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3 1 2 3 P. H. Partridge ideological 4 1 E. F. Miller Eugene F. Miller "Rejoinder to 'Comments' by David Braybrooke and Alexander Rosenberg, Ricard S. Rudner and Martin Landau, " American Political Science Review. Vol pp Hans Reichenbach. The Rise of Scientific Philosophy. (Berkeley: University of California Press. 1951) Chap. 18. Eugene F. Miller. "Positivism, Historicism, and Political Inquiry," American Political Science Review. Vol pp snapshot theory of objectivity Richard S. Rudner. Philosophy of Social Science. (Englewood Cliffs. N. J.: Prentice-Hall. 1966) pp N. Machiavelli Alexis de Tocqueville 83/ of 29

4 5 H. Grotius T. Hobbes B. G. W. Leibniz 6 D. Hume K. Popper C. E. Merriam H. D. Lasswell M. Polanyi T. Kuhn K. Mannheim Sociology of Knowledge M. Landau Graham Wallas P. H. Partridge. "Politics, Philosophy, Ideology," Political Studies. Vol. 9. (Oxford: Clarendon Press. 1961) pp ideal type 5 J. Habermas value-directed ethos J. Habermas. Jeremy J. Shapiro (trans.) Knowledge and Human Interests. (Boston: Beacon Press. 1970) pp / of 29

5 M. Weber E. Nagel Sheldon S. Wolin Behavioralism H. Rickert explicit tacit 7 conception subception pre-science 11 7 Michael Polanyi Robert E. D. Clork 83/ of 29

6 A. Kaplan context of discovery context of justification or proof 12 detached knowledge W. H. Riker Abraham Kaplan. The Conduct of Inquiry: Methodology for Behavioral Science. (San Francisco: Chandler Publishing Company. 1964) pp Paul Diesing Paul Diesing. Patterns of Discovery in the Social Sciences. (New York: Aldine. 1971) p. 15. Kant sense-data agent Eugene F. Miller. "Positivism, Historicism, and Political Inquiry," p Michael Polanyi 14 Mulford G. Sibley Leo Strauss Mulford G. Sibley. "The Limitations of Behavioralism," in James C. Charlesworth. Contemporary Political Analysis. (New York: The Free Press. 1967) pp William H. Riker. "The Future of a Science of Politics," American Behavioral Scientist. Vol. 21. No p / of 29

7 16 paradigm disciplinary matrix symbolic generalization metaphysical paradigms exemplars Michael Polanyi 17 Thomas Kuhn / of 29

8 83/ of 29 incommensurability L. Wittgenstein

9 mode of life 24 agree to differ intersubjectivity Hermeneutics W. Dilthey J. Habermas. Jeremy J. Shapiro. (trans.) Toward a Rational Society: Students Protest, Science, and Politics. (Cambridge: Polity Press. 1987) p. 51. Alfred Schutz cross-reference werelationship Alfred Schutz. George Walsh (trans.) The Phenomenology of the Social World. (London: Heinemann Educational Books. 1976) pp / of 29

10 background foreground Peter Winch 26 K. Marx 27 I am I think existential factors thought-mode R. Aron sociological theory of knowledge sociological theory of the conditions in which knowledge develops R. J. Bernstein R. J. Bernstein. The Restructuring of Social and Political Theory. (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. 1976) pp "My relationship to my surroundings is my consciousness...consciousness is therefore, from the very beginning a social product and remains as long as men exist at all." K. Marx and F. Engels. C. J. Arthur (ed.) The German Ideology. (New York: International Publishers. 1974) pp Raymond H. Aron. R. Howard. & H. Weaver (trans.) Main Currents in Sociological 83/ of 29

11 relationism relational objectivity a formula for translating common denominator neutrality I. Scheffler field-determined Thought. Vol. II. (New York: Anchor Books. 1967) p K. Mannheim. L. Wirth & E. Shils (trans.) Ideology and Utopia: An Introduction to the Sociology of Knowledge. (New York: Harcourt, Brace & Co., 1936) pp passivist K. Popper. The Open Society and its Enemies.(London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. 1966) p. 399 Engels W. T. Bluhm. Theories of the Political System. 3rd. Edition. (New Jersey: Prentice-Hall. Inc. 1978) p S. Avineri. The Social and Political Thought of Karl Marx. (Cambridge: The University Press. 1971) p / of 29

12 institutonalized control procedures error-correcting procedures experience regulative role 31 Myth of the Framework irrationalism verification refutation 31 Martin Landau. Political Theory and Political Science: Studies in the Methodology of Political Inquiry. (New York: The Macmillan Comp. 1972) pp ; Ibid. p / of 29

