2 239 Goddard 15 Reisner 16 WRF Lin Kessler 18 2 Dudhia 19 Tao 15 McCumber Meyers 7 Morrison 21 Gamma 0 Rutledge 4 Morrison 8 Thompson
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1 ADVANCES IN EARTH SCIENCE Vol. 29 No. 2 Feb J doi /j. issn Yin Jinfang Wang Donghai Zhai Guoqing. A study of characteristics of the cloud microphysical parameterization schemes in mesoscale models and its applicability to China J. Advances in Earth Science doi /j. issn * Lin Rutledge-Hobbs WRF Lin MM5 Goddard Reisner P435 A Rutledge-Hobbs 5 RH 6 ~ 9 IPCC MM5 Reisner Lin 14 * * / GYHY GYHY yinjf@ cams. cma. gov. cn
2 2 239 Goddard 15 Reisner 16 WRF Lin Kessler 18 2 Dudhia 19 Tao 15 McCumber Meyers 7 Morrison 21 Gamma 0 Rutledge 4 Morrison 8 Thompson MM5 The PSU / 0 0 NCAR Mesoscale Model WRF Weather Research and Forecasting Model ARPS Advanced Regional Prediction System GRAPES Global /Regional Assimilation and Prediction System 0
3 Ogura 34 Koenig 35 Orville Lin Lin 3 Rutledge Lin 5 Rutledge 5 Lin Schultz 38 Lin 9 Dudhia 19 Lin RH Hong 2 10 Mc- 29 RH Dudhia Cumber Hong WRF 39 WSM3 Lim 31 WSM3 WDM Thompson Yin Straka Fletcher 40 Cooper 41 Lin
4 2 241 N D = N 0 D μ exp - λd 2 μ N 0 λ Tao 15 N 0 Lin λ 2 Two-moment Goddard Chen 45 Lin RH Goddard WRF Purden Lin WRF Goddard Thompson 1 McCumber 20 2 Γ 3 Γ 3 N 0 λμ NSSL 47 μ μ 27 μ Milbrandt 37 Goddard 2 5 km N 0 λ μ 3 Three-moment Gilmore 46 3 NSSL N D = N 0 exp - λd 1 N 0 λ ARPS N 0 λ Lin RH λ One-moment Lin Srivastava 48 N 0 λ Gamma Γ Γ Meyers 7 Meyers Γ Thompson 22 Reisner 0 1 GRAPES WRF MM5
5 Fig. 1 Relationship among different bulk microphysical schemes in GRAPES WRF MM5 and ARPS models Yin 27 Kessler 1 2 Table 1 Values of intercept for snow crystal size distribution /cm - 4 Lin Dudhia Goddard WSM exp T - T 0 30
6 2 249 vances in Earth Science relationship between liquid water content and cloud number con-. AIRS centration in the stratiform clouds over north China J. Atmospheric Research Yin J F Wang D H Zhai G Q et al. An investigation into J the A Study of Characteristics of the Cloud Microphysical Parameterization Schemes in Mesoscale Models and Its Applicability to China Yin Jinfang 1 Wang Donghai 1 Zhai Guoqing 2 1. State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences Beijing 2. Department of Earth Science Zhejiang University Hangzhou China China Abstract Cloud microphysical scheme plays a significant role in cloud and precipitation simulation and it is however one of the main error originations in predictions. An overview of the progresses in the cloud microphysical parameterization in mesoscale models has been done and a statistical analysis of the sensitivity experiment results on the microphysical parameterization schemes over China have been performed. The Lin and Rutledge-Hobbs schemes lay a solid foundation for the development of cloud microphysical parameterization and all later developed schemes were directly or indirectly based on the Lin and Rutledge-Hobbs schemes with some improvements. These improvements mainly include 1number of hydrometeor classicication 2ice nucleation 3hydrometeor particle size distributions 4given values of intercept for the hydrometeor particle size distributions and 5the threshold values for autoconversion processes. According to the statistical results the Lin scheme in the Weather Research and Forecasting WRF model performed well in simulations and the Goddard and Reisner schemes in the PSU / NCAR Mesoscale Model MM5 simulated well. Key words Mesoscale numerical model Microphysical parameterization Precipitation simulation Sensitivity experiment.
