从句

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1 从句一. 定义 1. 句子分为简单句和复合句简单句是只有一个主谓宾结构复合句是由两个或两个以上的主谓宾结构构成的句子 2. 复合句是由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成的句子主句是全句的主体, 从句是主句的一个成分, 它不能单独做句子, 它在句子中作什么成分, 就叫什么成分的从句, 如作主语的就叫主语从句, 作宾语的就叫宾语从句, 作表语的就叫表语从句, 作定语的叫定语从句, 作状语的就叫状语从句 3. 复合句主要有三大从句, 即名词性从句 ( 包括主语从句, 宾语从句, 表语从句, 同位语从句 ) 形容词性从句 ( 即定语从句 ) 副词性从句 ( 即状语从句, 包括时间条件结果目的原因让步地点方式等 ) 二. 名词性从句 ( 一 ) 主语从句 1. 主语从句是指从句充当主语的句子 2. 引导词 ; 关系代词 :(1) 从句成分什么都不缺 :that\whether\if (whether 一般跟 or not 搭配使用,if 不能 ) That the earth is round is true Whether she comes or not makes no difference (2) 从句成分缺人 :who\whom\whose\whoever\whomever (3) 从句成分缺物 :what\whaterer\which\whichever Who will be our monitor hasn't been decided yet. Whom we must study for is a question of great importance. Whose watch was lost is unknown. What caused the accident remains unknown. Whatever you did is right. 关系副词 :where:( 什么地方 ), 从句中缺地点状语 when:( 什么时候 ), 从句中缺时间状语 why:( 什么原因 ), 从句中缺原因状语 how:( 如何, 怎样 ), 从句中缺方式状语 Where he is from is the question nobody can answer She don t know how she can get to the hospital Why he is late is he was ill yesterday 3. 主语从句的特殊形式 :it 做形式主语的主语从句结构 (1) It is + 名词 + 从句 It is a fact\ an honor that (2) it is + 形容词 + 从句 It is natural \obvious\possible that (3) it is + 不及物动词 + 从句 It seems \happened that (4) it + 过去分词 + 从句 It is reported that 据报道 It is said that 据说 It has been proved that 已证实 4. 主语从句不可位于句首的五种情况 1

2 (1) if 引导的主语从句不可居于复合句句首 (2) It is said, (reported) 结构中的主语从句不可提前例如 : It is said that President Jingo will visit our school next week. (right) That President Jiang will visit our school next week is said. (wrong) (3) It happens, It occurs 结构中的主语从句不可提前例如 : It occurred to him that he failed in the examination. (right) That he failed in the examination occurred to him. (wrong) (4) It doesn t matter how/whether 结构中的主语从句不可提前例如 : It doesn t matter whether he is wrong or not. (right) Whether he is wrong or not doesn t matter. (wrong) (5) 含主语从句的复合句是疑问句时, 主语从句不可提前例如 : Is it likely that it will rain in the evening? (right) Is that will rain in the evening likely? (wrong) 5. 注意 : (1) 主语从句的时态 : 不受主句的时态影响和限制 Whether we will go for an outing tomorrow remains unknown. Who will be our monitor hasn't been decided yet. (2) 主语从句中的引导词放在句首不能省略 ( 二 ). 宾语从句 1. 从句在主句中充当宾语的句子是宾语从句 2. 引导词 3. 宾语从句的几种形式 (1) 做及物动词的宾语 I heard that he joined the army. I wonder whether you can change this note for me. She told me that she would accept my invitation. (2) 作介词的宾语 Our success depends upon how hard we work (3). 作形容词的宾语 I am afraid (that) I ve made a mistake. I am glad that you have made such progress (4) 动词 +it+that 结构 It 做形式宾语, 代替 that 引导的宾语从句 He has made it clear that he won t give up the opportunity We consider it necessary that we should open out (5) 宾语从句否定的转移若主句谓语动词为 think, consider, suppose, believe, expect, 意义, 一般要把否定词转移到主句谓语上, 从句谓语用肯定式例如 : I don t think this dress fits you well. 4. 注意 :(1) 宾语从句的语序是陈述句语序 2 guess, imagine 等, 其后的宾语从句若含有否定 (2) 如果主句谓语是现在时或将来时, 宾语从句的谓语时态不受限制, 如果主句时态是过去时, 宾语从句一般要随着改为相应的过去时 ( 即一般过去时过去进行时过去完成时过去将来时等 ) He thought he was working for the people. I heard she had been to the Great W all. John hoped that he would find a job soon. 但宾语从句如果表示定理法则永恒真理等, 则不变化 :

