With the three facts above, the continuing of the SSC project will not only be a waste but was surely STUPID. Thus, although the entire SSC tunnel was

Size: px

Start display at page:

Download "With the three facts above, the continuing of the SSC project will not only be a waste but was surely STUPID. Thus, although the entire SSC tunnel was"

疲航仲孙
5 years ago
Views:

1 China Super Collider, part one Copyright April 7, 2017 by Tienzen (Jeh-Tween) Gong Note: Chinese translation is available at the bottom Many SUSY and Multiverse devotees are pushing China to build a 100 Tev Super p-p collider. But, the 2017 data (LHC, IceCube, LHCb, etc., released in March 2017) show that there is no new physics for a 100 Tev p-p collider. This article provides the info and the links for these data. A: the facts Fact 1: the design of SSC (Superconducting Super Collider, in Texas, USA) started in 1976, with the mission to search (discover) Higgs boson and SUSY particles. At that time, the theoretical understanding of Higgs boson was minimal. So, the strategy was to build a cover it all (CIA) machine. With the then superconducting technology, the best machine was 20 Tev per beam, with the combined energy of 40 Tev. Fact 2: by 1990, the consensus was that Higgs can be discovered by Tevatron (at Fermi Lab, in USA, began operational in 1987, with combined energy about 2 Tev) with very high probability. Furthermore, the LEP (Large Electron-positron collider, at CERN, running from 1989 until 2000) data further affirmed the above consensus. Fact 3: the existing LEP tunnel can easily be upgraded to a p-(-p) collider to reach 14 Tev (7 times the Tevatron s reach). That is, there is enough safety margin for discovering Higgs and anything else (if it exists). 1

2 With the three facts above, the continuing of the SSC project will not only be a waste but was surely STUPID. Thus, although the entire SSC tunnel was completed (3 billion US dollars spent), the SSC project was cancelled in Fact 4: with today s superconductor technology (25 years more advanced than 1990s), the SSC tunnel can easily house a 100+ Tev machine. That is, 70% of the construction cost is already paid for. By organizing 50 countries collaboration, the cost for USA for a new 100+ Tev machine will be almost NOTHING, as already contributed over 70% of the total cost. And, such a construction will provide many construction and engineering JOBs in the USA. Question: Why is USA not interested in building a new 100+ Tev machine, if there is virtually no COST to her? B: the bets As the above facts show that Higgs could be discovered almost (indeed almost) by Tevatron (a 2 Tev machine), the mission of LHC goes beyond Higgs, hoping to find BSM (beyond Standard Model) physics, especially the s-particles (SUSY); see CERN s news conference in 1993, Many prominent physicists [such as David Gross (Nobel Laureate) and Frank Wilczek (Nobel Laureate), etc.] made some detailed calculations and predictions, mainly that some kind of s-particle (SUSY) will be discovered at LHC when 50 fb-1 amount of data was collected. By August, 2016, the conditions for the bet were met, and the pro-susy group (David Gross and company) lost. A {15 year old SUSY Bet } settlement event was held in Copenhagen on August 22, 2016, see 2

3 Frank Wilczek (Nobel Laureate, pro-susy) lost his SUSY bet in July 2015, see C: what do these bets mean? Betting is kind of gambling, viewed as hoping for good luck. But, this is not the case for physicists. In any kind of betting, there are two parts: One, player: hoping for good luck, the odds of winning is normally very small. Two, dealer: the payout is PRECISELY calculated with some very complicated and precision equations. For a lottery commission, the payout is SET for a percentage (such as 40%) of the revenue; that is, 100% certain for getting 60% of the profit. The payout for every casino is also precisely set with casino (the dealer) always making great profit. Yet, the most complicated betting is the insurance companies, with very, very complicated payout/premium equations. So, betting is a precise scientific enterprise. Should China build SC (Super Collider)? This will be a big bet (could be more than 100 Billion US dollars) for Chinese government. D: how do physicists (especially those Nobel laureates) calculate their bets? Of course, they were using the best theory and the best known data to calculate the odds (prediction). Those SUSY theories are very deep and beyond the reach by most (almost all) non-physicists. Fortunately, under all those complicated math and terminology, the underlying logic is very simple, just common senses. I will describe it with two common sense-analogies. 3

