國立中山大學學位論文典藏.PDF

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1 Investigation of odor and its improvement in Kaohsiung city

2

3 - 40 (MTBE) 1,2- VOCs VOCs I

4 ABSTRACT This study investigates characteristics of odorous materials and their odor intensities emitted from various commercial and industrial sources in the Kaohsiung City. An overview of odor complaints from the city people is presented and discussed. Results indicate that, due to the increasing people concerns about the odor emission problems, more frequent checks done by the City EPA officers, governmental assistances to the pollution makers on the pollution control technologies, and the enforcement of more stringent environmental protection regulations, odor-complaint cases in this city are decreasing in recent years. However, people are giving more attention to odors from food-cooking emissions and the associated complaint cases are increasing. Emissions from restaurants and plants become the two major odor sources in this city. For the plant emissions, odorous chemicals emitted from the Kaohsiung Refinery, located in northern Zouying District, were detected to be benzene, toluene, xylenes, and styrene. The Chianjhen storage and pumping station, located by the Kaohsiung Harbor, emits some 40 different chemicals. The majors among them are methanol, ammonia, ethylene, n-pentane, chlorodifluoromethane, methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE), propylene, cyclohexane, styrene, acetone, 1,2-dichloroethane, propylene oxide and vinyl chloride. Prompt leaks from the storage tanks and during the loading and unloading operations account for the emissions. Plants located in the Chianjhen Export Processing Zone emit chemicals, mainly methyl methacrylate, toluene, propylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate (PGMEA), ammonia, ethyl acetate and ethanol, which cause only a few complaint cases. The emitted chemicals are among the ones used by the plants as feed stokes or solvents. Restaurant located in Chianjhen and Hsiogang Districts emit large amount of food-cooking odorants, however, the percentage of odorous complaining for the emissions is relatively high in the Zouying District as compared to the other II

5 administrative districts investigated in this study. Major components of the food-cooking emissions include hydrogen sulfide, dimethyl sulfide (DMS), dimethyl disulfide (DMDS), ammonia, and methylamine. Relative percentages among these chemicals depend on the cooking materials and styles. Results also indicate that industries or businesses, such as petrochemical, surface coating, paint manufacturing, fuel station, storage vessels, semiconductor manufacturing, adhesive tape manufacturing and cloth dry-cleaning, are major odor and chemical emission sources which need to be continuously implemented for getting more emission reductions in the near future. Keyword: Odor, Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs), Emission source, Strategy for emission reduction III

6 .. I.. II.. IV.. V.. VIII.. XII V

7 VI

8 R VII

9 ( ) ( ) ( ) / TRI VOCs VIII

10 VOCs IX

11 X

12 VOCs BACT XI

13 XII

14 XIII

15 1-1 3 hazardous air pollutant HAP volatile organic compound VOC

16 2002 2,092 3,130 2,780 2,092 1, ,963 ( ) 1,499 2,360 1,733 1, Kao, 1994 Atkinson, 1990 NO

17 hazardous air pollutants HAPs volatile organic compounds VOCs HAPs [ CO] [ COOH] [ R-NH 2 ] [ R-S-R] [ R-OH R-O-R] [ RCOOR'] 2-1

18 [ CH-C(OH) ] ~ menthol camphor limonene 2006b [(CH 3 ) 2 S] (RSH) [(CH 3 ) x NH 3-x x=1,2,3] Anderson 1984 (2-1) CH 2 (NH 2 )COO + H 2 O CH 3 NH 2 + HCO 3 (2-2) CH 3 COO + SO 4 2 HS + 2HCO 3 2-2

19 ( )

20 ( )

21 b 1. C x H y CS 2 C m H n X x Cl 2 NH 3 H 2 S HCOH CH 2 =CHCl 4. [(CH3)2S] RSH [(CH 3 ) x NH 3-x x=1,2,3] 5. (2-3) CH 3 SCH 2 CH 2 CH(NH 2 )COOH + H 2 O CH 3 SCH 3 + CH 3 (CO)COOH+NH 3 2- (2-4) CH 3 CH(SH)C 3 H 7 + H 2 C 5 H 12 + H 2 S 2- (2-5) CH 3 CH(NH 2 )C 3 H 7 + H 2 C 5 H 12 + NH 3 ( ) (2-6) 2-5

