《歐美研究》第卷第期 $民國年月$，1-

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1 Department of Ethnic Studies, University of California, Berkeley slwong@uclink4.berkeley.edu * * But What in the World Is an Asian American? Culture, Class and Invented Traditions in Gish Jen s Mona in the Promised Land Kathy Lo Marie Lo Robert Terrell Smith Gin Yong Pang Tina Chen Patricia and George Karlin-Neumann

Culture, Class and Invented Traditions in Gish Jen s Mona in the Promised Land

2 642

3 643 Gish Jen Mona in the Promised Land, 1996 Asian American 1 Callie Ralph Chang Helen 301 mock-epic style [ ] 3 (6; emphasis added Asian American Movement Orientalism 2 Typical American, Asian American 2 William Wei 1993: [Bureau of the Census] [Social Security Administration]

American Movement Orientalism 2 Typical American, 1991 1 Asian American 2

4 644 pancake house Scarshill 3 Barbara Gugelstein Camp Gugelstein Seth Mandel Shih-shan Henry Tsai stranded students 1986: : 158, [ ] 5 panethnicity Espiritu 1992

3 Shih-shan Henry Tsai stranded students 1986:

5 645 [ ] in sickness or in health ; for better or for worse Frank Chin, The Year of the Dragon Joy Kogawa, Obasan Fae Myenne Ng, Bone

6 Model Minority Ben-Sasson, 1976: ; Seltzer, 1995: 112, Takagi 1992: 50, 64, 134 middleman minority Min, 1995: 212 Blalock, 1967; Bonacich, 1973; Hamilton, 1978; Rinder, 1959; Zenner, 1991 Cho, 1993: 200; Omi & Winant, 1993: Jade Snow Wong Pardee Lowe Maxine Hong Kingston 10 Wei, 1993: Peter Kwong 1987: California-centrism Okihiro & Lee [1992]; Sumida [1998]

1959; Zenner, 1991 Cho, 1993: 200; Omi & Winant, 1993: 107 9 Jade Snow Wong Pardee Lowe Maxine Hong

7 Diaspora Holocaust 15 R. Smith 1996

8 Rabbi Horowitz ) 12 Min 1995: Takaki 1989: Radhakrishnan diasporic self ethnic self minoritization 1996:

9 649 bagel essentialist constructivist 14 WASP white, Anglo-Saxon, Protestant 14

10 650 ethnicity race 15 1 Naomi Omi & Winant San Juan , Sephardim Ashkenazim Ben-Sasson 1976 Falk 1995: 212

11 Alfred cousin Evie mitzvah cousin 19 Eichel Hune 1992 Kiang 1988 Lee & Okihiro 1992 Nakanishi & Leong 1978

12 652 cultural nationalism 21 Rhode Island [129] 21

13 performed identity [ ] [ ] performativity performance Butler 1990 Case 1990 Parker & Sedgwick 1995 Phelan 1993 Kondo 1997 J. Lee 1997 Moy 1993 speech act theory discursive production 23 Benedict Anderson, imagined community nation-state

16 656 a founding myth of the nation Mary Antin novices at being minorities Rudick 1996 Krupnick 1993 Kamel Malino 1978 Falk 1995:

minorities 36 36 24 Rudick 1996 Krupnick

17 inventedness Bea Orthodox Raphael, 1984: Conservative Raphael, 1984: Reform Raphael, 1984: 1-55 Reconstructionist Raphael, 1984: Seltzer & Cohen, 1995: meritocracy Affirmative Action Seltzer & Cohen, 1995: Elazar 1971

Reconstructionist Raphael, 1984: 177-188 Seltzer & Cohen, 1995:

18 the banality of goodness noblesse oblige 28 Hannah Arendt, Eichmann in Jerusalem the banality of evil

19 659 slumming lumpen Fernando

20 [ ]

21 Northrop Frye Frye, 1969: 43 Professor Estimator, Ray, Big Benson Luther underclass pharmakos hypergamy Shinagawa & Pang 1988