7 Table 2 Threshold values for autoconversion processes in different schemes ARPS 9 MM5 Goddard 2 g /kg 6 MM5 Schultz g /m 3 38 MM5 Reisner g /m 3 13 WRF Thompson g / m 3 50 MC2 Kong and Yau 2 g /kg 51 WRF Lin g /g 3 WRF Goddard g / 6 15 g Kessler HLAFS WRF Lin MM5 Goddard Reisner WRF MM5 68 GRAPES CAMS ARPS 58 CAMS GRAPES 69 ARPS GRAPES Gao 59 CAMS 4 WRF Zhang ~ 50 km MM5 Reisner2
8 Table Sensitivity experiment results for the cloud microphysical parameterization schemes over China during the period from GRAPES WRF MM5 Simple ice Betts-Miller 71 CAMS KF-Tta 72 Lin Kain-Fritsch New-Kain-Fritsch 16 Lin Kain-Fritsch 73 Lin Kain-Fritsch 74 Ferrier WSM6 Lin Kain-Fritsch 75 WSM3 Kain-Fritsch 76 Ferrier Kain-Fritsch 77 Kessler Betts-Miller - Janjic 78 WSM6 Betts-Miller 79 WDM6 New Thompson Kain-Fritsch 80 Goddard Reisner Anthes-Kuo Grell 11 Goddard Grell 81 Reisner Kain-Fritsch 12 Reisner Grell 82 Goddard Anthes-Kuo Kain-Fritsch 83 Goddard 84 Reisner Grell 85 Schultz Anthes-Kuo 86 4 Lin Rutledge-Hobbs 2 1 Reisner WDM6 WRF Lin Lin Goddard Thompson MM5 Goddard Reisner 2 Γ Γ Thompson 87 ~ Γ
9 Reisner J Rasmussen R M Bruintjes R T. Explicit forecasting of supercooled liquid water in winter storms using the MM5 me- J. 3Γ 4 Monthly CloudSat soscale model J Society References 1 Koenig L R. Numerical modeling of ice deposition J. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences Danielsen E F Bleck R Morris D A. Hail growth by stochastic collection in a cumulus model J. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences Lin Y L Farley R D Orville H D. Bulk parameterization of the snow field in a cloud model J. Journal of Climate and Applied Meteorology Rutledge S A Hobbs P. The mesoscale and microscale structure and organization of clouds and precipitation in midlatitude cyclones. VIII A model for the seeder-feeder process in warmfrontal rainbands J. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences Rutledge S A Hobbs P V. The mesoscale and microscale structure and organization of clouds and precipitation in midlatitude cyclones. XII A diagnostic modeling study of precipitation development in narrow cold-frontal rainbands J. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences Tao W K Simpson J. Goddard cumulus ensemble model. Part I Model description J. Terrestrail Atmosphere and Oceanic Science Meyers M P Walko R L Harrington J Y et al. New RAMS cloud microphysics parameterization. Part II The two-moment scheme J. Atmospheric Research Morrison H Thompson G Tatarskii V. Impact of cloud Microphysics on the development of trailing stratiform precipitation in a simulated squall line Comparison of one-and two-moment schemes J. Monthly Weather Review Lin Y Colle B A. A new bulk microphysical scheme that includes riming intensity and temperature-dependent ice characteristics J. Monthly Weather Review Houghton J T Ding Y Griggs D J et al. Climate Change 2001 The Scientific Basis M. Cambridge United Kingdom and New York Cambridge University Press Lin Wenshi Meng Jinping Meng Weiguang et al. Numerical simulation about a heavy snowfall event in north China The sensitivity of cloud microphysical parameterization schemes J. Scientia Meteorologica Sinica Sun Jing Wang Pengyun. Numerical study of heavy rainfall in south China with Reisner graupel scheme J. Meteorological. MM5 Reisner J Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological 14 Rao Gangwei Xu Suishan Li Jiangnan. Sensitive studies of microphysics schemes on the frozen rain simulation over northern of Guangdong Province J. Guangdong Meteorology J Tao W K Simpson J McCumber M. An ice-water saturation adjustment J. Monthly Weather Review Yan Zhihui Deng Liantang. Description of microphysical processes in WRF model and its prediction experiment J. Desert and Oasis Meteorology WRF J Niu Junli Yan Zhihui. Impacts of microphysics schemes on the heavy rainfall simulation with WRF model J. Science & Technology Information WRF J Kessler E. On the Distribution and Continuity of Water Substance in Atmospheric Circulations C. Boston Meteorological Monographs American Meteorological Society Dudhia J. Numerical study of convection observed during the winter monsoon experiment using a mesoscale two-dimensional model J. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences McCumber M Tao W K Simpson J et al. Comparison of icephase microphysical parameterization schemes using numerical simulations of tropical convection J. Journal of Applied Meteorology Morrison H Curry J A Khvorostyanov V I. A new double-moment microphysics parameterization for application in cloud and climate models. Part I Description J. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences Thompson G Field P R Rasmussen R M et al. Explicit forecasts of winter precipitation using an improved bulk microphysics scheme. Part II Implementation of a new snow parameterization J. Monthly Weather Review Lou Xiaofeng Hu Zhijin Wang Pengyun et al. Introduction to microphysical schemes of mesoscale atmospheric models and cloud models J. Quarterly Journal of Applied Meteorology
10 Suppl Milbrandt J A Yau M K. A multimoment bulk microphysics pa- J. rameterization. Part II A proposed three-moment closure and Shi Yueqin Lou Xiaofeng. Progress in researches on explicit cloud microphysical schemes J. Meteorological Science and Technology J Hong S Y Sunny Lim K S Kim J H et al. Sensitivity study of cloud-resolving convective simulations with wrf using two bulk microphysical parameterizations Ice-phase microphysics versus sedimentation effects J. Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology Milbrandt J A Yau M K Mailhot J et al. Simulation of an orographic precipitation event during improve-2. Part Ⅱ Sensitivity to the number of moments in the bulk microphysics scheme J. Monthly Weather Review Yin J Wang D Zhai G. A comparative study of cloud-precipitation microphysical properties between East Asia and other regions J. Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan Hu Zhijin Lou Xiaofeng Bao Shaowu et al. A simplified explicit scheme of phase-mixed cloud and precipitation J. Quarterly Journal of Applied Meteorlolgy J Hong S Y Juang H M H Zhao Q. Implementation of prognostic cloud scheme for a regional spectral model J. Monthly Weather Review Hong S Y Dudhia J Chen S H. A revised approach to ice microphysical processes for the bulk parameterization of clouds and precipitation J. Monthly Weather Review Lim K S S Hong S Y. Development of an effective double-moment cloud microphysics scheme with prognostic Cloud Condensation Nuclei CCN for weather and climate models J. Monthly Weather Review Li Dashan. The Status and Prospects of Weather Modifications M. Beijing Meteorological Press M Straka J M Mansell E R. A bulk microphysics parameterization with multiple ice precipitation categories J. Journal of Applied Meteorology Ogura Y Takahashi T. Numerical simulation of the life cycle of a thunderstorm cell J. Monthly Weather Review Koenig L R Murray F W. Ice-bearing cumulus cloud evolution Numerical simulation and general comparison against observations J. Journal of Applied Meteorology Orville H D Kopp F J. Numerical simulation of the life history of a hailstorm J. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences scheme description J. Journal of Atmospheric Sciences Schultz P. An explicit cloud physics parameterization for operational numerical weather prediction J. Monthly Weather Review Bergeron T. On the physics of cloud and precipitation C Proceeding of 5th Assembly 2 U. G. G. I. Lisbon Fletcher N H. The Physics of Rain Clouds M. London Cambridge University Press Cooper W A. Ice initiation in natural clouds. Precipitation enhancement A scientific challenge J. Meteorological Monographs Hu Zhijin Yan Caifan. Numerical simulation of microphysical processes in stratiform clouds I Microphysical model J. Journal of Academy of Meteorological Science J Xu Huanbin Duan Ying Liu Haiyue. Microphysical Processes of Hail and the Theory and Design for Hail Suppression M. Beijing Meteorological Press M. 44 Yin J Wang D Zhai G. An evaluation of ice nuclei characteristics from the long-term measurement data over North China J. Asia-Pacific Journal of Atmospheric Sciences Chen S H Sun W Y. A one-dimensional time dependent cloud model J. Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan Gilmore M S Straka J M Rasmussen E N. Precipitation uncertainty due to variations in precipitation particle parameters within a simple microphysics scheme J. Monthly Weather Review Mansell E R Ziegler C L Bruning E C. Simulated electrification of a small thunderstorm with two-moment bulk microphysics J. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences Srivastava R C. Parameterization of raindrop size distributions J. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences Xu Huanbin Duan Ying. Some questions in studying the evolution of size distribution spectaum of hydrometeor particles J. Acta Meteorologica Sinica J Thompson G Rasmussen R M Manning K. Explicit forecasts of winter precipitation using an improved bulk microphysics scheme. Part I Description and sensitivity analysis J. Monthly Weather Review
11 Kong F Yau M K. An explicit approach to microphysics in MC2 J. Atmosphere-Ocean Hu Zhijin Cai Lidong. A parameterized numerical simulation of warm rain and salt-seeding in cumulus clouds J. Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences J Xu Huanbin Wang Siwei. A numerical model of hail-bearingconvective cloud 1 Biparameter evolution of size distribution of raindrops frozen raindrops and hailstones J. Acta Meteorologica Sinica of ice microphysical processes in convective clouds with a three J. dimension model I Development of model and ice clouds pa Hu Zhijin He Guanfang. Numerical simulation of microprocesses in cumulonimbus clouds I microphysical model J. Acta Meteorologica Sinica J Liu Gongbo Hu Zhijin You Laiguang. A mixed-phase stratiform cloud system model and the cases modeling on two low level mesoscale vortexes J. Acta Meteorologica Sinica Liu Weiguo Liu Qijun. The numerical simulation of orographic J cloud structure and cloud microphysical processes in Qilian 89. Mountains in summer. Part I Cloud microphysical scheme and 56 Liu Qijun Hu Zhijin Zhou Xiuji. Explicit cloud schemes of hlafs and simulation of heavy rainfall and clouds part Ⅰ Explicit cloud schemes J. Quarterly Journal of Applied Meteorology Suppl J HLAFS I J Lou Xiaofeng. Development and Implemementation of A New Explicit Microphysical Scheme and Comparisons of Original Scheme of MM5 D. Beijing Peking University MM5 cloud microphysics to simulations of a severe thunderstorm event D over Southeast India J. Annales Geophysicae Sun Jing Lou Xiaofeng Hu Zhijin et al. Numerical experiment of the coupling of CAMS complex microphysical scheme and 68 Wang Xiaojun Ma Hao. Progress of application of the Weather grapes model J. Journal of Applied Meteorological Science CAMS GRAPES J. WRF J Gao W Zhao F Hu Z et al. A two-moment bulk microphysics 69 Wang Chenxi. Experiments of influence of planetary boundary layer parameterization on muifa typhoon prediction J. Advances in coupled with a mesoscale model WRF Model description and first results J. Advances in Atomspheric Sciences Earth Science J. 60 Yin Jinfang. The Study on Observation and Prameterization of Cloud-Precipitation Microphysical Properties over East Asia D. Hangzhou Zhejiang University and implicit predictions of convective and stratiform precipitating D. weather systems with a meso-beta-scale numerical model J Hong Yanchao. A 3D hail cloud numerical seeding model J. J Guo Xueliang Huang Meiyuan Hong Yanchao et al. A study of three-dimensional hail-category hailstorm model part Ⅰ Model description and the mechanism of hail recirculation growth J I. J Kong Fanyou Huang Meiyuan Xu Huaying. Simulations study rameterization J. Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences J Zhao Zhen Lei Hengchi Wu Yuxia. A new explicit microphysical scheme in MM5 and numerical simulation J. Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences MM5 J orographic cloud stucture J. Plateau Meteorology I Liu C Moncrieff M W. Sensitivity of cloud-resolving simulations of warm-season convection to cloud microphysics parameterizations J. Monthly Weather Review Rajeevan M Kesarkar A Thampi S B et al. Sensitivity of WRF Research and Forecast WRF model in China J. Advances in Earth Science Zhang D L Hsie E Y Moncrieff M W. A comparison of explicit Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society Acta Meteorologica Sinica Wu Hongyu Chen Dehui Xu Guoqiang. Sensitive experiments
12 of various parameterization schemes in different physical processes on Guizhou precipitation J. Meteorological Monthly and Mountain Meteorology Research J WRF J Duan Xu Wang Man Liu Jianyu et al. Simulation experiments of precipitation prediction with MM5v3 s different parameterization schemes over low latitude plateau J. Meteorological Month-. ly MM5v3 J. 72 Sun Jing Lou Xiaofeng Shi Yueqin. The effects of different microphysical schemes on the simulation of a meiyu front heavy rainfall J. Acta Meteorologica Sinica J Xu Guoqiang Liang Xudong Yu Hui et al. Precipitation simulation using different cloud-precipitation schemes for a landfall typhoon J. Plateau Meteorology on an abrupt heavy rainfall and structure of a mesoscale vortex. during July 1998 J. Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences J Wu Huaping Shu Jiong Gu Ying et al. The effects of different cumulus parameterization schemes in wrf on heavy rainfall in Hunan Province J. Journal of Tropical Meteorology Ju Y Wang H Zhong Z et al. A simulation study on the char acteristies of cloud microphsics of heavy rainfall in the meiyu front J HA HyeKyeong Wang Zhenhui Kim JeoungYun et al. The impact of cumulus parameterizations and micro-physics schemes of different combinations on typhoon track prediction J. Journal of Tropical Meteorology J moist physical processes in mesoscale model J. Journal of Nan-. jing Institute of Meteorology J Huang Haibo Chen Chunyan Zhu Wenna. Impacts of different 86 Zhou Zugang Tan Zhemin Zhang Yi et al. The impact of combination of model moist physics process on numerical simulation cloud microphysical processes and horizontal resolutions of WRF model on precipitation forecast effect J. Meteorological Science of a Nanjing heavy rainfall event J. Journal of Nanjing University Natural Sciences WRF. and Technology J J Xu Jianjun Wan Qilin. Influence of physical parameterizations and initialization on simulation of rainstorm over Southeast China J. Transactions of Atmospheric Sciences Advances in Earth Science J. J Li Antai He Hongrang. Impact of different cloud microphysical parameterization schemes on the numeric simulation results of "8. 8" rainstorm process in Zhouqu J. Meteorology and Disaster Reduction Research Zhu Yaqiao Liu Yuanbo. Advances in measurement techniques J Duan Xu Wang Man Chen Xinmei et al. Localization of operational experiment on the WRF mesoscale numerical modeling system J. Meteorological Monthly J Chen Gong Liao Jie Sun Ling. Effect of micro-physical scheme on simulation of a heavy rainfall process in Sichuan J. Plateau Cheng Linsheng Feng Wuhu. Analyses and numerical simulation J J. Acta Meteorologica Sinica Lin W Cholaw B. The cloud proeesses of a simulated moderate snowfall event in north china J. Advances in Atmospheric Science Kang Lili Lei Hengchi Xiao Wenan. Simulation of various. 87 Ren Jianqi Yan Wei Ye Jing et al. Advance in the study of cloud phase discrimination using satellite reote sensing data J Zhou Haiguang. A review on the development and application of the airborne doppler radar technique J. Advances in Earth Science J and statistics features of surface raindrop size distribution J. Advances in Earth Science J WRF 90 Liu Yang Cai Bo Ban Xianxiu et al. Research progress of retrieving atmosphere humidity profiles form AIRS data J. Ad-
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