22 NaCl 2002 indo1e skato1e NH 3 RNH

23 Indol katole 1-4 rendering

24 ((CH3) 2 CH) 2 NH C 6 H 4 OHCl ppm NH CH 3 NH C 2 H 5 NH (CH 3 ) 2 NH C 4 H 9 NH 2 NH 2 (CH 2 ) 5 NH 2 N(CH) 4 CH (CH 3 ) 2 N (C 2 H 5 ) 3 N 0.08 (C 4 H 9 ) 2 NH H 2 S SO CH 3 SH C 2 H 5 SH C 3 H 7 SH C 4 H 9 SH C 5 H 11 SH CH 2 :CHCH 2 SH C 6 H 5 CH 2 SH (CH 3 ) 2 S (C 2 H 5 ) 2 S C 6 H 5 SH C 6 H 5 CH 3 SH C 4 H 8 C 3 H 7 COOH CH 3 COCH 3 CH3CHO C 2 H 3 CHO O 3 2 ppm Cl

25 2005 THC ppm ppm ppm ppm THC 28 ppm 2.4 ppm 2 THC 9.2 ppm 0.1 ppm THC 5.1 ppm 8.9 ppb 0.3 ppm 0.4 ppm GC/MS 134 IARC 2A DEHP IARC 2B 2000 GC-MS 16 PAH Benzo g,h,i perylene Fluoranthene INDO 1,2,3-cd p-yrene Dibenzo a,h anthracene :Chrysene

26 13 ppm 2 ppm 185 ppb 2004 GC/FID Toluene Ethylbenzene Xylenes Styrene Trimethylamine Mixed Amines Mercaptans Ammonia Hydrogen Sulfide Acetic acid 1998 NaOCl NaOH H 2 S ph L/G H 2 S ph 10.5 H 2 S ph L/G L/G NaOCl 1.5 m 185 g/day 20 m 3 /min L/min 1.7 m 3 2 hr 6.58 m 3 /min 1.7 m 3 /m 2 hr L/G 57.6 L/m ppm 48 ppm 0-3 ppm 0.4 ppm 99% VOCs 323~2,100 ppm VOCs

27 2000 NaOCl 50 mg/l ph ,000 m /hr 98.93% 99.79% VOCs hazardous air pollutants toxic air pollutants air toxics b VCM Cl 2 PCBs NH 3 HCN H 2 S dioxins HCHO 2-11

28 cancer serious health efects HAP Daisey Hg 0.1mmHg Radian 1978 C 2 ~C Benitez c methane ethane methylene chloride freon 113 methyl chloroform CFC-11 CFC-12 CFC-22 CFC-23 CFC-114 CFC reactive volatile organic compounds RVOCs 2-12

29 ethyl acetate Cadmium hydrogen chloride vinyl chloride benzene styrene 1,2-1,2-dichloroethane trichloroethylene ethyl benzene chloroform toluene xylene tetrachloroethylene methylene chloride N,N-dimethylformamide 1,1-1,1-dichloroethene phenol tetrachloromethane 1,1,1-1,1,1-trichloroethane methanol furans methyl phenol methyl isobutyl ketone VI carbon disulfide Arsenic Chromium VI Lead nitric acid sulfuric acid carcinogenic PAHs naphthalene acrylonitrile ethylene oxide methyl ethyl ketone formaldehyde Daisey 1994 Hg Hg

30 isopropyl alcohol Benitez 1993 methane ethane propane butane pentane hexane parafin n-heptane n-hctane n-nonane n-decane ethylene 2-2-butene benzene toluene benzenic ethylbenzene xylene methanol acetone formaldehyde miscellaneous cyclohexanone isopentanoic alcohol peroxyacetyl nitrate PAN organic nitrogen compound acrylonitrile methyl chloride chloroform carbon tetrachloride 1,2-1,2-dichloroethylene 1,2-1,2-dichloropropane alkyl halides trichloroethylene tetrachloroethylene 3- allyl chloride chlorobenzene chloroflurocarbons CFCs CFC-11 CFC-12 chlorofluorocarbon-11 chlorofluorocarbon