3 The teacher told us that the earth moves around the sun ( 三 ) 表语从句从句在主句中充当表语成分的句子是表语从句一般结构是主语 + 连系动词 + 表语从句 The question is whether we can make good preparation in such a short time. This is why we can t get the support of the people But the fact remains that we are behind the other classes. ( 四 ) 同位语从句 1. 同位语从句是修饰前面名词的从句 The king s decision that the prisoner would be set free surprised all the people. The order that all the soldiers should stay still is given by the general 2. 同位语在句子中的位置同位语从句有时可以不紧跟在它所说明的名词后面, 而是被别的词隔开例如 : He got the news from Mary that the sports meeting was put off. 3. 同位语从句与定语从句的区别 (1) 定语从句中的 that 既代替先行词, 同时以在从句中作某个成分 ( 主语或宾语 ), 而同位语从句中的 that 是连词, 只起连接主句与从句的作用, 不充当句中任何成分 (2) 定语从句是形容词性的, 其功能是修饰先行词, 对先行词加以限定, 描述定的性质或特征 ; 同位语从句是名词性的, 其功能是对名词进行补充说明例如 : The news that he told me is that Tom would go abroad next year.( 他告诉我的消息是汤姆明年将出国 ) ( 第一个 that 引导的从句是定语从句,that 在从句中作宾语 ) The news that Tom would go abroad is told by him.( 汤姆将出国的消息是他讲的 )( 同位语从句,that 在句中不作任何成分 ) 三. 形容性从句 ( 定语从句 ) ( 一 ) 含义 : 从句充当定语成分的句子叫做定语从句定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句先行词 : 被定语从句修饰的成份先行词可以为一个词, 短语, 或整个主句引导定语从句的词叫关系词, 分为关系代词和关系副词 ( 二 ) 限制性定语从句 1. 限制性定语是指定语从句紧跟它所修饰的中心名词或代词之后, 没有逗号分开 2. 引导词 : 分为关系代词和关系副词 (1) 关系代词引导的定语从句 : that: 指代人事物, 作主语宾语, 做宾语时可以省略 who: 指代人, 做主语 whom: 指代人, 做宾语, 可以省略它在口语和非正式用语中常用 who 代替, 可以省略 The man who\whom you met just now is my brother. which: 指代事物, 做主语宾语做宾语可以省略 whose: 指代人物, 做定语, 其后直接加名词 He has a friend whose father is a doctor. The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired. 指物时常用以下结构代替 : The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired. The classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired (2) 关系副词引导的定语从句 : where: 指地点, 在定语从句中做地点状语 Shai hai is the city where I was born\ 3

4 The house where I live ten years ago has been pulled down when: 指时间, 在定语从句中做时间状语 I still remember the day when I first came to the school why: 指原因, 在定语从句中做原因状语 Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane 注意 : 关系副词引导的定语从句都可以用介词 + 关系代词引导的定语从句来代替 Shai hai is the city where\in which I was born I still remember the day when\on which I first came to the school Please tell me the reason why \ for which you missed the plane 练习 : A letter is written in pencil is difficult to read. ( 主语 ) Do you know the gentleman spoke just now? You can take anything ---- you like. ( 宾语 ) What is the question they are talking about? Here is the man -----you want to see. 3. 注意 (1) 限制性定语从句中只能用 that 的几种情况 : A 当先行词是 anything, everything, nothing (something 除外 ), few, all, none, little, some 等代词时, 或者是由 every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much 等代词修饰时, 要用 that Have you taken down everything that Mr. Li has said? There seems to be nothing that seems impossible for him in the world. All that can be done has been done. B 当先行词是序数词或被序数词修饰, 如 :first\last\next 等 The first place that they visited in London was the Big Ben. C 当先行词是形容词最高级或被形容词最高级修饰时 This is the best film that I have seen. D 当形容词被 the very, the only 修饰时 This is the very dictionary that I want to buy, After the fire in his house, the old car is the only thing that he owned. 当先行词指人时, 偶尔也可以用 who Wang Hua is the only person in our school who will attend the meeting/ E 当先行词前面有 who, which 等疑问代词时 Who is the man that is standing there? Which is the T-shirt that fits me most? F 当先行词既有人, 也有动物或者物体时 Can you remember the scientist and his theory that we have learned? G 如有两个从句, 其中一个关系代词已用 which, 另一个关系代词宜用 that He built a factory which produced things that had never been seen before. (2) 限制性定语从句中只能用 who 的情况 : A 当定语从句对指人的先行词进行隔位修饰时, 只能用 who (whom) 如 : 4