13 33 34 R. S. Rudner reliability methodological objectivity A. Kaplan. op. cit. pp Richard S. Rudner. op. cit. p. 5 83/ of 29

14 maximally objectivity 35 configuration significance valueconcept meaningfulness 36 Hume's Law 37 interests Richard S. Rudner. op. cit. pp Max Weber. "'Objectivity' in Social Science," in M. Brodbeck (ed.) Readings in the Philosophy of the Social Science. (New York: The Macmillan Company. 1968) p Ernest Nagel. "The Value-Oriented Bias of Social Inquiry," in M. Brodbeck. op. cit. pp / of 29

15 39 J. Locke white paper Thomas Kuhn 41 83/ of 29

16 value reference methodist theorist methodology theoretical paradigm G. A. Almond technique-oriented activity H. Eulau normal scientists 42 Gabriel A. Almond. "Political Theory and Political Science," American Political Science Review. Vol p R. J. Bernstein. op. cit. pp Sheldon S. Wolin. "Political Theory as a Vocation," The American Political Science Review. Vol p / of 29

17 44 status quo bias Robert K. Merton 44 Ibidp Ibid. p Ibid. p / of 29

18 47 A. R. Radcliffe-Brown B.Malinowski a functional unity 48 universal functionalism R. K. Merton R. Lapiere Robert K. Merton. Social Theory and Social Structure. Revised and enlarged edition. (Glencoe, Illinois: The Free Press. 1957) p dysfunctional the unit subserved by the function Ibid. pp ; functional value Ibid. pp ; Ibid. pp / of 29

19 Ibid. pp context of validation or justification context of discoveryrichard S. Rudner. op. cit. pp / of 29

20 53 54 selective reconstruction characterizing value judgments appraising value judgments estimate Heinrich Rickert 54 Raymond H. Aron. op. cit. p Ibid. p Heinrich Rickert Ernest Nagel. loc. cit. pp / of 29

21 means-ends analysis applied or instrumental value judgment purely descriptive 61 semantical evaluational acts of 59 Alan C. Isaak. Scope and Methods of Political Science. (Homewood, Illinois: The Dorsey Press. 1969) p Ernest Nagel. loc. cit. pp. 104; Ibid. pp / of 29

22 valuing 62 A. Einstein reproductive fallacy Richard S. Rudner. op. cit. p Ibid. pp ; Heinrich Rickert. 83/ of 29

23 D. Easton 65 fact event aspects 66 live through life-world actor doer concept-world thinker 67 N. Hanson theory-laden see Max Weber. loc. cit. p David Easton. The Political System: An Inquiry into the State of Political Science. (New York: Alfred A. Knopf. 1971) pp Hwa Yol Jung. "The Political Relevance of Existential Phenomenology," Review of Politics. No pp Russell Keat & John Urry. Social Theory as Science. (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. 1975) pp / of 29

24 Heinrich Rickert / of 29

25 index instability principle of situational reference A. Grunbaum A. Kaplan and H. D. Lasswell. Power and Society: A Framework for Political Inquiry. (New Haven: Yale university Press. 1950) pp. xxi. H. Eulau. 73 H. Eulau. 74 "This argument rests its case on what is no known, and therefore,... it has no case." Adolf Grunbaum. "Causality and the Science of Human Behavior," H. Feigl & M. Brodbeck (ed.) Readings in the Philosophy of Science. (New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts. 1953) p / of 29

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28 the manipulative standpoint the contemplative standpoint tosupport chosen values support to choose values A. Kaplan and H. D. Lasswell. op. cit. pp. xi-xii 83/ of 29

29 The Types and Debates of Objectivity in the Research of Politics Yeh Jen-chang Abstract This article elucidated and examined those views on objectivity of M. Polanyi, T. Kuhn, K. Mannheim, M. Landau, M. Weber, E. Nagel, S. Wolin, R. Rudner and H. Rickert. Author differentiated four types of objectivity: philosophical, empirical, scientific, and historical objectivity. Philosophical objectivity is weak and over-estimate the influence of 'subception', framework or paradigm. Empirical objectivity can make up this deficiency. However it has some limitations. In addition, since empirical objectivity exists in many disciplines, it would be not enough to justify the tradition of positivism. As for scientific objectivity, it also encounters underlying difficulties. For mankind as cultural being is inevitably involves in the world of various values. Its real nature, therefore, would be historical objectivity that contains value-reference. In conclusion, Author indicated that political science, on the work of objectivity in practice, is parallel to political philosophy and political history. Empirical objectivity and historical objectivity are their common properties. 8/18/2010 Objectivity.DOC of 29

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