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1 Chapter 16-2 Eukaryotic Microorganisms Chapter 14 in BROCK BIOLOGY OF MICROORGANISMS School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University

2 Shanghai Jiao Tong University Eukaryotic Microorganisms Molds Mushrooms Yeasts Slime molds Algae Protozoa Fungi Shanghai Jiao Tong University

3 16.12 Fungi 真菌

4 Shanghai Jiao Tong University Fungi 1. Filamentous fungi Mould 2. Unicellular fungi Yeast Shanghai Jiao Tong University

5 Types of sexual spores Oospores( 卵孢子 ) Zygospores( 接合孢子 ) Ascospores( 子囊孢子 ) Basidiospores( 担孢子 ) Major classes of fungi Oomycetes 卵菌纲 Zygomycetes 接合菌纲 Ascomycetes 子囊菌纲 Basdiomycetes 担子菌纲 Deuteromycetes 半知菌纲

6 Classification and major properties of fungi Fungi Hyphae Representives Sexual spore Zygomycetes 接合菌纲 Non -septate 无隔菌丝 Mucor 毛霉 Rhizopus 根霉 Zygospore 接合孢子 Ascomycetes Septate Neurospora 脉孢菌 Ascospore 子囊菌纲 Saccharomyces 子囊孢子酵母 Basidiomyctes Septate Agaricus; 伞菌 Basidiospore 担子菌纲 amanita, 毒伞肽菌担孢子 Deuteromycetes Septate Aspergillus; 曲霉 Not found 半知菌类 Penicillium 青霉

8 Nonseptate and septate hypha 无隔菌丝和有隔菌丝 (1) nonseptate; (2)septate

9 1) Oospores ( 卵孢子 ): are formed within a special female structure, the oogonium( 藏卵器 ). Fertilization of eggs, or oospheres ( 卵球 ), by male gametes in an antheridium ( 雄器 ) give rise to oospores. Oogonium 藏卵器 Antheridium 雄器 Oospores formation Oospheres 卵球 Oospores 卵孢子 Sexual spores

10 2) Zygospores 接合孢子 are large, thick-walled spores formed when the tips of two sexually compatible hyphae of certain fungi fuse together. Sexual spores

11 3) Ascospores 子囊孢子 :these single-celled spores are produced in a sac called an ascus 子囊. There are usually 8 ascospores in each ascus. Various ascocarps formed by different ascomycete fungi. Plectocarp 槌形子囊果 Pyrenocarp 子囊壳 Discocarp 盘状子囊果 Sexual spores

12 4) Basidiospores 担孢子 : These single-celled spores are borne on a club-shaped structure called basidium 担子. Mushroom Sexual spores

13 Shanghai Jiao Tong University Filamentous Fungi: Molds A single filament is called a hypha (pl. hyphae) 菌丝 a typical hypha is a nucleated tube containing cytoplasm (coenocytic): In most cases, the vegetative cell of a fungal hypha contains more than one nucleus often hundreds of nuclei. 典型的菌丝为多核体 : 带有数百细胞核的管子 Shanghai Jiao Tong University

14 Shanghai Jiao Tong University Morphology of filamentous fungi The filamentous fungi consists of two parts: mycelium and spores. 丝状真菌由菌丝体和孢子组成. The filamentous fungi develop multicellular branching structures known as hyphae 菌丝, which are connected filaments of vegetative cells. Integrated masses of hyphae are called a mycelium. 分支结构为菌丝, 菌丝组成菌丝体 Each hypha is about 5-10 μm wide. Shanghai Jiao Tong University

15 Diagram of a mold life cycle

16 Shanghai Jiao Tong University Reproduction of filamentous fungi Asexual spores are produced by an individual fungus through mitosis and subsequent cell division; there is no fusion of the nuclei of cells. 无性孢子通过有丝分裂及随后的细胞分裂产生, 其间无细胞核的融合发生. Sexual spores result from the fusion of nuclei from two opposite mating strains of the same species of fungus. 有性孢子由不同交配型菌株的细胞核融合而成 Organisms that grow from sexual spores will have genetic characteristics of both parental strains. Shanghai Jiao Tong University