31 clean air act % % 33.2% 10.9% NMHC 33% 31% 15% 13% 8% 2-15

32 / Kelly 1992 USEPA toxic release inventory Wadden Scheff 1991~ µg/m 3 ND 68.2 µg/m

33 VOCs / 2000 TSP SO X NO X CO venttsp SO X NO X CO TSP SO X NO X CO VOCs flaretip TSP SO X NO X CO VOCs / VOCs / VOCs / VOCs / VOCs VOCs / 2-17

34 TRI Kelly 1992 % % % MEK n-butyl alcohol TRI toxic release inventory 2-18

35 VOCs Wadden 1986 VOCs % % % % % ethane ethlene acetylene propane propylene isobutane butane isopentane pentane methylpentane methylpentane hexane benzene toluene ethylbzene m,p-xylene o-xylene Scheff vehicle exhaust petroleum refineries gasoline vapor vapor degreasing wastewater treatment architectural coating graphic arts dry cleaning ,2,4-1,3,5-

36 ph

37 acrolein olfactory bulb leucine 400 mm/ axon

38 4. VOCs PAN PBN VOCs VOCs VOCs Atkinson 1990 VOCs PAHs VOCs VOCs VOCs C Den et al.,

39 ,3-1,1-1,1,1-1,2- - 1,

40 methyl ethyl ketone benzene A styrene ,2-1,2-dichloroethylene trichloroethylene ethylbenzene chloroform toluene xylene tetrachloroethylene methylene chloride dimethyl formamide ,1-1,1-dichloroethylene phenol tetrachloromenthane ,1,1-1,1,1-trichloroethane methanol furans methyl phenol methyl isobutyl ketone butyl acetate carbon disulfide ethyl acetate butanol acetone carcinogenic PAHs B naphthalene C B C D 2-24

41 2.3.6 Den et al., Acrolein 2. 1,2-Dichloropropane 3. Acrylonitrile 4. 1,3-Dichloropropylene 5. Benzene 6. Ethylbenzene 7. Bis(Chloromthyl)Ether 8. Methyl Bromide 9. Bromoform 10. Methyl Chloride 11. Carbon Tetrachloride 12. Methylene Chloride 13. Chlorobenzene 14. 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethaane 15. Chlorodibromomethane 16. Tetrachloroethane 17. Chloroethane 18. Toluene Chloroethyl Viny Ether 20. 1,2-Trans-Dichloroethylene 21. Chlorofrom 22. 1,1,1-Trichloroethane 23. Dichlorobromomethane 24. 1,1,2-Trichloroethane 25. Dichlorodifluoromethane 26. Trichloroethylene 27. 1,1-Dichloroethane 28. Trichlorofluoromethane 29. 1,2- Dichloroethane 30. Vinyl Chloride 31. 1,1-Dichloroethylene Cooking oil fumes COF Gao et al., 1987 Halliwill and Skjoldebrand, 1983 Wu-Williams et al., 1990 Cooking oil fumes COF nitro-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, nitro-pahs 1,3-1,3-butadiene µm Wu et al., ±10 CHO-K1 2-25

42 Wu et al., S9 TA98 Chiang et al., 1998 Berg et al Hsu 1999 Cole et al., 1972 Dickson, 1981 Hargraves and Pariza, 1984 Gao et al Ko et al dinitropyrene DNP DNP 188 Dubrow and Wegman,

43 2-4 odor character odor intensity odor concentration hedonictone Leonardos, Leonardos, 1999 similarity dissimilarity 1. direct-comparison profiling very similar very dissimilar odor descriptor profiling applicability American Society for Testing and Materials, ASTM 2 4 Dravnieks 1979a

44 Dravnieks, 1979a * Wang category scales Chen et al.,1999a magnitude estimates Wang, reference-sample scale Wang,

45 Chen et al.,1999a 0 no odor 1 very faint odor 2 faint odor 3 easy noticeable odor 4 strong odor 5 very strong odor ASTM 16~2000 ppmv Frechen, 1992 Engle et al., 1997 Dravnieks, 1979a Mahin, 1997 Wang, odor threshold detection recognition threshold Mahin odor unit 50% o.u./m 3 50 o.u./m % 2-29

