中國的科學與中國的公民：大陸研究在台灣的困境\\

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2 196 1 / synchronic natural rights 2 liberal democracy 1 2 Richard Flathman GPF GPF General Presumption in favor of Freedom Flathman, The Philosophy and Politics of Freedom (Chicago University Press, 1988), pp

3 equality aequitus 3 the philosophy of escape 4 homo politicus; zoon politikon civic virtue polis micro cosmos homo politicus eudaimonia self-sufficiency ataraxia freedom from anxiety 3 4 equality among the equals the Peloponnesian War

4 198 union of hearts 5 6 homo politicus zoon politikon republicanism Karl Marx Bernard Yack, The Problems of a Political Animal (University of California Press, 1993), esp. p.6. Martha C. Nussbaum

5 agape solidarite ataraxia peace of mind. ataraxia agape ataraxia physis cosmos following nature 8 wise man, sophos 8 Nussbaum, The Therapy of Desire: Theory and Practice in Hellenistic Ethics (Princeton University Press, 1994), pp Ethica Nicomachea I.7, 1098a16 living in agreement with nature, homologoumenos tei phusei zen following nature, akolouthos tei phusie zen Gisela Striker, Essays on Hellenistic Epistemology and Ethics (Cambridge University Press, 1996), pp

6 200 according to nature minimalist hedonism otium, withdrawal from public life ataraxia agape 9 wiseman Xenophanes 9 eudaimonia Gorgias How should we live to be happy? Gisela Striker, op.cit., pp arete hedonism Gisela Striker, op.cit., pp

7 Xenophanes 10 likenesses of reality nature physis vs. convention nomos Pindar custom, king of all customary rules, nomima dike 11 natural law, jus naturale Sophocles Antigone King Oedipus Antigone 12 Heraclitus 13 Antiphon 14 Antigone Heraclitus Antiphon Michael Gagarin and Paul Woodruff, trans. & eds., Early Greek Political Thought from Homer to the Sophists (Cambridge University Press, 1995), pp Ibid., pp J. Peter Euben, The Tragedy of Political Theory (Princeton University Press, 1990), pp Ibid., p Ibid., p Ibid., p.244.

8 202 Cicero 16 moral worth 16 Cicero, De Re Publica, book III, XXII (English translation by Clinton Walker Keyes, Harvard university Press, 1952, p.211.)

9 autarkeia; self-sufficiency Hellenistic Age) 18 Cynics 19 divine spirit Posidonius 17 Carlyle Sir R.W. Carlyle & A.J. Carlyle, A History of Medieval Political Theory in the West, London: William Blackwood & Sons, , V.I, p BC (31BC) 19 Cynics Antisthenes, Diogenes of Sinope, Crates Sabine George Sabine, A History of Political Theory (Hinsdale, Illinois: Dryden Press, 1973), p.136. Antisthenes Ajax Odysseus Early Greek Political Thought from Homer to the Sophists, eds. Michael Gagarin & Paul Woodruff (Cambridge University Press, 1995), pp

10 Epictetus 21 The Stoics, The Stoa The Epicureans Stoics, Epicureans The Stoa Zeno Stoa Poikile painted porch agora the battle of Marathon Zeno BC Cyprus Citium Plato Academy Polemo Crates 20 R.W. Sharples, Stoics, Epicureans and Skeptics: An Introduction to Hellenistic Philosopy (London: Routeledge & Kegan Paul, 1996), pp Ibid., p.129.