4 One, the GATE theory: Today, there are only 4 known fundamental forces. Three of them are constructive forces, making things. Strong force build a steel wall to make protons and neutrons. Atoms and molecules are basically built with Electromagnetic force. Gravity force builds solar system, galaxies, etc. On the other hand, the weak force (not really weak) is destructive, breaking things apart. The best example is the neutron-beta-decay, which breaks the steel wall of neutron to transform it into three particles. So, the whole story about Nature is about building and breaking. Building makes walls: house wall, city wall, etc. Breaking makes windows and gates for those walls. Basically, the entire VISIBLE universe is built with proton and neutron, which have the mass-energy about 1-Gev. So, we can view the 1-Gev as the DISTANCE unit on the mass-energy scale (axis). That is, all the BUILDING can be done within 5-Gev space. Yet, breaking those structures (becoming windows and gates) requires the energy about 100 Gev. Now, we can view the entire visible universe as a city (with city-wall), while the GATE of the city sits at about 100 Gev mark, which is called weak-scale in physics. 4

5 As everything inside the city is visible, anything (if exists) not visible (SUSY particles or else) must be outside of the city; that is beyond the GATE, the weakscale (about 100 Gev.). Thus, we can call this invisible things as foreigners, living at a faraway place (at hundreds or millions Tev mark on the energy-scale). Then, there are two situations. A. this city (universe) and the foreign country are totally disjoined, can never make contact between the two. Then that foreign country has no meaning to this city (universe) by all means. It is no difference as it not being there. B. this city (universe) and that foreign country have some communications (more or less). But, the only way to communicate with this city is by reaching the GATE, at about 100 Gev. If the communication is very, very sparse, then its ambassador (or messengers) could stay at a depot a bit away from the Gate (but not too far away). Two, the Super Penicillin Theory: The symptom of this city is very sick, with many birth-defects. The Standard Model (SM), the best diagnoses of the city (the visible universe), cannot account for the following symptoms: Neutrino masses Dark energy/dark mass BaryonGenesis Energy Hierarchy Gravity, etc. 5

6 That is, this city needs WIMP (invisible wonder drugs) to be well and healthy, and SUSY was dreamed up as the wonder drug. 6

7 With these two theories {Gate theory and Super Penicillin Theory}, the betting becomes very easy. First, this universe needs at least one wonder drug. If it is not SUSY, it will be something else. Two, for this wonder drug curing the illness of this universe, it must project its magic to this universe; that is, interacting with this universe at its gate (at 100 Gev.). As LEP (Large Electron-positron collider, at CERN) was a machine which is able to search the weak scale thoroughly, LEP should discover the SUSY type particles. Thus, many physicists put their first bet for seeing SUSY at LEP. 7

8 For someone more conservative physicists, their calculation shows that this universe might not need high dose of the SUSY magic; that is, the SUSY messengers could stay at a depot (somewhat far away from the gate) while still curing the illness of this universe. Many of them put their bets on seeing the SUSY at Tevatron (much higher energy than LEP). Of course, the most cautious physicists (such as Nobel Laureates, David Gross, etc.) made their BETS with 20 times safety-margin, seeing SUSY at LHC {messenger at (2 Tev/100 Gev) = 20}. Thus far, ALL SUSY devotees are losers. E: making the new bets For any SUSY devotee, it is the time to make new bets. That is, making very precise new calculation. There are three different ways to find invisible hidden things. One, {Got you}, got it in my hand. In general, we use collider for this. Two, {kick you}, although not being able to see you, you are still solidly there. By running all circles, I will definitely bump into you if you are in my running circles. I can even discover all holes (hidden passage way for hiding something) in my running paths. That is, if there is any bystander or hole- hidden passage way) in my running paths, I will always find it. Now, there are many different {kick you} data available, for helping my calculation on this SUSY bet. First, the ACME (Advanced Cold-Molecule Electron) EDM (electric dipole moment) data. Electron is a quantum particle; that is, it is not sitting still but dancing in all direction and forming a cloud. Yet, electron carries the electromagnetic magic wand; that is, it reaches very, very far away distance. If any bystander stands 8