5 Do you know the girl in front of the blackboard who is speaking to the students? 你认识黑板前面正在给学生们讲话的那位女孩子吗? B 当先行词为 people 和 those 时, 只能用 who (whom) 如 : Those who want to go there come here please. 那些想去那儿的人请来这边 C 当先行词为 one, ones, anyone, everyone, none, all( 指人 ) 时, 只能用 who (whom) 如 : Anyone who is against us is our enemy. 任何反对我们的人就是我们的敌人 D 在 there be 句型中名词的定语从句多用 who (whom) 如 : There are students in our class who / whom you have met. 我们班有些学生你见过 E 当句子中有两个指人的现行词分别带有两个定语从句时, 若一个定语从句的引导词为 that, 那么, 另一个定语从句的引导词必定为 who 如 : The boy that you met just now is Li Ming s brother who just graduated from a university. 刚才你会到的那个男孩是李明的刚从大学毕业的弟弟 (3) 以 the way 为先行词的定语从句通常由 in which, that 引导, 而且通常可以省略 The way in which/ that/./ he answered the question was surprising ( 三 ). 非限制性定语从句 1. 含义 : 先行词和从句用逗号隔开, 对所修饰你名词或代词等起补充说明的作用如果去掉从句, 并不影响它所修饰的先行词的意义 2. 引导词 (1) 关系代词 : 指人 :who : 做主语, 不可省略 ;whom: 做宾语, 不可省略指物 :which: 做主语或宾语, 不可省略 (2) 关系副词 : when where why as 等 Alice received an invitation from her boss, came as a surprise. A. it B. that C. which D. he 答案 C. 此为非限定性从句, 不能用 that 修饰, 而用 which.,it 和 he 都使后句成为句子, 两个独立的句子不能单以逗号连接况且选 he 句意不通 The weather turned out to be very good, was more than we could expect. A. what B. which C. that D. it 答案 B which 可代替句子, 用于非限定性定语从句, 而 what 不可 That 不能用于非限定性定语从句, it 不为连词, 使由逗号连接的两个句子并在一起在英语语法上行不通 3.as 和 which 引导的非限制性定语从句 (1) as 和 which 都可在句子中做主语或宾语, 它们指代的是整个句子 He married her,as\which is natural He is honest,as\which we can see (2)as 引导的定语从句可以放在主句之前, 也可放在主句之尾, 还可分割整个主句,which 引导的定语从句只能放在主句之后 ;as 有正如, 正想之意 As is known to us,china is a developing country He is from south,which we can see from his accent 5

6 John,as you know,is famous writer (3) 作主语时,which 既可以作系动词 be 的主语, 也可以作实义动词的主语 ; 而这时 as 只可以做系动词 be 的主语例如 : A) He married her, which was natural.( 可用 as 代替 which) 他和她结婚, 这是很自然的事 B) He won a/the Nobel Prize in chemistry, which made him illustrious. ( 不可用 as 代替 which) 他获得了诺贝尔化学奖, 这使他名扬天下 It rained hard yesterday, prevented me from going to the park.. A. that B. which C. as D. it (4). 在 which 引导的定语从句中, 谓语动词若是 am, is, are 则这些系动词不能省略 ; 而 as 后面若是这种情况, 则可以省略例如 : A) He is a teacher, as (is) clear from his manner.(is 可以省略 ) B) He said he had never seen her before, which was not true.(was 不可省略 ) (5) 当先行词有 such,the same 修饰时, 常用 as I have never heard such a story as he tells This is the same book as I lost last week 注意 : 当先行次由 the same 修饰时, 偶尔也用 that 引导定语从句, 但是和由 as 所引导的定语从句意思不同 She wore the same dress that she wore at Mary s wedding. 她穿着她在 MARY 婚礼上穿过的一条裙子 She wore the same dress as her young sister wore. 她穿着和她妹妹所穿的一样的裙子 ( 四 ) 引导词 + 介词引导的定语从句关系代词在从句中做介词的宾语时, 从句常用介词 + 关系代词引 : The school which\that he once studied is vert famous the school in which he once studied is very famous Tomorrow I will bring a book which\that you ask for Tomorrow I will bring a book for which you ask 注意 : A: 含有介词的动词短语一般不拆开使用如 :look at, look for, look after, take care of 等 This is watch which\that I looking for B: 当介词放在关系代词之前时, 关系代词指人是只能用 whom,, 关系代词指代物时, 只能用 which, 关系代词是所有格时, 用 whose The man with whom you talked is my friend C: 介词 + 定语从句, 前面可有 some any both each none neither 等代词或数词修饰 He love his parents deeply,both of whom are very kind to him There are forty students in our class,,most of whom are from cities 四. 状语从句一 : 时间状语从句 ( 一 ) when, while 和 as 1.when 引导从句的动作可以与主句的动作同时发生, 也可以先于主句的动作引导的从句的谓语动词可以是延续性的动词 ( 一段时间 ), 又可以是瞬时动词 ( 一点时间 ) when 还含有 at that moment 的意思, 引起的句子不能放在句首 When he heard the news,they were much surprised ( 从句的动作先于主句的动作 ) When she came in, I stopped eating. 她进来时, 我在吃饭 ( 瞬时动词 ) 6