46 Frechen, 1992 Engle et al., 1997 Dravnieks, 1979a Mahin, 1997 Wang, 1998 DT D/T R/T ED Z o.u. ODU 1 m 3 Nm 3 50% N o.u./m 3 Frechen, 1992 V m 3 /s N o.u./m 3 NV o.u./s Engle et al., Z C C thr Z C/C thr Z Dravnieks, 1979a 4. D/T dilution to threshold D/T 5 4 Mahin, ED 50 effective dilution at 50% 50% Wang, Cheremisinoff et al.,

47 Dravnieks, 1979b American Society for Testing and Materials, ASTM ppm 200 ml 500 ml Amoore ml ASTM 13 ml white mineral oil, USP 2-31

48 2. 1 dynamic forced-choice triangle olfactometer Dravnieks Prokop 1975 sniffing port forced-choice double blind ascending forced-choice 2 EUROGENIE

49 TO-17 USEPA, 1997a TO-14A TO-15 USEPA, 1997b 1997c / /

50 a-f (9 ) (7 ) ( (14 ) (3 ) ( ) 2 (Volatile Organic Compounds, VOCs) 2-34

51 ( ) ( ) 6 2 ( ) (Volatile Organic Compounds, VOCs) 2-35

52 (Volatile Organic Compounds VOCs) (Polyurethane PU) 2 (Volatile Organic Compounds VOCs) 2-36

53 a 2006b d 2006e 2006c 2006f-k

54 criteria air pollutants 0.5 ppm 2 ppm 2 10 ppm TLV

55 d ( ) 0-9 1, , , , , / ( )

56 (Volatile Organic Compounds, VOCs)

57 (Volatile Organic Compounds, VOCs) (Volatile Organic Compounds VOCs) 2-41

58 (Polyurethane PU) (Volatile Organic Compounds VOCs) 12. occupational exposure limits OELs NIOSH RELs recommended exposure limits OSHA PELs permissible exposure limits ACGH TLVs threshold limit values TLVs TLV-TWA TLV-STEL TLV-C OELs 14 ACGIH ppm 16 mg/m ppm 376 mg/m ppm 434 mg/m AIHA air odor threshold

59 ACGIH TLV NIOSH REL OSHA PEL TWA STEL TWA STEL TWA STEL OELs* OELs* ppm mg/m 3 ppm mg/m 3 ppm mg/m 3 ppm mg/m 3 ppm mg/m 3 ppm mg/m 3 ppm mg/m 3 ppm mg/m 3 ppm 1, , , ,1, , , ACGIH : American conference of governmental industrial hygienists NIOSH : national institute of occupational safety and health OSHA : occupational safety and health administration TWA : time-weighted average TLV : threshold limit value REL : recommended exposure limit PEL : permissible exposure limit STEL : short time exposure limit

60 VOCs VOCs

61 2-45 ( ) (1) (2) (3) ( ppm) ( 1000ppm) ( 1%)

62 (masking) (chemical masking) 2. (flame incineration) ( 2. ( (HClO O 3 KMnO 4 ) ) ) 2. (Ca(OH) 2 NaOH H 2 SO 4 ) 1. ( 1. ( 1. ) ) (catalytic incineration) ( 1000m g C/m 3 ) ( ) VOCs 3. /

63 2.7.2 VOCs % % VOCs % NO X % VOCs VOCs 200 ppm % VOCs ~95 % 1. VOCs 2. 5,000 ppm 3. 2.VOCs VOCs

64 / NOx

65 VOCs HAP

66

67

68 VOCs 9,000 / 93 VOCs VOCs

69 VOCs ppm / 1262 ( ) BTX( ) C9+( ) LPG C7+ 03 ( ) ( ) ( ) UC-10 CB ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) IC (K1 )

70 ( ) (K3 ) IC 93 VOCs ppm IC 11 ( ) (K5 ) ( ) (K7 ) 1,3, ( ) (K9 ) 95% BGA ( ) IC ( ) IC 16 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) PMER P R PMER RH 30PM ( ) ( ) N- 60 %) 20 ( ) 21 ( ) (IPA)

71 68.36 LCD

72 VOCs ppm ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 1, ( ) α ( ) (28 ) EXXSOL D ( ) (56 ) ( ) ( ) , ( ) ( ) ( ) IC IC