17 Types of asexual spores of filamentous fungi Name of fungus Chlamydospore 厚垣孢子 Arthrospore 节孢子 Conidiospore 分生孢子 Sporangiospore 孢囊孢子 Location of spores External External External Internal Examples Mucor 毛霉属 Geotrichum 地霉属 Aspergillus 曲霉属 Penicillium 青霉属 Rhizopus 根霉属

18 asexual spores 1) Sporangiospores are formed within a sporangium 孢囊孢子在孢囊中形成

19 asexual spores 2) Chlamydospores are thick-walled cells within the hyphae 厚垣孢子位于菌丝中, 有加厚的壁

20 asexual spores 3) Arthrospores 节孢子

21 asexual spores Aspergillus Penicillium 4) Conidiospores are arranged in chains at the end of a conidiophore 分生孢子在分生孢子梗的末端线性排列

22 Shanghai Jiao Tong University Typical species of filamentous fungi Mucor (class Zygomycetes): 毛霉 ( 接合菌纲 ): Their mycelium are nonseptate, white or gray. Produces ZygosporesNo stolons or rhizoids. 菌丝无隔, 白或灰色. 有性生殖为接合孢子. 无匍匐枝或假根 Shanghai Jiao Tong University

23 Rhizopus (class Zygomycetes): These are common bread molds, which cause much food spoilage. They have nonseptate. It forms rootlike hyphae called rhizoid 假根, as well as stolons 匍匐枝. Zygospores are produced when plus and minus strains are both present. 根霉 ( 接合菌纲 ): 无隔菌丝, 有假根和匍匐枝. 产接合孢子, 无性生殖为孢囊孢子 Sporangiospore rhizoid Typical species of filamentous fungi

Shanghai Jiao Tong University Neurospora (Class Ascomycetes) : widely used in the study of genetics and metabolic pathways. Certain species produce ascospores, conidia is usually oval.

24 Shanghai Jiao Tong University Neurospora (Class Ascomycetes) : widely used in the study of genetics and metabolic pathways. Certain species produce ascospores, conidia is usually oval. Because of the characteristic pink or red color of the conidia, they are often called pink bread molds. 脉胞菌属 ( 子囊菌纲 ): 产子囊孢子, 无性分生孢子卵形. 常称粉红面包霉 Typical species of filamentous fungi Shanghai Jiao Tong University

25 Shanghai Jiao Tong University Aspergillus (Class Deuteromycetes): 曲霉属 ( 半知菌类 ): widespread in nature. Some species are involved in spoilage. important economically because they are used in a number of industrial fermentations (A.niger). produce septate, branching mycelium. Conidia, the colors are black, brown, and green. 有隔分枝菌丝, 分生孢子黑棕或绿色 Typical species of filamentous fungi Shanghai Jiao Tong University

Shanghai Jiao Tong University Penicillium (Class Deuteromycetes ): 青霉属 ( 半知菌类 ): Some species cause rot or other spoilage. Some are used in industrial fermentations.

26 Shanghai Jiao Tong University Penicillium (Class Deuteromycetes ): 青霉属 ( 半知菌类 ): Some species cause rot or other spoilage. Some are used in industrial fermentations. Some reproduce sexually by ascospore formation. Conidia. 一些产子囊孢子, 无性方式为分生孢子 Penicillia have septate vegetative mycelium. 有隔菌丝 Typical species of filamentous fungi Shanghai Jiao Tong University

27 Shanghai Jiao Tong University Macroscopic Fungi: Mushrooms 大型真菌 : 蘑菇 Shanghai Jiao Tong University

28 Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai Jiao Tong University

29 Fruiting Body 菌褶 Life cycle of a typical mushroom

Shanghai Jiao Tong University 16.12.3 Unicellular Fungi: Yeasts usually unicellular. 单细胞真菌 larger than most bacteria. 1-5 um in width and 5-30 um or more in length.