11 Cleanthes, Chrysippus 22 Zeno Crates live according to nature Zeno 23 Zeno On the Nature of Man Cleanthes On Pleasure Diogenes Laertius Zeno Cleanthes Clement of Alexandria Zeno Cicero Chrysippus On Ends 22 Diogenes Laertius, Lives of Eminent Philosophers, trans. R.D. Hicks, Harvard University Press, 1958, V.II, Book III, chapter 3. Andrew Erskine, The Hellenistic Stoa: Political Thought and Action (Cornell University Press, 1990), pp.5-6. R.W. Sharples, Stoics, Epicureans and Skeptics (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1996), p Jason L. Sauders Greek and Roman Philosophy after Aristotle (New York: The Free Press, 1994), pp

12 206 Diogenes Laertius

13 inter homines sophos Stoic wise man ataraxia agape 24 Epicurus Epicurus BC Samos BC Epicurus Democritus Leucippus 25 Epicurus pleasure Stoics, Seneca De Otio Zeno Chrysippus Andrew Erskine, The Hellenistic Stoa: Political Thought and Action (Cornell University Press, 1990), pp Hicks, op.cit., Book X; R.W. Sharples,op.cit., p.5. Democritus Epicurus G.S. Kirk, J.E. Raven, M. Schofield eds., The Presocratic Philosophers (Cambridge University Press, 1983), pp R.W. Sharples,

14 208 Leucippus Democritus Aristippus theory of pleasure 27 Epicurus theory of pleasure pleasure natural and necessary natural but non-necessary unnatural and non-necessary Epicurus pleasure static, stationery kinetic 30 op.cit., pp Diogenes Laertius, The Life of Epicurus The Stoic and Epicurean Philosophers, ed. Whitney J. Oates (New York: Random House Modern Library Edition, 1957), pp Sharples, op.cit., p.5; Sir Ernest Barker, Greek Political Theory (London: Methuen, 1960), pp Epicurus, Letter to Menoeceus Oates, op.cit., p.31. Sharples, op.cit., pp Matha Nussbaum, The Therapy of Desire: Theory and Practice in Hellenistic Ethics (Princeton University Press, 1994), p Diogenes Laertius, Lives of Philosophers & Cicero, Tusculan Disputations Long and Sedley, op.cit., 21R & 21T, pp

15 Epicurus pleasure hedonism pleasure Epicurus Epicurus therapy of desire Epicurus Epicurean surgery 33 pleasure 31 Epicurus, Principle Doctrines, xxi. Oates op.cit., p.36. Sharples, op.cit., p Oates, op.cit., p Martha C. Nussbaum, op.cit., pp

16 210 Epicurus 34 Live unknown (lathe biosas) Seneca 37 ataraxia Leucippus Democritus cosmic justice Antiphon On Truth 34 George Sabine, A History of Political Theory, pp Sharples, op.cit., p The Stoic and Epicurean Philosophers, ed. Whitney Oates (New York: The Random House Modern Library Edition, 1957), Fragments, Vatican Collection, p Seneca, De Otio, 3.2. Sharples, op.cit., p.124.

17 Republic Glaucon Gorgias Callicles Democritus 39 Epicurus 40 Epicurus sense 38 Ernest Barker, op.cit., p.95. Gagarin & Woodruff Barker 39 Ibid., p Epicurus, Principle Doctrines Whitney Oates ed., op.cit., p.38.

18 Epicurus 42 ; atomus compounds 41 Ibid., Letter to Herodotus, p Ibid. 43 Cicero, De Finibus (On Ends) Nussbaum, op.cit., p Ibid., p.107.

19 Epicurus Democritus 46 Epicurus ataraxia aponia eudaimonia 45 Oates, op.cit., p Ibid., p5.

20 prudence Epicurus 48 Epicurus divine design 49 Epicurus 47 Oates, op.cit., Letter to Menoeceus, p Ibid., p Thomas Hobbes Hobbes Epicurus

21 Epicurus Epicurus Epicurus solidarite Epicurus

22 216 Epicurus Epicurus Epicurus Epicurus Epicurus Epicurus 50 ataraxia Epicurus, Principle Doctrines, Oates, op.cit., p Epicurus, Vatican Sayings, Long & Sedley, op.cit., 21H, p.116.

