et al. Age and growth of bigeye tuna ( Thunnus obesus), from the eastern and western AFZ [ M]. Hobart: CSIRO Marine Research, 2003: 93. [ 28]. [ D]. :, 2009: [ 29],. [ J]., 2010, 32( 1) : [ 30],. [ J]., 2013, 37 ( 1) : [ 31] MATSUMOTO T, KITAGAWA T, KIMURA S. Considerations on diving patterns of bigeye tuna Thunnus obesus based on archival tag data[ J]. Fish Sci, 2013, 79 ( 1) : [ 32] MATSUMOTO T, KITAGAWA T, KIMURA S. Vertical behavior of bigeye tuna ( Thunnus obesus) in the northwestern Pacific Ocean based on archival tag data [ J]. Fish Oceanogr, 2013, 22 ( 3 ) : [ 19],. [ J]. [ 33] SCHAEFER K M, FULLER D W, ALDANA G. Movements, behavior, and habitat utilization of yellowfin tuna ( Thunnus albacares) in waters surrounding the Revillagigedo Islands Archipelago Biosphere Reserve, Mexico[ J]. Fish Oceanogr, 2014, 23 ( 1 ) : [ 34 ] SCHAEFER K M, FULLER D W, BLOCK B A. Movements, behavior, and habitat utilization of yellowfin tuna ( Thunnus albacares) in the Pacific Ocean off Baja California, Mexico, determined from archival tag data analyses, including unscented Kalman filtering[ J]. Fish Res, 2011, 112( 1) : [ 35] CHILDERS J, SNYDER S, KOHIN S. Migration and behavior of juvenile North Pacific albacore ( Thunnus alalunga ) [ J]. Oceanogr, 2011, 20( 3) : [ J]., 2015, 37 ( 1) : Fish

2 : 111 ( Pinctada maxima), 13, 11,,,,,, 15, 25 cm, cm, 4 5 kg 1-2],,, 3-7] 24] 25-26],,, ] min, 1, 5 m 4 m, 20 m , 9-22],,, (

2 : 111 ( Pinctada maxima), 13, 11,,,,,, 15, 25 cm, cm, 4 5 kg 1-2],,, 3-7] 24] 25-26],,, ] min, 1, 5 m 4 m, 20 m , 9-22],,, ( 12 2 2 0 1 6 4 South China Fisheries Science Vol. 12, No. 2 Apr., 2016 doi: 10. 3969/ j. issn. 2095-0780. 2016. 02. 016,,,, (,,, 510300) : ( Pinctada maxima),,,, 54. 55%, 0 0. 25 m - 2, 0 70. 31 gm - 2,