9 around its dancing floor, its dancing space will be blocked at that particular spot, and its cloud will be deformed. This deformation can be measured as EDM. See the following data from ACME. 9

10 What is the ACME data saying? One, no deformation at all, that is, no bystander nor hidden hole. Two, this data is more powerful than the LHC data. Three, this data shows that no bystander nor hidden hole below 80 to 100 Tev. Second, the LHCb data (the BS 0 meson decay): if there is a bystander or a hidden hole around, the decaying channels will be distorted. LHCb states: {This new finding limits the room for maneuver of other physics models beyond the SM: all candidate models will have to demonstrate their compatibility with this important result.}. That is, no SUSY nor else. It again excludes anything below 100 Tev. See 10

11 Third, the WIMP data: in the visible universe, there is no SUSY. SUSY is claimed as the best candidate as WIMP. The following is the WIMP data (from many different research groups). What does this data say? One, the yellow part is the neutrino floor, no WIMP there (no SUSY) Two, all area above the green line is excluded. Three, the white area between the green line and the yellow area has not totally excluded. This data practically shows that all high energy-mass WIMP (such as SUSY) are excluded to arbitrary high energy (100, 200,, 1000 Tev., ) Three, {catch the shadow}: All the above data are from experiments on Earth. Yet, the universe itself is a big, big collider, zillion times bigger than any collider which can be built on Earth. 11

12 Those Heavenly dramas can produced many debris (gamma rays, high energy particles, and neutrinos, etc.), and some of them will coming to our direction. By catching the debris (or shadow) of those dramas, we can read their stories. First, gamma ray: The Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope ( ). No WIMP (SUSY). Second, high energy particles (especially the anti-particles): ANS-02, no WIMP. Those high energy anti-particles (in AMS-02) data could be produced by some processes similar to 10,000 Tev collider or higher. Three, some of the Heavenly colliders could be million time bigger than LHC. By definition, WIMP (or SUSY) should be permeating in the whole space; that is, its life story (decaying or annihilating) should shower on Earth from all direction. In both case, one of their debris (the neutrino) can definitely reach the Earth. 12

13 Neutrino is the greatest {shadow catcher}. We can actually see the Moon with neutrino when it is on the other side of the Earth. See the article {Observation of the cosmic-ray shadow of the Moon with IceCube ( )}. The following is the image of Moon viewed with neutrino by IceCube. 13

14 The most recent IceCube data shows that there is no sterile neutrino; that is, no UNKNOWN process is playing in Heaven. This again kills the hope for SUSY. With these Heavenly data, there is no SUSY bellows thousands Tev. F: America s bet With the two sets (Earthly and Heavenly) data above, I will definitely bet against SUSY with all my money, which is not much in comparison to China s bet (over 100 billion US dollars). What are America s bets? One, in 1993: building SSC is not only a waste but is totally stupid. 14

15 Two, in 2017: building a 100+ Tev collider (although needs no money from her own packet) will be a big waste for a greatly built tunnel, which should be reserved for any future surprises. Three, Muon Collider ( ). Proton collider is very messy, with huge messy background, and only fraction of the total energy does the work. On the other hand, muon collider almost will use 100% its total energy, with almost no messy background. However, the Muon has very short life-time; that is, requiring some very advanced technology, which needs a lot, a lot of money. Four, Deep-Sea neutrino Detector ( and ). Neutrino is the most powerful probing tool and is least understood known particle. By wholly understand neutrino, many current mysteries could be resolved. Five, space based gravitational wave detector ( ). Gravitational wave was indirectly proved. Then, LIGO claimed a direct observation in February 2016, but its claim is challenged by some, as some unknown Earth activities could mimic the GW signal. On the other hand, the space based GW detector will not have this problem. Again, this costs a lot of money. G: the G-bet I will bet with America. If China places 100 billion US dollars on her SC (Super Collider) bet, I will bet that she will definitely lose those money. Betting without detailed calculation on the odds and payout is just gambling (as player), hoping for a good luck. I will do my bet as dealer, with definitely winning payouts. 15