73 3.3.2 ( ) VOCs ppm 13 ( ) 0.3 HCl HNO ( ) ( ) HBO3 17 ( ) HBr NaOH Y Z NMP LH-15 BTM-150 YC ( ) ( ) N ( ) PVC LCD 1, ( ) PVC ( ) 23 ( ) 0 24 ( ) 註 : 高雄市儲槽採冷凝器的工廠有奇美油倉 ( 未記錄排氣溫度 ), 華運倉儲 ( 冷凝水出口溫度為 2~8 ), 李長榮前鎮廠 ( 冷凝水出口溫度為 20 ) 台塑第四工廠 ( 冷凝溫度 -10 )

74 3 1 2,333 l,998 l9 3l

75 VOCs ppm DURI 01 ( ) BTX( ) 02 ( ) ( ) ( ) SPC ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

76 3.3.3 ( ) VOCs ppm 09 ( ) ( ) ICP CLEANHAC 10 ( ) PVC PVC ( ) PE ( ) PP PVC ( ) PE ( ) ( ) z I ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 16 ( ) 17 ( )

77 3.3.3 ( ) ( ) 3, VOCs ppm 19 ( ) 1.4 ( ) ( ) ( ) 20 ( ( ( ) 21.3 ) ( NaOH ) KOH 21 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 44.7 ( ) 26 ( ) 97.5

78 [ (TSP) (SO X ) (NO X )] (VOCs) 22 VOCs ( ) VOCs VOCs 3-14

79 VOCs 60% 0.05~0.25 µm 3-15

80 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 3-16

81 (ppm) 1 Acetaldehyde @20 / Aceticacid @ Acetone DMK Acetonetrile @ Acetylene atm@ Acrylic acid Acrylonitrile AN @23 Pyridine Ammonia Benzene BZ @ Butadiene 1,3- BD @ Butane @ Butyl acrylaten- BA Butyl alcohol n @ Carbon Tetrachloride Chloroform @ Cyanogen Chloride CC @ Cyclohexane Dichloroethane Dichloromethane Dimethyl Sulfate DMS @ Ethanol @ Ethene Ethyl Acetate ( ) Ethyl Acrylate EA @ Ethyl Benzene EB @ Ethylene glycol EG @ Ethylene Oxide EO @ Formaldehyde @ Hexane @

82 3.4.1 ( ) 3-18 mm-llg@ (ppm) 30 ( ) Hydrogen Chloride Hydrogen Cyanide @ Hydrogen Sulfide kpa@20 / Isopropanol IPA @ Isopropylbenzene @ Maleic Anhydride MA <0.16@ Methanol Methly Isobutyl Keton MIBK @ Methyl Acetate @ Methyl Acrylare @ Methyl Disulfide DMDS @ Methyl ethy ketone MEK Methyl Mercaptam @ Methyl Methacrylate MMA @ Methylamine kpa Phenol @ Phthalic Anhydride PAN @ Propylene Propylene Oxide 1,2- PO Styrene SM @ Sulfuric Acid Toluene ,1,2- Trichloroethane-1,1,2- TCE @ Trimethylamine atm@ Viny Chloride VCM @ Vinyl Acetate VAM Xylene Xylene ortho Xylene Para

83 4-1 1,

84

85 ,

86

87 % % 4-5

88 %

89 (%) (%) (%) (%)

90 (%) (%) (%) (%)

91

92 (%) (%) (%) (%) , % 10-20% 4-10

93 (%) (%) (%)

94 % (%) (%) (%) (%)

95 (%) (%) (%) (%) , , % %

96

97 (%) (%) (%) (%)

98 (%) (%) (%) (%)

99 % % % % % 20% 55% 43% % 29.5% % 87.7%

100 a b c d

101 4-19 a b c d

102 K B

103 DURI BTX SPC

104 ppb / 14.0, / / 37.0,, , /25 K9 10/11 10/20 10/26 11/04 FTIR 55 11/

105 (ppb) (ppb) (ppb) * 1, / *

106

107 ,2, % VOCs 40% 80% 4-25

108 ,3- / - 1,2, ,3- / - - 1,2, , / - - / - 1, ,2, ,2,4- / ,2,4- / ,2- / - 1,2, / ,2, / ,2,4-1,2- / ,3-1,2, ,2,4-

