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高等原子分子物理学高等原子分子物理学陈向军办公室 : 理化大楼 02-008 Email: xjun@ustc.edu.

1 高等原子分子物理学高等原子分子物理学陈向军办公室 : 理化大楼 xjun@ustc.edu.cn 宫毛毛 : 理化大楼 gongmm@mail.ustc.edu.cn 课件地址 :

2 高等原子分子物理学主要参考书

3 第一章原子分子物理学的主要研究内容 1.1 原子分子物理学的发展概况 Early history 1900, Max Planck, blackbody radiation law The Nobel Prize in Physics 1918 "in recognition of the services he rendered to the advancement of Physics by his discovery of energy quanta"

4 1.1 原子分子物理学的发展概况 1905, Albert Einstein, proposed the theoretical explanation of photoelectric effect The Nobel Prize in Physics 1921 "for his services to Theoretical Physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect"

5 1.1 原子分子物理学的发展概况 1911, Ernest Rutherford, nuclear atom model after analyzing his experiment of alpha-particle scattering The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1908 "for his investigations into the disintegration of the elements, and the chemistry of radioactive substances"

6 1.1 原子分子物理学的发展概况 1913, Niels Bohr, stationary energy level of hydrogen atom The Nobel Prize in Physics 1922 "for his services in the investigation of the structure of atoms and of the radiation emanating from them"

7 1.1 原子分子物理学的发展概况 1914, J. Franck, G. Hertz, experiment of energy loss of electrons in a gas James Franck Gustav Ludwig Hertz The Nobel Prize in Physics 1925 "for their discovery of the laws governing the impact of an electron upon an atom"

8 1.1 原子分子物理学的发展概况 1923, A. Compton, scattering experiment The Nobel Prize in Physics 1927 "for his discovery of the effect named after him"

9 1.1 原子分子物理学的发展概况 1925, G. Uhlenbeck, S. Goudsmit

10 1.1 原子分子物理学的发展概况 1925 and 1926, advent of quantum mechanics theory, Heisenberg, Born, Jordan, Bohr, Schrödinger, Dirac, Kramers, Slater, W. Pauli, L. V. de Broglie,

11 1.2 原子分子物理学的主要研究内容 Energy (au) 原子分子物理学是研究原子分子 ( 包括离子和团簇 ) 的结构和相互作用的科学 1925/1926, 氢原子 ( 简单两体问题 ) 的解析解 0-1/18-1/8 3s (n=3, l=0) 2s (n=2, l=0) 3p (n=3, l=1) 2p (n=2, l=1) Electron is free Electron is bound to ion.... 3d (n=3, l=2) -1/2 1s (n=1, l=0)

12 1.2 原子分子物理学的主要研究内容 1928 之后, 双电子原子 ( 如氦原子 ) 束缚态的非相对论量子力学精确解 1930 年代 Hylleraas 的关联波函数 [1] 1950 年代 Pekeris 的完成精确解 [2] [1] E. A. Hylleraas, Z. Phys. 54, 347 (1929). [2] C. L. Pekeris, Phys. Rev. 112, 1649 (1958). Hartree-Fock method and Hylleraas method (variational)

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1927 "for his research into the nature of the chemical

13 1.2 原子分子物理学的主要研究内容分子 1927, Heitler and F. London, hydrogen molecule wave function Linus Pauling, theoretical quantum chemistry The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1927 "for his research into the nature of the chemical bond and its application to the elucidation of the structure of complex substances" 1927, Born Oppenheimer (BO) approximation

即把散射体系未知的薛定谔方程的解用已知的靶波函数展开 C. Schwartz,, Phys. Rev.

14 1.2 原子分子物理学的主要研究内容 1961 年,Schwartz 才利用变分法完成了两电子体系的散射 ( 如电子与氢原子的碰撞 ) 的数值求解问题 ; 主要解决碰撞激发几率问题, 基本的方法是所谓的密耦合 (Close coupling), 即把散射体系未知的薛定谔方程的解用已知的靶波函数展开 C. Schwartz,, Phys. Rev. 124, 1468 (161). H Charles Schwartz, UC Berkeley e H e H 两体, 弹性散射 e H(1 s) e H( nl) 两体, 非弹性散射

15 1.2 原子分子物理学的主要研究内容 1993 年,Bray 和 Stelbovics 发展了收敛的密耦合 (Convergent close coupling ) 方法, 解决了两电子体系的散射电离问题基本方法是把氢原子的电离态用有限的收敛的虚态来表示 I. Bray, A. T. Stelbovics, Phys. Rev. Lett. 70, 746 (1993). e H(1 s) H e e 三体, 碰撞电离