16 中国超大对撞机争论, one 龚天任, 李小坚 April 10, 年 3 月的国际物理两会后, 有一些新数据发布整个国际物理科学的环境发生了很大的变化现在, 我们可以回过头来看, 2016 年中国的超级对撞机工程争论了一事实事实 1: 始于 1976 年的美国超导超级对撞机的设计 SSC( 在德克萨斯美国 ), 其使命是探索发现希格斯玻色子 (Higgs 粒子 ) 和超对称粒子 SUSY 当时, 物理界对希格斯玻色子的理论认识还是很少因此,SSC 的战略目标是建立一个覆盖所有可能的全能对撞机以当时的超导技术, 能够制造出来的最好的对撞机单注流是 20 太电子伏特 ( TeV), 其结合能是 40 TeV 事实 2:1990 年物理界的共识是 : 在美国费米实验室 (1987 开始运行的 Tevatron 级别的加速器, 其结合能量为 2 TeV) 可以以很高的概率发现希格斯粒子此外, 在欧洲核子研究中心 (CERN) 大型正负电子对撞机 LEP( 运行于 1989 年到 2000 年 ) 的数据进一步肯定了上述共识事实 3: 以当时的 LEP 对撞机隧道, 完全可以很容易地升级达到质子对撞要求的 14 TeV(7 倍于 Tevatron 的能量 ) 也就是说, 升级 LEP 后有足够的安全边际去发现希格斯和其它理论粒子 16

17 随着以上三个事实表明, 继续建造 SSC 项目将不仅是浪费, 而且肯定是愚蠢的行为因此, 在 1993 年 SSC 项目被取消虽然,SSC 项目已经开始, 整个 SSC 主隧道已完成, 而且已经花费了约 30 亿美元事实 4: 今天的超导技术比 25 年前的 90 年代更先进了许多, 更容易建造更先进的超级对撞机 SSC 的主隧道也还可以用于建造 100 TeV 的对撞机也就是说,70% 的建筑费用已经支付的情况下, 美国通过组织 50 多个国家的国际合作, 完全可以几乎没有成本地建造一个新的 100 TeV 的对撞机! 如果美国重新组织超级对撞机工程, 这将是一个轻而易举的事情! 因为, 美国已经花费占项目总成本的 70%, 只要从其他国家筹集到另外 30% 的费用而且, 这样的项目建设将为美国提供许多建筑工程和高级科学研究的工作岗位问题 : 为什么美国在几乎没有成本的情况下, 对建造一个新的 100 TeV 的对撞机不感兴趣呢? 二赌注上述事实表明, 希格斯玻色子本应该在 2 TeV 的对撞机上就可以被发现因此, 欧洲核子中心 CERN, 组织多个国家建造了强子对撞机 LHC 而且 LHC 的使命不仅希望发现希格斯玻色子, 还希望找到更多的超标准模型 (BSM) 粒子, 尤其是 S- 粒子 (SUSY) 请看 1993 年欧洲核子研究中心的新闻发布会上的报告 : 17