109 VOCs 41.9% VOCs 31.6% 26.3% 21.4% 33.3% 25% 91.7% 11.4% VOCs 28.5% VOCs 89.5% 59.6% 27.7% 54.2% 25% , % 6.5% EPAA TSP 10.5 / SOx 58.1 / NOx 73.5 / CO 7.1 / VOCs 27.6 / TSP NOx

110 / 17.5 / 38.4% 23.8% SOx CO / / 41.7% 21.5% VOCs / 89.8% 4-28

111 THC % 180 kg kg 11 2, % 15% % 30% 36% 24% 63% % 24.9%

112

113 ( ) 1~3 2~18 5~25 4~40 4~8 20~140 (2000~14000m 3 /hr) 0.1~1 0.5~2 0.9~3.4 2~ ~8.4 / / / / / / Independence Rab=Ra Rb Ra Rb a b

114 Counteraction Rab<Ra+Rb Addition Rab=Ra+Rb Synergism Rab>Ra+Rb / GC-MS VCM 4-32

115 (VCM) / / , / / (IPA) , / / / ,2, / / / ppb /

116 / ; (IPA) / (MEK) / , / / ,2, (BA) / / (PGMEA) ppb /

117 / (MEK) , / / / ; , / / / / ppb /

118 / / , , / (MEK) / 1, / / / / ,2, / (BA) / / ppb / 39.19

119 / (MEK) , , / 1,2, / / / / / / ppb /

120 , / / , (MEK) ,2, / / / / ppb /

121 / / , , , / / / (MEK) / ,2, / / / / / / ppb /

122 ; , / / (BA) / / (MEK) / / / / / / ,2, / / ppb /

123 , / (IPA) / / / ,2, / ppb / 3.21 /, 17

124 , / / 1, / / (MEK) / , / / 30 1, (BA) / ,2, / / ppb /

125 , , MTBE 1. /MTBE MTBE VOC as CH4 VOC 3. VOC 2

126 MMA 1. 94/12/20 MMA MMA 1. M /12/31 2., SOP / 2 2. VOC SOP Flange Draun Purge Valve etc /8/27

127 ,3- FID Flange purge Draun pentane styrene, 1. 94/5/20 eps, 5 20, PGMEA PGMEA 95/1/16 MEK ( 0.2 kg-mek/kg-ac) 30 MEK MEK 4. clean room,,,( ), voc

128 ( ) /12/ VCM VCM VCM VCM 3. VCM,,,, MTBE 1., 1., , 2. VOC CPI, , VOC, 4.95,VOC

129 , Flash Stripping Stripping 3. Flare Flare CO ( ) FTIR 4.

130 VOCs VOCs VOCs 71% BACT 4-48

131 29% VOCs 30%VOCs IC 60% VOCs VOCs IC VOCs VOCs VOCs % VOCs VOCs VOCs 4 VOCs 4-49

132 VOCs VOCs 80% VOCs PVC DOP 80%VOCs 20% VOCs 99% VOCs

133

134

135 0.5 mw 8.0 ml 1.0 m/s 240 m 3 /min 0.5 m 8.0 m 1 m/s 60 s/min = 240 m 3 /min m 3 /min m 3 20 mg 12% 20 mg/m m 3 /min 10-3 ml/mg 12% 20 ml/min 20 ml/min 8 NT$ ml/min 480 min/day 10-3 L/mL NT$ L/min , ,000 L Am 3 /min 200 mmaq 1,200 kg (3-5 mm ) GAC 1,200 kg GAC 0.05 kg VOC/kg GAC (240 m 3 /min 5 mg 4-53

136 VOC/m min/day 10-6 kg VOC/mg VOC) 104 days GAC NT$ 50/kg GAC 1,200 kg GAC NT$ 50/kg GAC 104 day NT$ 577/day 240 m3 /min 1000 L L/min ( ) ( ) 2 L/min 240 m 3 /min ( ) : : ( 2005/11/16) ( ) ml/min ( ) 70cmx70cmx0.3cmt ( ) 1,200 kg 3-5 mm ( ) 240 m 3 /min ( ) ( )

137 60x60 40x x70x0.3t 2, mm ( 1,200 kg ) x5 ( 16 ) mm dia. PVC 240 Am 3 /min ( : ) ( 2005/11/16)

