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1 BBC BBC BBC BBC BBC BBC 2008 BBC 1 2 6

2 BBC Kevin Carragee 3 Tuchman 4 BBC BBC Craig Watkins 8 Bernard Cohen 9 Entma 7

3 BBC 10 Pippa Norris 11 framing effect James Druckman equivalency framing effect emphasis framing effect priming effect BBC BBC 15 8

4 BBC BBC BBC China Africa China in Africa Chinese in Africa African in China China and Africa South Africa Zambia Nigeria Zimbabwe Angola Kenya Sudan 165 BBC BBC BBC BBC BBC BBC BBC BBC BBC BBC

5 BBC 1 BBC BBC % % % % % BBC 76. 9% 15 BBC BBC 16 BBC

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7 BBC 1 % Semetko Valkenburg conflict human interest economic consequences morality responsibility BBC % % % % % % BBC 12

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9 BBC Hovland 19 BBC BBC % Text Mechanic BBC BBC oil 222 trade 212 economic 179 business 147 investment 127 resources 104 companies 96 Infrastructure 88 aid 85 deal 81 money 80 market 74 goods 72 projects 68 copper 65 mining 14

10 BBC 63 company 54 energy 51 loans BBC development 107 relationship 98 growing 94 good 81 ties 78 help 77 visit 61 summit 61 minister 61 biggest 54 policy 54 growth 53 both BBC BBC 4 5 % China Africa Chinese African China s get 70 take 68 want 67 need 62 come 61 go 55 rights 65 human 62 workers BBC BBC 15

11 BBC 79 BBC BBC BBC BBC BBC BBC BBC 5 % Sudan Zambia Nigeria Western Zimbabwe Darfur Angola Kenya India BBC BBC BBC BBC 16

12 BBC BBC BBC 4 BBC BBC BBC BBC BBC BBC BBC 1. BBC 17

13 BBC 165 BBC % % % BBC 79 BBC BBC 2 15 BBC BBC BBC BBC 15 18

14 BBC BBC BBC 2008 BBC 2008 BBC 2008 BBC BBC BBC BBC Ian Jacob BBC 20 BBC BBC 19

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17 BBC BBC BBC BBC BBC BBC BBC BBC BBC BBC BBC Paul Sniderman 24 availability accessibility applicability 22

18 BBC 25 BBC BBC BBC 2016 BBC BBC BBC BBC BBC 23

19 BBC BBC Carragee K. M. News and Ideology An Analysis of Coverage of the West German Green Party by the New York Times Journalism Monographs no pp Tuchman G. Making News A Study in the Construction of Reality New York Free Press FT http / /www. ftchinese. com /story / /ce Mutuna Chanda China in Zambia Jobs or exploitation 2010 http / /www. bbc. co. uk /news /mobile /world-africa Who is the Ivory Queen 2016 http / /www. bbc. com /news /world-africa Chinese ivory queen charged with smuggling 706 elephant tusks 2015 https / / www. theguardian. com / environment /2015 / oct /08 / chinese-ivory-queen-charged-smuggling elephant-tusks Prosecutors say this 66 - year-old Chinese woman is one of Africa s most notorious smugglers 2015 https / /www. washingtonpost. com /news /worldviews /wp / 2015 /10 /08 / prosecutors-say-this year-old-chinese-woman-is-one-of-africas-mostnotorious-smugglers /. 7 http / /www. cankaoxiaoxi. com /world / / shtml 8 Watkins S. C. Framing Protest News Media Frames of the Million Man March Critical Studies in Mass Communication vol. 18 no pp Cohen B. C. The Press and Foreign Policy New Jersey Princeton University Press Entman R. Framing Toward Clarification of a Fractured Paradigm Journal of Communication vol. 43 no pp Norris P. Kern M. and Just M. Government and the Public London Routledge eds. Framing Terrorism The News Media the

20 BBC 12 Druckman J. The Implications of Framing Effects for Citizen Competence Political Behavior vol. 23 no pp Weaver D. H. Thoughts on Agenda Setting Framing and Priming Journal of Communication no pp VS Semetko Holli. and Valkenburg Patti Framing European Politics A Content Analysis of Press and Television News Journal of Communication vol. 50 no pp Hovland C. I. and Weiss W. The Influence of Source Credibility on Communication Effectiveness Public Opinion Quarterly no. 52 Winter 1951 pp Black J. B. Organizing the Propaganda Instrument the British Experience The Hague Martinus Nijhoff BBC Brookes H. J. Suit Tie and a Touch of Juju-The Ideological Construction of Africa A Critical Discourse Analysis of News on Africa in the British Press Discourse and Society vol. 6 no pp Aniekeme O. I. UK Newspaper Coverage of Africa A Content Analysis of The Guardian and The Daily Mail from The Years and Doctor dissertation Department of Media and Communication University of Leicester Sniderman P. M. and Theriault S. M. The Structure of Political Argument and The Logic of Issue Framing Princeton NJ Princeton University Press Druckman J. and Chong D. A Theory of Framing and Opinion Formation in Competitive Elite Environments Journal of Communication no pp BBC World Service announces biggest expansion since the 1940s 2016 http / / www. bbc. com / news / entertainment-arts

21 JOURNALISM & COMMUNICATION VOLUME 25 NUMBER The Conflict Frame and Becoming Neutral An Analysis Based on BBC Website Report of China-Africa Relations Li Xinfeng Li Yujie This paper analyzes coverage of China-Africa relations on the BBC website from 2012 to It identifies four common types of news frames. Among these frames the conflict frame is particularly prominent. It is revealed in the reporting perspectives on human rights energy and resources Chinese commodities environment and wild animals and labor conflicts. The frame of economic consequences is also wildly employed in the BBC s coverage of the deepening ties of China-Africa economic cooperation. This is shown in the perspectives of trade cooperation China s loan and aid as well as infrastructure construction. To utilize the priming effects of news frames the BBC selectively reported negative facts and painted a conflicting picture of China-Africa relations affecting the audience s perception. In view of China s growing influence in Africa however the BBC adjusted its reporting inclination and gradually became neutral since 2008 demonstrating not only the complex feeling of the West but also a change of reporting strategy based on their national interest. 26 Fields of Action A Non-modern Interpretation of Media Qian Jiayong Positivistic communication studies equate media with mass media and treat it as a tool of information transmission. Since Marshall McLuhan many scholars gave a boarder definition of media defining it as the living environment and image of human beings. Behind this change of understanding is the change of viewpoint from society and the state s control of the individual to a human s being-in-the-world. This paper redefines media as fields of action which contains human beings power capability technique and more. Mediatization refers to the pooling and embedding process of different elements. Media s significance is in providing rich possibilities for the mutual embedding and transformation of different communication elements. 41 The Obstructed Presence A Discussion on Frankfurt School s Empirical Communication Study Lian Shuixing The label of critical theory has been attached to the Frankfurt school since it came into existence. Its 126

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二煽腥色的法庭新聞 ( 一 ) 香港報章的法庭新聞 /037 ( 二 ) 法庭新聞的功能 /039 ( 三 ) 報道法庭新聞的規限 /041 法庭新聞報道的爭議 /043 ( 四 ) 法庭新聞的轉變 /046 煽目錄新聞已死? 序一 ( 韋基舜 ) 序二 ( 屈穎妍 ) 序三 ( 洪藹婷 ) 一消失中的突發新聞 ( 一 ) 何謂突發新聞? /003 突發新聞本質屬煽情? /004 突發新聞等於作故事? /007 採訪還是駁料? /008 ( 二 ) 突發新聞的功能 /011 屯門色魔案 /012