22 one-drop rule [ ] 137 mind our manners well-mannered manners manners

23 663 Moses equal opportunity [Eloise] invisible minorities and visible minorities 31 Lowe 1986 Nichols 1978 S. Smith 1993 So 1996

24 664 lifestyle historically accurate politically correct McAlister 1992 Wong, 1993 Dirlik 1990 culturalism : 173 Sherman Matsumoto

25 Louis Althusser Althusser, 1986: Tripmaster Monkey, 1989 [David Mura] Shawn Hsu Wong Amy Tan Gus Lee 35 Leila Mission 36 Mura, Mura Mura, 1991: 9

26 666 Aguilar-San Juan, 1994; Omi & Takagi, 1995 Bonacich, 1994; Kwong, 1995; Li, 1997; Omatsu, Colleen Fong and Judy Yung Fong & Yung, 1995: 83 Betty Lee Sung Sung, 1990: 36

27 Elaine H. Kim Wong Kim, 1992: xiii Kim & Lowe Marlon K. Hom 1984

28 , 11: Aguilar-San Juan, K. Ed The state of Asian America: Activism and resistance in the 1990s. Boston: South End Press. Althusser, L Ideology and ideological state apparatuses. In H. Adams & L. Searle Eds., Critical theory since 1965 pp Tallahassee: Florida State University Press. Original work published 1971 Anderson, B Imagined communities: Reflections on the origin and spread of nationalism. London: Verso. Antin, M The promised land. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. Arendt, H Eichmann in Jerusalem: A report on the banality of evil. New York: Viking Press. Ben-Sasson, H. H. Ed A history of the Jewish people. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. Blalock, H. M Toward a theory of minority-group relations. New York: John Wiley. Bonacich, E A theory of middleman minorities. American Sociological Review, 38: Bonacich, E The site of class. In G. Y. Okihiro et al., Eds., Privileging positions: The sites of Asian American studies pp Pullman: Washington State University Press. Butler, J Gender trouble: Feminism and the subversion of identity. New York: Routledge. Case, S.-E. Ed Performing feminisms: Feminist critical theory and theatre. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.

29 669 Chin, F The chickencoop Chinaman and The year of the dragon. Seattle: University of Washington Press. Cho, S. K Korean Americans vs. African Americans: Conflict and construction. In R. Gooding-Williams Ed., Reading Rodney King/reading urban uprising pp New York: Routledge. Dirlik, A Culturalism as hegemonic ideology and liberating practice. In A. JanMohamed & D. Lloyd Eds., The nature and context of minority discourse pp New York: Oxford University Press. Eichel, L. E The crisis of In W. Sollors, C. Titcomb, & T. A. Underwood Eds., Blacks at Harvard: A documentary history of African-American experience at Harvard and Radcliffe pp New York: New York University Press. Elazar, D. J The institutional life of American Jewry. Philadelphia: Temple University Center for Jewish Community Studies. Espiritu, Y. L Asian American panethnicity: Bridging institutions and identities. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. Falk, G American Judaism in transition: The secularization of a religious community. Lanham: University Press of America. Fong, C., & Yung, J. 1995, Winter In search of the right spouse: Interracial marriage among Chinese and Japanese Americans. Amerasia Journal, 21, 3: Frye, N Historical criticism: Theory of modes. In Anatomy of criticism: Four essays pp New York: Atheneum. Hamilton, G Pariah capitalism: Paradox of power and dependence. Ethnic Groups, 1: Hom, M. K A case of mutual exclusion: Portrayals by immigrant and American-born Chinese of each other in literature. Amerasia Journal,11, 2: Hune, S Hunter College. In G. Y. Okihiro & L. C. Lee Eds., East of California: New perspectives in Asian American