18 当时, 许多著名的物理学家, 如戴维格罗斯 (David Gross, 诺贝尔奖得主 ) 和 Frank Wilczek( 诺贝尔奖得主 ) 等, 做过一些详细的计算和预测, 当 LHC 采集 50 fb-1 数据量时, 就会发现 SUSY 粒子 2001 年, 物理学界有 22 位著名人士立下字据对赌, 赌注是到时能否发现超对称理论粒子 SUSY 到了 15 年后的 2016 年八月, 对赌条件得到满足, 戴维格罗斯为首的一方认为能发现 SUSY 者, 失败了 2016 年 8 月 22 日, SUSY 对赌清算活动在哥本哈根举行请看 : 另一个著名对赌是在 2009 年立下, 诺贝尔奖获得者 Frank Wilczek 与一个物理民科, 关于 6 年内 LHC 将发现 SUZY 粒子的赌注 2015 年七月终于有了结果民科赢了! 请看 : 以上这些赌注说明什么? 一般来说, 赌注是一种赌博游戏, 就是参与者中, 看谁的运气好其实, 在任何形式的投注中, 事实上有两部分 : 一赌博玩家 : 希望好运, 但获胜的几率通常很小个人的赌注, 基本是基于希望有好的运气二庄家与运营商 : 通过胜率的精确计算, 与一些非常复杂博弈方程, 可以做到稳赢不输每个赌场制定的赔付率, 确保赌场 ( 庄家 ) 总是赚得很大的 18

19 利润然而, 最复杂的赌博是保险公司, 有非常复杂的支付 / 保费方程所以, 博彩和保险也是基于非常精确的科学计算的商业活动但是, 超级对撞机这样的科学工程, 这不是一般的赌博情形而且, 很多物理学家参与其中而一个国家参与, 这将是一个很大的赌注中国是否应该为建立 SC(Super Collider), 投下一个可能超过 1000 亿美元的大赌注? 三物理学家如何计算他们的赌注? 当然, 物理学家, 尤其是诺贝尔奖获得者, 他们可以使用最好的理论和最权威的数据来预测结果事实上, 很多博彩公司采用了高深的物理数学理论来计算胜率与赔率但是, 这些高深莫测的物理理论 ( 如超对称理论, 是非常深入的专业知识 ) 超出了大多数普通人的预计幸运的是, 在所有这些复杂的数学和术语后面, 其基本的逻辑是非常简单的, 只是普通的感觉判断几乎所有非物理学家也能运用我们将用三个常识类比来描述它 1. 城门理论 : 今天, 物理世界只有 4 个已知的基本力 : 电磁力弱力强力重力其中三种力是建设性的, 这样的力就是能创造世界上的物质结构原子和分子基本上是由电磁力构建出来的产物电磁力将原子核与核外电子维系在一起 19

20 强力将构建立一个铜墙铁壁类似的核子牢笼, 使质子和中子安稳居住其中而重力构建了太阳系星系超星系等宏观大结构另一方面, 弱力是破坏性的, 打破分开现有的东西最好的例子是中子 β 衰变, 它破坏中子的铁壁牢笼, 将其转化为三个粒子所以, 关于自然宇宙的整个故事, 就是关于构建和破坏的历史构建者建造墙壁屋墙城墙等破坏者不断打破房壁和城墙, 造成窗户和大门基本上, 整个可见宇宙是由质子和中子建造的这个建造基本单元, 质子与中子需要大约 1 吉电子伏特 (1GeV) 大小的质能因此, 我们取 1GeV 的质能尺度, 作为坐标轴单元那就是, 粒子物理尺度可以看到的所有建筑, 都坐落在 5GeV 空间里面然而, 打破这些建筑结构, 造成窗户和门结构, 需要的能量约为 100GeV 电子伏特现在, 我们可以把可看到整个可见的宇宙作为一个城市 ( 包括城门与城墙 ) 而城门坐落在约 100GeV 电子伏特的标志处, 这是所谓的弱规模的物理区城里面的一切都是可见的, 没有什么东西是不可见的! 如果存在有不可见物质的话, 那一定是坐落在城外的因此, 超对称粒子或其它的不可见物质, 它们必须都是距离城门外, 超过约 100GeV 电子伏特 ( 弱规模领域 ) 以外来的异客 2. 沙漠理论 20