16 1.2 原子分子物理学的主要研究内容在大规模并行计算机的帮助下, 精确地数值求解了最基本的三体动力学问题, 如电子碰撞氢原子电离和氦原子的光致双电离 (photodouble ionization) Exterior complex scaling (ECS) T. N. Rescigno et al., Science 286, 2474 (1999). e H(1 s) H e e 三体, 碰撞电离 2 He(1 s ) He e e 三体, 光双电离

17 1.2 原子分子物理学的主要研究内容基本问题原子分子结构和动力学研究内容原子结构 ( 包括周围环境的影响 ) 电子原子离子光子与原子相互作用理论手段量子力学 QED 实验手段谱学实验和碰撞实验

18 10 原子物理发展新高潮 Number of Nobel Laureates atomic physics nuclear physics particle physics

1981 Nobel laureates of Physics Nicolaas

American Arthur Leonard Schawlow Born May

the development of laser spectroscopy" Kai

20, 2007 Sweden 1/2 "for his contribution

19 1981 Nobel laureates of Physics Nicolaas Bloembergen Born March 11, 1920 Dutch American Arthur Leonard Schawlow Born May 5, 1921 USA 1/2 "for their contribution to the development of laser spectroscopy" Kai Manne Börje Siegbahn April 20, 1918-July 20, 2007 Sweden 1/2 "for his contribution to the development of highresolution electron spectroscopy"

1986 Nobel laureates of Physics Ernst Ruska December 25,

in electron optics, and for the design of the first

Germany Heinrich Rohrer Born June 6, 1933 Switzerland

20 1986 Nobel laureates of Physics Ernst Ruska December 25, 1906 May 27, 1988 Germany 1/2 "for his fundamental work in electron optics, and for the design of the first electron microscope" Gerd Binnig Born July 20, 1947 Germany Heinrich Rohrer Born June 6, 1933 Switzerland Share another 1/2 "for their design of the scanning tunneling microscope"

21 1989 Nobel laureates of Physics Norman Foster Ramsey, Jr. Born August 27, 1915 USA 1/2 "for the invention of the separated oscillatory fields method and its use in the hydrogen maser and other atomic clocks" Hans Georg Dehmelt Born September 9, 1922 German-born American Wolfgang Paul August 10, 1913 December 7, 1993 Germany Share another 1/2 "for the development of the ion trap technique"

1997 Nobel laureates of Physics 12th United

Born November 5, 1948 American Share "for

22 1997 Nobel laureates of Physics 12th United States Secretary of Energy Steven Chu 朱棣文 Born February 28, 1948 American Claude Cohen-Tannoudji Born April 1, 1933 French William Daniel Phillips Born November 5, 1948 American Share "for development of methods to cool and trap atoms with laser light"

Born October 21, 1957 German Share "for the achievement of Bose-Einstein

23 2001 Nobel laureates of Physics Eric Allin Cornell Born Dec. 19, 1961 American Carl Edwin Wieman Born March 26, 1951 American Wolfgang Ketterle Born October 21, 1957 German Share "for the achievement of Bose-Einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms, and for early fundamental studies of the properties of the condensates"

2005 Nobel laureates of Physics Roy Jay Glauber Born September

the quantum theory of optical coherence" Share another 1/2 "for

24 2005 Nobel laureates of Physics Roy Jay Glauber Born September 1, 1925 American John L. Hall Born August 21, 1934 American Theodor W. Hänsch born October 30, 1941 German 1/2 "for his contribution to the quantum theory of optical coherence" Share another 1/2 "for their contributions to the development of laser-based precision spectroscopy, including the optical frequency comb technique"

25 2012 Nobel laureates of Physics Serge Haroche Born in September 11, 1944 French David J. Wineland Born in February 24, 1944 American for the ground-breaking experimental methods that enable measuring and manipulation of individual quantum systems"