30 670 studies pp Ithaca, NY: Asian American Studies Program, Cornell University. Jen, G Typical American. Boston: Houghton Mifflin/Seymore Lawrence. Jen, G Mona in the promised land. New York: Knopf. Kamel, R. Y Aggravating the conscience: Jewish-American literary mothers in the promised land. New York: Peter Lang. Kiang, P. N.-C The new wave: Developing Asian American studies on the East Coast. In G. Y. Okihiro et al., Eds., Reflections on shattered windows: Promises and prospects for Asian American studies pp Pullman: Washington State University Press. Kim, E. H Foreword. In S. G.-L. Lim & A. Ling Eds., Reading the literatures of Asian America pp. xi-xvii Philadelphia: Temple University Press. Kim, E. H., & Lowe, L. Eds. 1997, Fall New formations, new questions: Asian American studies [Special issue]. Positions: East Asia cultures critique, 5, 2. Kingston, M. H Tripmaster monkey: His fake book. New York: Knopf. Kogawa, J. 1981/1982 Obasan. Boston: Godine. Kondo, D About face: Performing race in fashion and theater. New York: Routledge. Krupnick, M. 1993, Fall Assimilation in recent American Jewish autobiographies. Contemporary Literature, 34, 3: Kwong, P The new Chinatown. New York: Noonday. Kwong, P Asian American studies needs class analysis. In G. Y. Okihiro et al., Eds., Privileging positions: The sites of Asian American studies pp Pullman: Washington State University Press. Lee, L. C., & Okihiro, G. Y Cornell University. In G. Y. Okihiro & L. C. Lee Eds., East of California: New perspectives in Asian American studies pp Ithaca, NY: Asian American Studies Program, Cornell University.

31 671 Lee, J Performing Asian America: Race and ethnicity on the contemporary stage. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. Li, D. L Race, gender, class and Asian American literary theory. Race, Gender & Class, 4, 3: Lowe, J Theories of ethnic humor: How to enter, laughing. American Quarterly, 38, 3: Malino, F The Sephardic Jews of Bordeaux. University: University of Alabama Press. McAlister, M Mis reading The Joy Luck Club. Asian America: Journal of Culture and the Arts, 1: Min, P. G. Ed Asian Americans: Contemporary trends and issues. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Moy, J. S Marginal sights: Staging the Chinese in America. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press. Mura, D Turning Japanese: Memoirs of a sansei. New York: Atlantic Monthly Press. Mura, D Where the body meets memory: An odyssey of race, sexuality, and identity. New York: Anchor/Doubleday. Nakanishi, D. T., & Leong, R Toward the second decade: A national survey of Asian American Studies programs in Amerasia Journal, 5, 1: Ng, F. M Bone. New York: Hyperion. Nichols, C. H Comic modes in Black America A ramble through Afro-American humor In S. B. Cohen Ed., Comic relief: Humor in contemporary American literature pp Urbana: University of Illinois Press. Okihiro, G. Y., & Lee, L. C. Eds East of California: New perspectives in Asian American studies. Proceedings of Cornell Symposium on Asian America: East of California. Ithaca, NY: Asian American Studies Program, Cornell University. Omatsu, G The Four Prisons and the Movements of Liberation: Asian American activism from the 1960s to the 1990s. In K. Aguilar-San Juan Ed., The state of Asian America: Activism and resistance in the 1990s pp Boston: South End Press.