7 When I lived in the countryside, I used to carry some water for him. 当的住在农村时, 我常常为他担水 ( 延续性的动词 ) We were watching TV when suddenly the lights went out. 我们正在看电视, 这时灯突然灭了 They had just arrived home when it began to rain. 他们刚到家, 这时天就开始下雨了 2.while 从句的动作和主句同时发生, 从句的谓语动作必须是延续性的并且 while 有时还可以表示对比 While my wife was reading the newspaper, I was watching TV I like playing football while you like playing basketball 3.as 从句的动作和主句同时发生从句的谓语动词可是瞬时性的, 也可是延续性的从句和主句要表示一个人的两个动作交替进行或同时完成时, 则多用 as, 可译为一边..., 一边... She came up as I was cooking.( 延续性 ) The runners started as the gun went off.( 瞬时性 ) He looked behind from to time as he went. 他一边走, 一边不时地往后看 As time goes on, it s getting warmer and warmer.. 随着时间的推移, 天气变得越来越暖了练习 : 1.He was about halfway through his meal a familiar voice came to his ears. A. why B. where C. when D. while 2. I m going to the post office. you re there, can you get me some stamps? A. As B. While C. Because D. If 3. the days went on, the weather got worse. A. With B. Since C. While D. As 4. Tom into the house when no one. A. slipped; was looking B. had slipped; looked C. slipped; had looked D. was slipping; looked 如果主句的动作发生于表示当时的时间状语从句中的动作的进行过程中, 从句常用进行时如 : The landlady suspected that someone must have broken into the house when/while/as she was watching TV show. 女房东怀疑在她看电视时曾有人闯入屋 5. I along the street looking for a place to park when the accident. A. went; was occurring B. went; occurred C. was going; occurred D. was going; had occurred 6. It was some time we realized the truth. A. when B. until C. since D. before 7. Why didn t you tell him about the meeting? He rushed out of the room I could say a word. A. before B. until C. when D. after ( 二 ) before 和 after before 引导时间状语从句时表示从句的动作发生在主句动作之后, 如主句是将来时, 从句中现在时, 从句是过去时, 主句用过去完成时 after 引导时间状语从句时表示从句的动作发生在主句动作之前 7