26 AMO 发展方向高精度精密谱学, 原子频标, 光频标,( 全球定位基本物理常数测量基本物理规律验证 ) 原子干涉现象测量,. ( 与陀螺仪引力加速度测量 ) 冷原子物理, 量子信息科学, 带电粒子碰撞动力学原子碰撞动力学

27 AMO 发展方向复杂体系氢原子少电子原子多电子原子小分子大分子团簇 DNA 分子纳米结构表面

28 AMO 发展方向极端条件超快 fs (10-15 s) as (10-18 s) 超强外场相对论电子, 核反应等离子体环境高能量密度物质中的原子分子物理

29 AMO 发展方向学科交叉等离子体物理天体物理核物理化学生物工业

ICAP 2012 Topic areas 23rd International Conference on Atomic Physics Fundamental atomic tests and measurements Precision measurements, atomic clocks and interferometers Ultracold gases and Bose

30 ICAP 2012 Topic areas 23rd International Conference on Atomic Physics Fundamental atomic tests and measurements Precision measurements, atomic clocks and interferometers Ultracold gases and Bose Einstein condensates Ultracold Fermi gases Atoms and molecules in optical lattices From few-body systems to many-body systems Quantum information and simulations with atoms and ions Quantum optics and cavity QED with atoms Ultrafast phenomena and free electron lasers Beyond atomic physics (biophysics, optomechanics)

31 ICPEAC 2011 Topic areas XXVII International Conference on Photonic, Electronic and Atomic Collisions Photon impact (XUV, FEL,...) Short pulses, intense fields, attosecond physics, control Cold atoms, ions, molecules Electron and positron collisions (atoms, molecules to solids) Ion impact and atomic collisions (molecules, surfaces,...) Clusters and fullerenes Fundamental atomic processes, systems and data

32 超精密超快 / 超强可控完全测量

33 激光光谱超高分辨超高精度 : 冷 H 原子 1S 基态到 2S 亚稳态的双光子跃迁跃迁的对应的谱线为 247nm, 测量的线宽为 1kHZ ( ev), 分辨率为 : 这相当于测量地球赤道的周长精确到一根头发丝!!

35 超快动力学探测 X-ray driven molecular dynamics: Schematic of the multistep photoionization of an oxygen molecule. Releasing the second electron is forbidden until the oxygen ion and atomic fragments separate by 30 angstroms or more. [Science 322, 1081 (2008)]. Credit: Greg Kuebler

36 粒子 ( 带电粒子和原子 ) 囚禁和冷却离子阱

电子磁矩的精密测量 gs S B 2 / 2 Paul Dirac (1902 1984) gs 2 The Nobel Prize in

37 电子磁矩的精密测量 gs S B 2 / 2 Paul Dirac ( ) gs 2 The Nobel Prize in Physics "for the discovery of new productive forms of atomic theory."

38 分子束磁共振技术 g j B / h B The Nobel Prize in Physics in1955 for his precision determination of the magnetic moment of the electron." 库什 (P. Kusch) 和弗利 (H.M. Foley) 发现了电子的反常磁矩 g s = 2( 1+a ) = 2 ( )

39 兰姆移位和电子反常磁矩, 直接促成了量子电动力学 (QED) 的发展施温格 (J. Schwinger) 朝永振一郎和费曼 (R.P. Feynman) 电子与真空中的虚正负电子对作用 ---- 真空极化电子与真空中的虚光子作用 ---- 真空涨落

40 1989 Nobel laureates of Physics Hans Georg Dehmelt Wolfgang Paul "for the development of the ion trap technique"

41 B o

42 3 2 a g 2 s c 1 c n = 0 s c z m

43 德默尔特小组 1987 年得到的结果是

44 GERALD GABRIELSE

45 严格验证 QED; 如果电子有结构, 也会反映到 g 值上 ; 测量正负电子 g 值的差异, 可以检验 CPT 守恒

46 电子与氦原子碰撞电离的完全测量 -- 少体库仑问题

47 在大规模并行计算机的帮助下, 精确地数值求解了最基本的三体动力学问题, 如电子碰撞氢原子电离和氦原子的光致双电离 T. N. Rescigno et al., Science 286, 2474 (1999).

50 reaction microscopes COLTRIMS J. Ullrich et al., Rep. Prog. Phys. 66, 1463 (2003).

51 碰撞单电离激发电离和双电离等三体四体库仑连续态问题 2 e He(1 s ) He (1 s) e e 2 e He(1 s ) He e e e Phys. Rev. Lett. 96, (2006) Nature 422, 48 (2003)

z

* 光与电子的电磁感应相互作用张涛 http://www.paper.edu.cn 北京师范大学核科学与技术学院 ( 低能核物理研究所 ) 北京市辐射中心, 北京,(100875) taozhang@bnu.edu.cn 摘要本文论述了光与电子的电磁感应相互作用和电子云导