21 沙漠理论, 认为城外是一大片沙漠这个沙漠到底有多大, 谁也说不清楚因此, 我们可以说, 这个看不见的无形的东西为外国人他们生活在一个遥远的地方, 大约居住在 1GeV 的数百或成千上万倍的距离 (1GeV 的 1000 倍即 1TeV) 然后, 有 A 和 B 两种情况 A. 本市 ( 可见宇宙 ) 和国外, 完全为沙漠所分离不可能穿越沙漠, 把两者联系起来那么, 这个外国对这个城市 ( 可见宇宙 ) 毫无意义因此, 它存在与否 ( 不存在 ), 对这个城市没有区别 B. 这个城市 ( 宇宙 ) 和那个外国, 有一些或多或少的通讯和联系但是, 外国与这个城市沟通的唯一途径, 是經由这个城市的城门, 在约 100GeV 电子伏特处如果通信交通非常稀少, 那么, 外国可以在离城市大门远一点的地方, 建立它的联络站或驿站但也不能离得太远 3. 超级灵丹妙药理论 : 这个城市的居民得了症状很严重的疾病, 或有许多先天缺陷他们城市的 ( 可见的宇宙 ) 最好医院, 开出的标准诊断处方标准模型 (SM), 仍然不能医治和解释以下症状 : 中微子的质量暗能量 / 暗质量重子产生 21

22 能量等级重力产生, 等于是, 这是这个城市认为需要有, 看不见的神奇药物 :WIMP 可以很好医治这些病症, 而 SUSY (WIMP) 就是這个超级灵丹妙药 22

23 有了以上城市和沙漠两种理论和超级灵丹妙药理论, 这个城市的人就可以行博弈赌注投注变得非常容易了首先, 这个城市 ( 可见宇宙 ) 至少需要一种神奇的药物医治自己的病症如果不是超对称 SUSY 超级灵丹妙药, 将有别的药物如 WIMP 其二, 如果这个神奇的药物真的能治愈这个城市的疾病, 它必须在这个城市展示其超级神奇的魔力, 也就是说, 与这个魔力必须在这个城市的范围内 ( 在其城门 100GeV 内 ) 起作用 23

24 在欧洲核子研究中心大型正负电子对撞机 LEP, 是一个可以彻底搜索城市 ( 弱规模范围 ) 的对撞机也就是,LEP 应该能发现超对称型颗粒 SUSY 因此, 许多物理学家就把赌注, 投注在 LEP 可以搜查到 SUSY 有保守一点的物理学家, 根据他们的计算表明, 城市可能不需要大剂量的超级灵丹妙药 ; 即 SUSY 使者可以呆在离城门有点距离的地方即 SUSY 可以坐落在 10 倍的距离, 远程治疗这个城市的疾病因此, 他们中的许多人, 把他们的赌注押在 Tevatron 距离范围, 看到 SUSY 当然, 最谨慎的物理学家 ( 如诺贝尔奖获得者, 戴维格罗斯, 等 ) 以 20 倍的安全边际做赌注, 在比 Tevatron 更高范围的 LHC(2 TeV / 100 GeV= 20 倍 ) 上看到 SUSY 到目前为止, 所有这些赌能看见 SUSY 的赌徒都失败了四新的赌注任何热衷于超对称 SUSY 的参与者, 现在是时候投下新的赌注也就是说, 先对如何找到 SUSY 的胜率, 作出非常精确的新计算有三种不同的方式, 可以帮我们找到无形的隐藏的物质第一种,{ 直接逮住 }: 直接把 SUSY 抓在手里一般来说, 要使用大的对撞机第二种, { 侦查出来 }: 虽然不能看到你, 但通过所有的寻找路径排查, 我一定会碰到你如果你在我的跑步的路上, 我一定会撞到你, 或是发现你隐藏的通道或洞穴在所有的运行路径旁边, 如果有任何 ' 旁观者 ' 或 ' 隐藏通道的洞穴 ', 我总是会发现其踪迹 24