8 It will be some time before we know the results After we had finished dinner,we went home. 重点 :before 的用法 1. 用于 It + be + 时间段 + before... 句型中, 意思是在之后才, 如果主句中用否定式, 则表示不多久就 It will be five years before I come back. 我五年后才能回来 It was not long before the enemy was driven out of their country. 不久之后, 敌人就被赶走了 It won t be long before they understand each other. 他们不久就会互相了解的 2. 还有趁 ( 还没有 ) 之意例如 : They are thinking of buying the house before the prices go up. 他们正在考虑趁房价未涨时把房子买下来 Do it before you forget it. 趁早动手, 以免忘了 3. 短语 before long 与 long before 的区别 before long 是很快, 不久的意思, 可以用于各种时态如 : Before long, he went to America. 不久, 他就去了美国 I hope to see you before long. 我希望不久后再见到你而 long before 是很久以前的意思, 一般用在过去时或过去完成时的句子里如 : She said she had read the novel long before. 她说她很久以前就读过这部小说 ( 三 ) till 和 until 1until 和 till 都可表示直到... 为止, 与主句中持续性动词的肯定式连用 He waited until / till we finished our meal. 他一直等到我们吃完饭 2 当 until 和 till 表示直到... 才... 时, 通常与主句中短暂动词的否定式连用, 这时,until 和 till 也可用 before 代替 I didn t leave until / till / before she came back. 直到她回来, 我才离开的 3be 动词的肯定式和否定式都可以和 until 或 till 连用 4until 引导的从句可以放在主句之前或主句之后, 但 till 从句一般不放在句首 Until he told me, I knew nothing about it. 他告诉我了我才知道当 not until 位于句首时, 主句中的主语谓语要使用倒装语序 : Not until she came back did I leave. = I didn t leave until she came back. 在强调句型中一般用 until, 不用 till 如: It was not until she took off her dark glasses that I realized she was a 1.It is difficult for us to learn a lesson in life we ve actually had that lesson. (2007 天津 ) A. until B. after C. since D. when 2. They the train until it disappeared in the distance. (1998) A. saw B. watched C. noticed D. observed 题干中的主句为肯定句, until 需要跟主句里肯定形式的表延续性动作的谓语动词连用, 因此本题应选表示延续性动作的 watched( 其他选项中的 saw, noticed, observed 所表示的动作都不能延续, 意味着结果 ) 3. You can t have this football back you promise not to kick it at my cat again, the old man said firmly. (2006 A because B. since C. when D. until 8

9 ( 四 )since 的用法 1. 连词 (1) 表示自从以来 : A: 主句 +since+ 非延续性动词一般主句用现在完成时, 从句用过去时, 翻译 : 某某自从以来已经了 He has studied very hard since he came to our school Since he graduated from the college, he has worked in this city B: 主句 +since+ 延续性动词或表示状态的动词主句用现在完成时, 从句用过去时, 翻译 : 某某自从没有以来已经了 He has had several jobs since he was a student at Yale. 他自从从耶鲁大学毕业以来已经做了好几份工作 We all have been missing her since she lived here 自从她从这里搬走, 我们就再也没见过她 He has written to me frequently since I was ill. 自从我病愈以来, 他屡次给我写信 He has written to me frequently since I fell ill. 自从我生病以来, 他就屡次给我写信 C: 主句 +since + 延续性动词主句是现在完成时, 从句是现在完成时, 翻译 : 某某自从以来了 Since we have owned a car, we have gone camping every year 自从我们自己有了汽车, 我们每年都去野营 He has never been to see me since I have been ill. 自从我生病以来, 他从未来看过我 He has never been to see me since I was ill. 自从我病愈以来, 他从未来看过我 D:It be( 一般式或完成式 )+ 表示一段时间的词汇 +since 引导的时间状语从句 It is two years since I became a postgraduate student. 我成为研究生已经有 2 年了 It was three years since we had been there. 我们在那儿已呆了三年应注意的是, 在这种结构中,since 引导的从句绝对不能用否定式的谓语动词来表示否定意义, 下面两句都错了 : It is a long time since he didn t study English. It s two months since you didn t come to see me. 正确的说法为 : It s a long time since he studied English 他好久没学英语了 You haven t come to see me for two months. 你有两个月没来看我了 (2) 既然 ; 因为 He must have taken the book since it isn't here. 他一定是把书拿走了, 因为书已不在这里了 Since it is so hot, let's go swimming. 既然天气这么热, 我们去游泳吧 2. 介词 : 表示自从以来, 其具体用法有两种情况 : (1) since+ 表示过去某个时间点的词汇 ( 如具体的年月日期钟点 ) They have been friends since childhood. 他们从幼时起一直是好朋友 I have been there many times since the war. 自那次战争以来, 我曾去该地多次 (2) since+ 表示一段时间的词汇 +ago I have been here since five months ago. 五个月以来我一直在这里 9