138 F1 F2 F3 F1 F2 F ,

139 (1) 1000 (2) (1) 20 (2) 10 (ppm) (ppm) < 2 < 1 < < < 0.06 < 0.02 < 0.05 < 0.01 < 0.03 < < 0.02 < < 0.1 < 0.05 < 0.8 <

140 1972 GC VOCs 4-58

141 ( 1= 2= 3= 4= 5= 6= ) odor units, OU OU/m 3 / D/T ppm 50ppm 100ppm 100 ppm 4-59

142 ( ) 30 ppbv* ( ) 6.3 ug/m ug/m 3 10 ppbv (24 ) 30 ppbv (30 ) 30 ppbv (30 )** 50 ppbv (30 )*** 100 ppbv (30 ) 10 ppbv (1 ) ppbv (30 ) 10 ppbv (14 ug/m 3 ) (1 ) 1 ppbv ( ) 50 ppbv ( 15 ) 100 ppbv (1 ) 5 ppbv (24 ) 80 ppbv (30 ) 120 ppbv (30 ) * : ppb v/v ** : *** : (The American Society of Agricultural Engineering, ASAE) California Air Resource Board, CARB Code of Federal Regulation CFR 4-60

143 VOCs CFR part 60 NSPS Subpart 40 CFR part 61 / / Air Quality Management Distract Bay Area South Coast CFR 60 (A) 40CFR60 (Kb) 40 CFR60 (VV) 40 CFR60 (DDD) 40 CFR 60 (III&NNN) 40 CFR60 (QQQ) HON 40 CFR63 (F G H) SOCMI 40 CFR 60 (MM) 40 CFR 60 (MM) 40 CFR 60 (MM) 40 CFR 60 (MM) VOCs VOCs 4-61

144

145 VOCsNewsletter VOCs HAPs Bonn, 1986 VOCs HAPs 4-63

146 mg/m 3 ( 100g/hr) I 20 mg/m 3 ( 100g/hr) II 100 mg/m 3 ( 2kg/hr) 50 mg/m 3 III 150 mg/m 3 ( 3kg/hr) HAPs HAPs HAPs O 3 VOCs Nitro-VOCs HAPs Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development,

147 VOCs (g/h) (mg/m 3 ) III 1,3-1,2-1, I 1, II III 23 3 g/h 0.15 I II III ppm 4-65

148 FTIR 570mmHg 4-66

149

150 % %

151

152

153 VOC NIEA A715.12B /20 1/ OP-FTIR GC-MS 4-71

154 /20 OP-FTIR GC-MS , / ,3, ,2, , /20 OP-FTIR GC-MS mg/m 3

155 4-73 1,3,5-1,2,4-1, / ,3, ,2, , mg/m 3 1,3,5-1,

156 VOCs Zero-VOCs Zero-VOCs ( )

157 % 40% 20% 40% 50% 90% 30% 70% 70% 95% 40% 60% - 60% 90% - 20% 40% / 90% 90% ~40% 2,000~14,000 m 3 /hr 1~3 1,000~10,000 / 4-75

158 ~40% 2,000~14,000 m 3 /hr 1~3 1 ~1 7 ~ % 90~95% 30% 2,000~14,000m 3 /hr 5~20 5,000~20,000 1 ~1 7 ~1 4-76

159 ~95% 40~60% 1960 s 2,000~14,000 m 3 /hr 10~50 9,000~34,

160 ,000~14,000 m 3 /hr 10~80 5,000~20,000 50~80 / 80%

161 20%~40% 2,000~14,000 m 3 /hr 4~8 10,000~20,000 / ( ) 185nm 2 2m/s 80~90% 2,000~14,000 m 3 /hr 20~140 5,000~20,000 / % 60% ppm ppb 4-79

162 BACT / 90% + + ( ) 90% + + ( ) 90% ( )+ ( ) ( ) 90% + 90% ( )+ + ( ) ( ) 90% + + ( ) ( )

163 3 4-81

164 4-82

165 % 76.8% MTBE 1,

166 ppm

167 24 5-3

168

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182 105. (1997) 106. (1998) 107. (2004) / 108. (2005) 94 / (NSC 94-EPA-Z ) R-10

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