1 1.1 A 295 K 60% 48 h SDT-Q600 TA mm K Omega 2 TG DTG 725 K 750 K 2 ) mg 10 K/min N K 873 K TGA / TG DTG ,21-2

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1 / Tobacco Science & Technology / Manufacturing Technology , 2, * Fluent LBR LBR 0.38 cm/min 0.44 cm/min 900~1000 K Fluent TS Numerical Simulation of Cigarette Smoldering YAN Cong 1, XIE Wei 2, LI Yuefeng 2, HUANG Chaozhang 2, YANG Xianlin 1, CHEN Xiaodong 1, and LI Qiaoling *2 1. Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen , Fujian, China 2. Technology Center of China Tobacco Fujian Industrial Co., Ltd., Xiamen , Fujian, China Abstract: To develop a 2D mathematical model of cigarette smoldering process, the process was simulated with Fluent software, which included water evaporation, tobacco pyrolysis and oxidation reaction, and the transfer of mass, energy and momentum. The temperature distribution at different time and the concentration distribution of O 2, CO, CO 2 and water vapor in the smoke were analyzed. The simulated value of linear burning rate (LBR) of smoldering was of 0.44 cm/minute, the experimental LBR value of 0.38 cm/minute; both the simulated and experimental values of maximum smoldering temperature were in the range of K, which indicated that the simulated values and the experimental values were basically agreed with each other. Keywords: Numerical simulation; Cigarette smoldering; Pyrolysis; Oxidation; Fluent Muramatsu Wojtowicz ruyu1630@163.com * liql@fjtic.cn zyn0626@126.com

2 1 1.1 A 295 K 60% 48 h SDT-Q600 TA mm K Omega 2 TG DTG 725 K 750 K 2 ) mg 10 K/min N K 873 K TGA / TG DTG , TG DTG K dρ w 7 1 N 2 dt =-Aw exp -Ew RT N ρ w w ρ w0 ρ w0 1 TG DTG DTG ρ w kg/m 3 ρ w kg/m 3 t min R R1 R2 R3 1 N 2 TG DTG N 2 R1 R2 28 Friedman J/(mol K) T K A w E w N w 23 R4 R5 R1 1 R2 24 Vamvuka ~598 K 598~648 K R3 R4 523~773 K R

3 1 N E / kj mol A w / min f / % ARD / %

4 3 Fluent s 18

5 cm LBR 0.38 cm/min 900~1000 K LBR 0.44 cm/min s O 2 CO 2 O 2 CO CO ~4 m 2% s s O 2 CO CO 2 CO CO m m 10% s 900~1000 K 6 19

6 m of evaporation-pyrolysis process inside a naturally smoldering cigarette J. Combustion and Flame, 1979, Fluent 9 Wojtowicz M A, Bassilakis R, Smith W W, et al. Modeling the evolution of volatile species during tobacco pyrolysis O 2 CO 2 J. J Anal Appl Pyrol, 2003, 66(1/2) Touey G P, Mumpower R C. Measurement of the O 2 CO combustion-zone temperature of cigarettes J. Tob Sci, 1957, CO 2 11 Barker R R. Temperature distribution inside a burning cigarette J. Nature, 1974, Barker R R. Temperature variation within a cigarette combustion coal during the smoking cycle J. High Temp Sci, 1975, J., J., J., R J., Leach S V, Rein G, Ellzey J L, et al. Kinetic and fuel property effects on forward smoldering combustion J. Combustion and Flame, 2000, 120(3) Chen P. A mathematical model of cigarette smoldering process J. Beitr Tabakforsch Int, 2002, 20(4) Yi S C, Hajaligol M R. Product distribution from the 20 7 pyrolysis modeling of tobacco particles J. J Anal Appl Pyrol, 2003, 66(1/2) Blasi D C. Modeling and simulation of combustion processes of charring and non-charring solid fuels J. Prog Energ Combust Sci, 1993, 19(1) Rostami A, Murthy J, Hajaligol M R. Modeling of a smoldering cigarette J. J Anal Appl Pyrol, 2003, 66(1/2) Yi S C, Song E S, Hajaligol M R. Mathematical model of smoldering combustion in a carbonaceous porous medium J. Fire, 2001, 19(6) Yi S C, Hajaligol M R, Jeong S H. The prediction of the effects of tobacco type on smoke composition from the pyrolysis modeling of tobacco shreds J. J Anal Appl Pyrol, 2005, 74(1/2) Muramatsu M, Umemura S, Okada T. A mathematical model J., , P , P J., J.,

7 J SD 4. J J J J J Dai S S Li L H Xu H G. A system dynamics approach for water resources policy analysis in arid land a model for Manas River Basin J. Journal of Arid Land Liu L J Guan X J. Study on the Risks of Mining Logistics 3 System Based on System Dynamics Model C //Proceedings of 2012 IEEE 19th International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Engineering Management IE&EM 2012 Changsha in Hunan of China Chinese Industrial Engineering Institution CMES Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers Beijing Section J SD 12. J J J J J Cardoso C R, Miranda M R, Santos K G, et al. Determination of kinetic parameters and analytic pyrolysis of tobacco waste and sorghum bagasse J. J Anal Appl Pyrol, 2011, 92(2) Vassilev S V, Baxter D, Andersen L K, et al. An overview of the chemical composition of biomass J. Fuel, 2010, 89(5) Vamvuka D, Kakaras E, Kastanaki E, et al. Pyrolysis characteristics and kinetics of biomass residuals mixtures with lignite J. Fuel, 2003, 82(15/17) Bokelman G H, Ryan W S. Analyses of bright and burley tobacco laminae and stems J. Beitr Tabakforsch Int, 1985, Vassilev S V B, Kastanaki E, et al. Pyrolysis characteristics and kinetics of biomass residuals mixtures with lignite J. Fuel, 2003, Friedman H L. Kinetics of thermal degradation of char-foa ming plactics from thermogravimetry application to a phenolic resin J. J Polym Sci, 1963, 6C Muramastu M. Studies on the transport phenomena in naturally smoldering cigarette J. Sci Pap 1981, Saidi M S, Hajaligol M R, Mhaisekar, et al. A 3D modeling of static and forward smoldering combustion in a packed bed of materials J. Applied Mathematical Modelling, 2007, 31 (9) Lahaye J, Ehrburger P. Fundamental issues in control of carbon gasification reactivity The CO/CO2 ratio in the products of the carbon-oxygen reaction M. Netherlands Kluwer Academic Publishers,

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[1] Nielsen [2]. Richardson [3] Baldock [4] 0.22 mm 0.32 mm Richardson Zaki. [5-6] mm [7] 1 mm. [8] [9] 5 mm 50 mm [10] [11] [12] -- 40% 50% 38 2 2016 4 -- 1,2, 100190, 100083 065007 -- 0.25 mm 2.0 mm d 10 = 0.044 mm 640 3 300. Richardson--Zaki,,, O359 A doi 10.6052/1000-0879-15-230 EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF FLUID-SOLID TWO-PHASE FLOW IN A VERTICAL