10 They friends since they met in Shanghai. (1989) A. have made B. have become C. have been D. have turned ( 五 ) 表示一就 : as soon as, immediately, instantly, directly, hardly /scarcely when, no sooner than ; 表示当时候 : the time, the moment;by the time( 到时候为止 ), next time( 下次 ), the first time( 第一次的时候 ), the last time( 上次的时候 ),once( 一旦 ) She rushed into the room immediately / the moment she heard the noise. 她一听到声音就冲进房间 He had no sooner arrived there than he fell ill. 他刚到达那里就生起病来 He had hardly finished when someone rose to refute his points. 他还没说完就有人起来反驳他的论点 He left me a good impression the first time I met him. 我第一次见他时, 他给我留下了好印象注意 :hardly /scarcely when, no sooner than 前面常用过去完成时, 后面用一般过去时同时它们还可以倒装 : No sooner had he arrived there than he fell ill. 他刚到达那里就生起病来 Hardly had he finished when someone rose to refute his points. ( 六 ) 表示习惯性经常性 :every time( 每次 ), each time( 每次 ), whenever( 每当 ) 等 Whenever we met with difficulties, they came to help us. 每当我们遇上困难的时候他们就来帮我们 Each time he came to town he would visit our school. 他每次进城, 总要来看看我们的学校 Every time I went to his house, he was out. 我每次去他家, 他都出去了二. 地点状语从句地点状语从句一般由由 where( 在的地方 ), wherever( 无论哪里 ),everywhere( 每一个地方 ) 引导的 He is ready to help wherever he is Put you son where you can see him Everywhere they want, they were warmly received 三. 原因状语从句 ( 一 )because since as for 1. because 表示的原因语气最强 ; 通常放在主句之后, 有时也放在主句之前 ; 直接回答 why 提出的问题 ; 在强调句中只能用 because; 被 not 所否定时只能用 because It because he was too careless that he failed 2. since 和 as 表示的原因是人们事先已经知道的, 是对已知事实提供理由, 而不表示直接原因 ;since 比 as 语气稍强, 且比 as 略为正式, 两者通常都放在主句之前 3. for 是并列连词 ( 其作三者为从属连词 ), 它有时可表示因果关系 ( 只能放在主句之后, 且可与 because 换用 ), 有时不表示因果关系, 而是对前面分句的内容加以解释或推断 ( 也只能放在主句之后, 但不能与 because 换用 ) The ground is wet, for ( 或 because) it rained last night. 地面是湿的, 因为昨晚下过雨 It rained last night, for ( 不能用 because) the ground is wet this morning. 昨晚下过雨, 今天早上地面都是湿的 ( 二 ) 由 now that,seeing that,considering that( 由于, 既然 ) Seeing that it s raining,we d better stay indoors. 既然外边在下雨, 我们最好待在室内 Now that you are here, you d better stay. 你既然来了, 最好还是留下吧 Considering that she has no experience, she has done well enough. 考虑到她没有经验, 她已经做得不错了四. 条件状语从句 ( 一 )if,unless 10

11 1.if 引导的条件状语从句时, 主句是将来时的时候, 从句要用一般现在时 ;if 引导条件状语从句的虚拟 ;if 引导条件状语从句的省略 If it doesn t rain tomorrow, we will go hiking. 2.unless = if not You will never make rapid progress if you don t work hard You will never make rapid progress unless you work hard ( 二 )1.as(so) long as 只要 As [So] long as you need me, I ll stay 只要你需要我, 我就留下 as(so) long as 还可表示一段时间 Stay as long as you like 你愿留多久都可以 So long as he lived, I didn t feel that I have the right to see you between you. 在他死之前, 我觉得我没有权利介入你们之间 2. only if 与 if only only if 意为只要, 只用于真实条件句中, 是 if 的强调式 ;if only 有两个意思, 一是表示只要, 此时通常与陈述语气连用, 与 only if 用法相似 ; 二是表示但愿要是就好了, 此时多用于虚拟语气和感叹句中 I will come only if you don t promise to invite Mary. 只要你答应不请玛丽, 我就来 If only it clears up, we ll go. 只要天晴, 我们就去 If only I hadn t told him about it. 要是我没有告诉他这事就好了 If only he will listen to you! 他要是听你的话多好! 3. as long as 与 only if 的区别 (1) 从语气上看,only if 的语气要比 as long as 强 ( 2 ) 当主句和从句的谓语动词均为短暂性动词时, 通常只用 only if, 而不用 as long as 如 : He will come only if you ask him. (3) 两者均可引导从句置于主句之后, 也可置于主句之前但是, 当 only if 引导的状语从句置于主句之前时, 其后的主句要用倒装语序, 而且 as long as 引导的从句置于主句之前不用倒装如 : As long as it doesn t rain we can play. 只要不下雨, 我们就能玩 Only if a teacher has given permission is a student allowed to enter this room. 只有得到教师的允许, 学生才可以进这间屋 ( 三 )provided(providing)( that),on condition that,given that,in case,suppose(supposing) 等都有如果假如之意 He will do the work providing you pay him 如果你给他钱, 他就干活 I send you this book on condition that you pay in cash 假如你付现金, 这架相机就卖给你 Given that he wins the support of the people, he will win the election. 如果赢得人民的支持, 他将取得竞选的胜利 Suppose you fail a second time, do not get disappointed, but try again 假如第二次失败, 别灰心, 再试试五. 让步状语从句 ( 一 ) although, though 虽然, 尽管引导让步状语从句时, 句中不能用 but 表示转折语气, 但可跟 yet, still 表示转折 Although it's raining, they are still working in the field. 虽然在下雨, 但他们仍在地里干活 ( 二 ) ever if, even though. 虽然, 尽管, 即使 We'll make a trip even though the weather is bad. 11