23 Epicurus 52 Epicurus Stoics Stoics Zeno world-state, cosmopolis Zeno Politeia world-state Zeno Stoics AD Emperor Justinian Corpus Juris Civilis Institutes Digest Codes Glaucon, Thrasymachus Critias 53 tripartite definition of law jus naturale, jus gentium, jus civile 54 civilians canonists

24 218 Cicero, Gaius, Ulpian, Tryphoninus, Florentinus aggregate virtue particular virtue imperium justitia imperium impersonalized dikaios just, right jus justitia 55 jus jus naturale justitia jus Thomas Hobbes Liviathan justitiae mensura Hobbes Stoics 56

25 Stoics universitas hominum universitas homonoia concordia jus gentium aequitas imperium jus nonscripta jus scripta imperium populus Stoics jus jus res right

26 220 Hobbes imperium jus jus jus Stoics Stoics Stoics Stoics Cicero Stoics oikeiosis. Epicurus ataraxia aponia Stoics oikeiosis 57 Oikeiosis self-preservation, appropriation affinity. 58 Stoics oikeiosis oikeiosis Cicero Cicero 57 Striker op.cit., chapter 13: The Role of oikeiosis in Stoic Ethics. 58 Oikeiosis alienation

27 oikeiosis Cicero Stoics 60 Neal Wood Cicero Cicero 61 Cicero Cicero Stoics 59 Neal Wood, Cicero s Social and Political Thought (University of California Press, 1988), chapter 6, esp. pp Cicero, De Officiis (On Duty), 7 The Basic works of Cicero, Random House, 1951, p.12. Neal Wood, op.cit., p Wood, op.cit., p.111.

28 222 possessive individualism 62 Stoics Cicero 63 Cicero Cicero homo oeconomicus homo politicus Stoics homonoia 62 C.B. MacPherson Individualism (Oxford University Press, 1962). 63 De Officiis (On Duty), 8, Random House edn., p.13. The Political Theory of Possessive

29 Stoics Stoics 64 ataraxia, aponia oikeiosis Stoics Epicurus ataraxia aponia Diogenes of Sinope 64 Michael Oakeshott On Human Conduct (Oxford University Press, 1975).

30 224 Stoics Heraclitus 65 Hippias 66 Stoics sage wiseman Plutarch Stoics Zeno Republic Zeno 67 Cicero Cicero moral worth Stoics Diogenes G.S. Kirk, R.E. Raven, M. Schofield, The Presocratic Philosophers, 2 nd edn., Cambridge University Press, 1983, p Plato, Protagoras, 337C Sarples, op.cit., p Plutarch, On the Fortune of Alexanda the Great, Long and Sedley, op.cit., p.429.

31 homo politicus homo oeconomicus / J.G.A. Pocock Pocock, Virtues, rights and manners: A model for historians of political thought, Virtue, Commerce and History (Cambridge University Press, 1985), pp

32 226 The Classical Antecedence of Modern Liberalism: A Study of Hellenistic Political Thoguht Sy-shyan Chen Abstract This is a study about the political thought of the Schools in the Hellenistic period. Major emphases are placed in the development of the notions, say, of ataraxia, autarkeia, otium and ius natura and their substitution for the city-state political ideals of homo politicus and agape. To be sure, the Schools originated from the Philosophy of Escape, they nevertheless coalesced to form a great challenge to the existing conception of politics especially championed by Aristotle. The Epicurean ideas of self-sufficiency of man along with that of retreat from public life composed the image of the wise man (sophos), and when the Stoic legal thought and natural law were later added to the philosophy of the wise man the bulk of Roman political thought was indeed taking shape. However, it is contended that major tenets of modern liberalism do not largely go beyond the individualism and natural jurisprudence propounded two thousand years ago by the Schools; whereas the former is being plagued with corruptive tendencies in civilized life, the latter reminds us of the possibility of vindicating liberalism without having to appeal to natural rights but, instead, emerging out of a rigid conception of man who follows nature wisely.

中國的科學與中國的公民：大陸研究在台灣的困境\\

$中國的科學與中國的公民：大陸研究在台灣的困境\\$ 87 6 225 252 226 87 6 227 first order second order 1 2 1 Morgans Herman Hensen, The Athenian Democracy in the Age of Demosthenes (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Basil Blackwell, 1991), pp.296-304. 2 Sir Ernest