25 第三种者,{ 太空捕捉影子 }: 宇宙本身是一个极大的对撞机, 宇宙中无数次的星体碰撞及其爆炸比任何建在地球上的对撞机来得猛烈与强大宇宙如果撞出了对称粒子物质, 一定会留下一些蛛丝马迹因此, 一定可以直接从太空观测中, 捕捉对称物质的影子现在, 有许多不同的探案资料, 这个可以帮我计算出现对称物质 SUSY 的赌注胜率第一个案例 :ACME( 高级冷分子电子 )EDM( 电偶极矩 ) 数据电子是一个量子型粒子也就是说, 它不是静止不动, 而是在各个方向舞蹈, 形成电子云然而, 电子携带的电磁魔杖, 它能影响达到非常非常遥远的距离如果任何旁观者站在它舞池的旁边, 它的舞蹈空间将被擠压它的电子云会变形这种变形作为 EDM, 可被测量到见下面的 ACME 数据 : 25

26 以上 ACME 数据说明了什么? 1. 电子云没变形, 即无旁观者, 也无隐形粒子隐藏洞穴 2. 这个数据比 LHC 数据更强大有力 3. 这一数据表明, 在 80TeV 到 100 TeV 之内没有旁观者, 也没有隐藏的洞第二个案例 :LHCb 数据 (BS 0 介子的衰变 ): 如果在 BS 0 介子的衰变通道的周围有一个旁观者或隐藏的洞,BS 0 介子的衰变通道将被扭曲 LHCb 表明 :{ 这一新发现 [ 無扭曲 ], 限制了其它超越 SM 物理模型的存活空间 : 将来所有候选摸型都必须证明, 它们符合这个重要的测试结果 } 那就是,LHCb 数据表明, 在 100 TeV 的范围之内, 没有超对称或其它隐形粒子的存请看 : 26

https://home.cern/about/updates/2017/02/standard-model-stands-its-ground 第三个案例 :WIMP 的数据在可见的宇宙, 没有超对称 SUSY 超对称 SUSY 是 WIMP 的最住候选者以下是 WIMP 的数据 ( 来自许多不同的研究小组 ) 这些数据说明什么? 1.

27 第三个案例 :WIMP 的数据在可见的宇宙, 没有超对称 SUSY 超对称 SUSY 是 WIMP 的最住候选者以下是 WIMP 的数据 ( 来自许多不同的研究小组 ) 这些数据说明什么? 1. 黄色部分是中微子的最低边界, 没有 WIMP 或超对称粒子 2. 所有绿线以上区域, 均排除有 WIMP 粒子 3. 绿线与棕黄区之间的白色区域并没有完全排除这一数据表明, 高能量的区域 (100TeV,200TeV,,1000 TeV, ), 排除了几乎所有的 WIMP 物质 ( 如 SUSY) 以上数据均来自地球实验然而, 我们仰望天空, 看看是否可以从太空捕捉到对称粒子的影子这些发生在遥远深邃的太空的历史剧, 产生了许多的碎 27

片 :( 伽马射线, 高能粒子, 中微子等 ), 其中一些朝着我们的方向来到地球我们通过高度精密的科学仪器设备捕捉这些历史的碎片或影子我们可以阅读太空的历史故事首先,γ 射线 : 费米伽马射线太空望远镜 (https://fermi.gsfc.

28 片 :( 伽马射线, 高能粒子, 中微子等 ), 其中一些朝着我们的方向来到地球我们通过高度精密的科学仪器设备捕捉这些历史的碎片或影子我们可以阅读太空的历史故事首先,γ 射线 : 费米伽马射线太空望远镜 ( ) 没有 WIMP(SUSY) 其次, 高能量的粒子 ( 特别是反粒子 ):AMS-02 数据, 没有 WIMP 这些高能量的反粒子 (AMS-02) 数据, 可以认为是由一些, 过程类似于 10,000 TeV 对撞机或更高能量的对撞结果 28