12 ( 三 ) "no matter + 疑问词 " 或 " 疑问词 + 后缀 ever" : 意为无论 No matter what happened, he would not mind. (1) "no matter + 疑问词 " 不能引导名词性从句 Whatever you say is of no use now. Prisoners have to eat whatever they're given. 囚犯们只能给什么吃什么 (2) 注意 however 以下两类句型结构 1 however+ 主语 + 谓语 : However you travel, it ll take you at least three days. 不管你怎么走, 至少要三天 2 however+ 形容词或副词 + 主语 + 谓语 : However much he eats, he never gets fat. 无论他吃多少, 他都不发胖 3 有时该结构中的主语和谓语可以有所省略 : He was of some help, however small. 他总能帮些忙, 不管多小的忙 I refuse, however favorable the condition. 不管条件多好, 我都不接受 ( 四 ) 让步状语从句与倒装引导倒装的让步状语从句通常用 as 和 though, 但不是能用 although;as 可以在以上这样的倒装结构中引出让步状语, 但若不倒装, 则不能用 as, 而与之相反,although 在不倒装的结构中可引导让步状语, 但在倒装的结构中却不可以用 ( 五 ) 让步状语从句的虚拟语气六. 目的状语从句 ( 一 )so that,in order that, so, that 表示以便 ; 为了, so that: 如果主句是一般现在时, 从句常与 may,can,will 连用 ; 如果主句是一般过去时, 从句常与 could, should,would,might 连用 We learn English so that we can read English newspapers She came in quietly in order that she couldn t wake up the baby ( 二 )least,in case,for fear that 表示以防, 以免, 从句的谓语动词常用虚拟语气七. 结果状语从句 ( 一 )so that, so...that, such...that 1. so that 与 such that 的区别在于 : (1)A such+a(an)+adj.+ 单数可数名词 +that He is such a clever boy that everybody likes him. 他非常聪明, 大家都非常喜欢他 B such+adj.+ 复数可数名词 +that They are such interesting novels that I want to read them once again. 这些小说非常有趣, 我想再读一遍 C such+adj.+ 不可数名词 +that He has made such great progress that the teachers are pleased with him. 注意 : 如果 such 后边的名词前由 many much few little 等词所修饰的话, 则不用 such 而用 so 如: He had so little education that he was unfit for this job. 他所受教育很少, 不适合做这个工作 (2)so that 也作如此以致 so+adj./adv.+that clause(so 的后面跟形容词或副词 ) 12

13 He runs so fast that nobody can catch up with him. 他跑得非常快, 没人能追上他 2. so that 引导结果状语从句时, 意思是因此 ; 所以 ; 在从句前常有逗号与主句分开 ; 结果状语从句中没有情态动词 ; 目的状语从句可移到句首, 而结果状语从句不能 Iohn went early, so that he got a good seat. 约翰去的很早, 得到了一个好位置 Iohn went early so that he could get a good seat. 约翰去的很早, 为的是得到一个好位置 The little boy saved every coin he could buy his mother a present on Mother's day 八. 方式状语从句方式状态语从句常由 as, as if/as though 等例如 : She acted as if/though nothing had happened. It looks as if it'll rain. as if/as though 引导方式状语从句要用虚拟语气 13

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Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit English for Study in Australia 留学澳洲英语讲座 Lesson 3: Make yourself at home 第三课 : 宾至如归 L1 Male: 各位朋友好, 欢迎您收听留学澳洲英语讲座节目, 我是澳大利亚澳洲广播电台的节目主持人陈昊 L1 Female: 各位