32 672 Omi, M., & Takagi, D. Eds. 1995, Spring Thinking theory in Asian American studies [Special issue]. Amerasia Journal, 21, 1&2. Omi, M., & Winant, H The Los Angeles Race Riot and contemporary U.S. politics. In R. Gooding-Williams Ed., Reading Rodney King/reading urban uprising. pp New York: Routledge. Omi, M., & Winant, H Racial formation in the United States: From the 1960s to the 1990s 2nd ed. New York: Routledge. Parker, A., & Sedgwick, E. K. Eds Performativity and performance. New York: Routledge. Phelan, P Unmarked: The politics of performance. London: Routledge. Radhakrishnan, R Postcoloniality and the boundaries of identity. In Diasporic Medtations: Between home and location pp Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. Raphael, M. L Profiles in American Judaism. San Francisco: Harper & Row. Rinder, I. D Strangers in the land: Social relations in the status gap. Social Problems, 8: Rudick, E. M Exodus, discovery, and coming home to the promised land. In J. Rubin-Dorsky & S. F. Fishkin Eds., People of the book: Thirty scholars reflect on their Jewish identity pp Madison: University of Wisconsin Press. San Juan, E. Jr Racial formations/critical transformations: Articulations of power in ethnic and racial studies in the United States. Atlantic Highlands, NJ: Humanities Press. Seltzer, R. M., & Cohen, N. J The Americanization of the Jews. New York: New York University Press. Shinagawa, L., & Pang, G. Y Intraethnic, interethnic, and interracial marriages among Asian Americans in California, Berkeley Journal of Sociology, 33: Smith, R. T From Shanghai to Jerusalem: Relations be-

33 673 tween two Jewish capitals. Unpublished manuscript. Smith, S. A. 1993, Summer Humor as rhetoric and cultural argument. Journal of American Culture, 16, 2: So, C Delivering the punch line: Racial combat as comedy in Gus Lee s China Boy. MELUS, 21, 4: Sumida, S. H East of California: Points of origin in Asian American studies. Journal of Asian American Studies, 1, 1: Sung, B. L Chinese American intermarriage. New York: Center for Migration Studies. Takagi, D. Y The retreat from race: Asian-American admissions and racial politics. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press. Takaki, R Strangers from a different shore: A history of Asian Americans. Boston: Little, Brown. Tsai, S.-S. H The Chinese experience in America. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. Wei, W The Asian American movement. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. Wong, S.-L. C Reading Asian American literature: From necessity to extravagance. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. Wong, S.-L. C The stakes of textual border-crossing: Hualing Nieh s Mulberry and Peach in sinocentric, Asian American, and feminist critical practices. In K. Chuh & K. Shimakawa Eds., Orientations: Mapping studies in the Asian diaspora pp Durham, NC: Duke University Press. Zenner, W. P Minorities in the middle: A cross-cultural analysis. Albany: State University of New York Press.

34 674 But What in the World Is an Asian American? Culture, Class and Invented Traditions in Gish Jen s Mona in the Promised Land Sau-ling Cynthia Wong Abstract Through a reading of Gish Jen s 1996 novel, Mona in the Promised Land, this essay argues for the importance of considering socioeconomic class in reading representations of ethnicity in Asian American literature. Set in upstate New York in the late 1960s, Mona is typically read as a story about the fluidity of American ethnicity: the protagonist Mona Chang, the American-born daughter of immigrant restaurant owners, invents her ethnicity by converting to Judaism, the religion of her peers. Mona and her friends also befriend African-Americans and experiment with cross-race dating and communal living. I argue, however, that the family conflicts surrounding Mona s conversion are at heart about class. Her parents, originally from wealthy families in pre-1949 Shanghai, put pressure on their children to be high-achieving model minorities, or New Jews, in order to recover their lost class privileges. They reject people of color rhetoric because it would align them with lower-class blacks and Latinos. Mona s conversion to an activist variety of Reform Judaism represents an attempt to reconcile her idealistic desire for social change with her filial desire to improve her family s standing. As a comedy, Mona s story has a conservative happy ending in which multicultural social threats are contained and class structure closely intertwined with racial order is restored. Key Words: Gish Jen, Mona in the Promised Land, Asian American, ethnicity, class

公民化與現代化

公民化與現代化 Michael Mann 行類歷行來來不說了切行理了參類略了論 1 理了金說了度兩來數行裡 2 金了不不 3 了數論讀 4 1 見參戦立說力不說行力 2 參金論聯論年參金論列柳年 3 參葉錄錄北流六 4 力隸讀參聯歷略讀參聯金 1 論論歷兩說兩不兩

《歐美研究》第卷第期 \(民國年月\)，1-

《歐美研究》第卷第期 \(民國年月\)，1-