30 Shanghai Jiao Tong University Unicellular Fungi: Yeasts usually unicellular. 单细胞真菌 larger than most bacteria. 1-5 um in width and 5-30 um or more in length. 一般比细菌大 commonly egg-shaped. 常为卵圆形 have no flagella. 无鞭毛 Asexual reproduction is by budding or binary fission; Sexual reproduction is by forming ascospore. 无性生殖为出芽或二分分裂 ; 有性生殖为产生子囊孢子 Shanghai Jiao Tong University

31 Growth by budding division in Saccharomyces cerevisiae 酿酒酵母的出芽生殖

32 Shanghai Jiao Tong University Typical species of yeasts Saccharomyces: There are about 30 species. S.cerevisiae are used in the fermentation of beer and wine and in baking. Budding and 4 ascospores in each ascus. 酵母属 Schizosaccharomyces: binary fission and 8 ascospores in each ascus. Some species are used in the fermentation of beer. 裂殖酵母属 Shanghai Jiao Tong University

33 Shanghai Jiao Tong University Algae 藻类 Algae are phototrophic Eukarya that contain chlorophyll and carotenoid pigments within a chloroplast. The chloroplast itself has its roots in the Bacteria. Shanghai Jiao Tong University

34 Shanghai Jiao Tong University Cell structure and characteristics of algae Algae cells are eukaryotic. single cells or multicellular. Algae contain chlorophyll and are photosynthetic. 光合的单细胞或多细胞真核生物 Algae have a wide range of sizes and shapes. Some colonies become quite complex and superficially resemble higher plants in structure. 藻类大小形状差异大, 一些结构复杂, 甚至与高等植物相似. Shanghai Jiao Tong University

35 Shanghai Jiao Tong University The cell wall is thin and rigid. The cell walls of many algae are surrounded by outer matrix, which often becomes pigmented and stratified. 细胞壁 : 一些有外层结构, 有色和分层 Chloroplasts. There are 5 chlorophylls: a, b, c, d, and e. Chlorophyll a is present in all algae. 叶绿体 Many algae produce flagellated spores and/or non motile spores in sporangia 孢子囊. Shanghai Jiao Tong University

36 Shanghai Jiao Tong University Chlorophyta 绿藻门 Euglenophyta 祼藻门 Dinoflagellata 甲藻门 Chrysophyta 硅藻门 Phaeophyta 褐藻门 Rhodophyta 红藻门 Shanghai Jiao Tong University

37 Shanghai Jiao Tong University Typical species of algae Chlorella 小球藻 : green algae, unicellular Spirogyra 水绵 : green algae, filamentous form. The walls of the filament are continuous. Their chloroplasts form a spiral within the filaments. Diatoms 硅藻 :golden brown in color. Shanghai Jiao Tong University

38 Shanghai Jiao Tong University Red algae: exhibit tissue differentiation and should be classified as plants. They contain phycocyanin and phycoerythrin in addition to chlorophyll. The red color is due to the phycoerythrin. 红藻 : 有组织分化, 除叶绿素外还有藻青素和藻红素. 红色来自藻红素 Shanghai Jiao Tong University

39 Micrasterias: a green algae 小星藻属 Volvox: a green algae 团藻属

40 Scenedesmus: a green algae 栅藻属 Spirogyra: a green algae 水绵属 (Note the green spiral-shaped chloroplasts)

41 Euglena, a member of the Euglenophyta. 眼虫藻 / 祼藻门 a marine red alga 一种红藻

42 Marine diatom 海洋中的硅藻属生物

43 A marine dinoflagellate 一种海洋甲藻

44 Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai Jiao Tong University

<4D6963726F736F667420506F776572506F696E74202D2032303134B4BAC9E0BCE2C9CFB5C4CEA2C9FACEEFB5DAD2BBBDB22E707074>

<4D6963726F736F667420506F776572506F696E74202D2032303134B4BAC9E0BCE2C9CFB5C4CEA2C9FACEEFB5DAD2BBBDB22E707074> 舌尖上的微生物涂璇博士 ( 副教授 ) 高级营养师生物与制药学院课程内容第一讲微生物食品及食品微生物概述第二讲发酵蔬菜第三讲发酵豆制品第四讲发酵乳制品和肉制品第五讲发酵调味品及发酵饮料第六讲发酵面食第七讲发酵食