29 其三, 一些太空对撞能量, 可能超过 LHC 强子对撞机几万倍之大根据定义,WIMP( 或 SUSY) 应该渗透在整个空间 ; 即其产生的故事的碎片, 应该倾注在地球所有方向在这两种情况下, 它们的碎片之一中微子, 肯定可以达到地球中微子是最好的 { 太空剧影子 } 当月球位于地球的另一侧时, 我们可以經由宇宙射线 / 中微子, 观察看到月球的阴影 ( ) 以下是月亮以中微子成像的影像 ( 下图由冰立方 (IceCube) 提供 ) 29

30 最近的冰立方数据表明, 没有惰性中微子 ; 即, 太空没有未知的粒子产生过程这些数据再次让 SUSY 出现的希望破灭这些天体的数据, 在数千倍 TeV 能量级别之内, 均没有发现超对称粒子的蛛丝马迹有了以上的地球上和天体上的两组数据, 我们可以跟所有的 SUSY 信徒対赌而且, 我们稳操胜券但是, 中国政府是否会以 1000 亿美元与我們対赌呢? 30

31 五美国的赌注是什么? 1. 在 1993 年 : 美国国会认定建设超级对撞机 SSC 不仅是浪费, 且完全愚蠢 2. 在 2017 年 : 美国可以不用自己出钱, 而从别的国家筹集资金, 建设一个 Tev 超大对撞机但要借用那个已经挖好的隧道来建超大对撞机, 这仍然被认为是一个极大的浪费, 这个地方应该留给未来别的用途, 等者穩嬴的惊喜与回报 3. 大力投资 Muon-μ 介子对撞机的建造 : ( ) 质子对撞机的能效非常低, 只有小部分的总能量, 在有效工作质子对撞的背景噪声, 非常凌乱嘈杂另一方面,μ 介子对撞机几乎将达到 100% 的总能量利用率, 几乎没有混乱的背景噪声然而,μ 介子寿命很短, 也就是说, 需要一些非常先进的技术控制对撞过程这需要很多, 很多钱 4. 大力投资深海中微子探测器 : ( 和 ) 中微子是最强大的探测工具, 中微子也是最不被理解的粒子通过全面了解中微子, 许多当前的谜团可以得到解决 5. 大力投资基于空间的引力波探测器 ( ) 引力波的存在, 早己被间接证明 LIGO 在 2016 年二月, 声称直接观察到引力波但其结果被一些人质疑因为, 一些未知的地球活动可以模仿引力波信号另一方面, 基于空间的引力波探测器将不会有这个问题但同样, 这要花很多很多的钱 31

32 六结论美国己经赌定不建超大对撞机 (100 Tev) 根据以上我们所列出的数据和逻辑推理, 我們絕不与美国対賭 32

随着以上三个事实表明, 继续建造 SSC 项目将不仅是浪费, 而且肯定是愚蠢的行为因此, 在 1993 年 SSC 项目被取消虽然,SSC 项目已经开始, 整个 SSC 主隧道已完成, 而且已经花费了约 30 亿美元事实 4: 今天的超导技术比 25 年前的 90 年代更先进了许多, 更容易

随着以上三个事实表明, 继续建造 SSC 项目将不仅是浪费, 而且肯定是愚蠢的行为因此, 在 1993 年 SSC 项目被取消虽然,SSC 项目已经开始, 整个 SSC 主隧道已完成, 而且已经花费了约 30 亿美元事实 4: 今天的超导技术比 25 年前的 90 年代更先进了许多, 更容易中国超大对撞机争论龚天任, 李小坚 April 10, 2017 2017 年 3 月的国际物理两会后, 有一些新数据发布整个国际物理科学的环境发生了很大的变化现在, 我们可以回过头来看, 2016 年中国的超级对撞机工程争论了一事实事实 1: 始于 1976 年的美国超导超级对撞机的设计 SSC( 在德克萨斯美国 ), 其使命是探索发现希格斯玻色子 (Higgs 粒子 ) 和超对称粒子