:, Weirsbrod (1983), Katz Krueger (1991),,,, Lindauer Sabot (1983), Corbo Stelcner (1983) Psacharopoulos(1985),, 3 % Adamchik Bedi (1999), Gaag Vijver

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1 : CHNS, Heckman , 2190 %, ,, %, :, 8122 %,,, : 2000,,, %, 57 1, (,2006),, Smith (1977), (wage premium), 13 % 15 %, 18 % 20 %, Krueger (1988), 518 % Gyourko Tracy(1988),,, Moulton (1990) 1980,, Robinson Tomes (1984), Mueller (1998) (quantile regression),, Gunderson (1979),,, ;,,, 816 %, 612 % Pedersen (1990), 3,, :610074, edu. cn ;, Texas A&M University (2008) ( ),, 211, (http :ΠΠnews. xinhuanet. comπpoliticsπ π30πcontent htm),

2 :, Weirsbrod (1983), Katz Krueger (1991),,,, Lindauer Sabot (1983), Corbo Stelcner (1983) Psacharopoulos(1985),, 3 % Adamchik Bedi (1999), Gaag Vijverberg(1988),,,,,,, (2006) (2005a,2005b) (2007), Heckman,, : , ;2000,, %, 9146 %,,,, 5167 %, %, 8122 %,,, :,,, ( ) : w P it = i P t + x it P t + t + P it w NP it = NP i t + x it NP t + t + NP it P N P ; w P it i t ; i, ; x it, 130 (1)

3 ; t (1), (Caag and Vijvergerg,1989 ;Ophem,1993 ) Heckman (1976), (OLS) : : w P = x u 1 P = 1[ x v 2 > 0 ] <( E( w P x 2 ^ 2 ) x, P = 1) = x E( v 2 x 2, P = 1) = x ( x 2 ^ 2 ) = x = <( x 2 ^ 2 ), (inverse Mills ratio), P ( x 2 ^ 2 ),,, Heckman, (quantile regression) (Mueller,1998 ;Disney and Gosling, 1998) Heckman, Heckman (Pooled OLS) (Random Effects) ( ) (CHNS,China Health and Nutrition Survey), CHNS , , CHNS (panel data),, CHNS :,, (CPI) CHNS, : ( ) : ; ; ; ;,, 1 1, , :1997 (2) ,,, 131

4 :, 1991, ;2000,,,, 1,, 2000,, (,2008),, 2000,,, 2000, : (CPI) 2006, 1,,,, , CHNS N N N 2000, , , , , , , , 132

5 Heckman, Probit,,, : Pooled OLS(1) RSE Pooled OLS(2) Heckman Random Effects(3) RSE RSE R2squared N : % ; 33 5 % ; 3 10 % ; (Robust Standard Error) 2 OLS, Heckman, OLS,,, (1) OLS, , 5 % (2) (3) Heckman, , 5 % 10 %, ,,, 3 % 4 % , 3 3,, 1 %,, Heckman, (1) OLS, %, 1 % Heckman, (2) OLS, %, 1 % ; (3), %, 1 %, 2,, 10 %, CHNS,, 133

6 : 3 : Pooled OLS(1) RSE Pooled OLS(2) Heckman Random Effects(3) RSE RSE R2squared N ,,,,, 3, 2000,,, (Heckman), RSE RSE, (Robinson and Tomes, ), Heckman , , Yes Yes 1 %, Yes Yes R2squared ,, N , 2189 %, (Heterogeneity),, : ( ), ( ) Gan and Wang (2009) 134

7 %, 5100 % 3121 %,,,, %,, %,,, Disney et al (1998),,,,, 5 5 Pooled OLS(1) Heckman Pooled OLS(2) Random Effects(3) RSE RSE RSE R2squared N (1) OLS, % Heckman, OLS 1 %, OLS, %,, 9146 %,,,, 6 6 (Heckman) 2000 (2) 2004 (3) 2006 (4) RSE RSE RSE R2squared N

8 : 6, 2000, 10 %,, % % %, 1 %, ,, 1,,1990, 2000,,,, (Disney,2007) :,,,,,,,,, 1990,,, 1998,,,,,,, ( ), Heckman, 7 7 Pooled OLS(1) RSE Pooled OLS(2) Heckman Random Effects(3) RSE RSE R2squared N , OLS, 7141 %, 1 % Heckman, 5 %, 136

9 (2) OLS, 7182 %, 10 % (3), 5167 %, 5 %,,, 6 % 8 ( ),, 8 Pooled OLS(1) RSE Pooled OLS(2) Heckman Random Effects(3) RSE RSE R2squared N , Heckman,,, %, 1 % 7 8,, ( ),, 9 9, OLS, 8165 %, 1 % (2) Heckman OLS, (3) Heckman, 1 %, (3), 8122 %, 1 %, 9,,,,,,,,,, 137

10 : 9 Pooled OLS(1) Heckman Pooled OLS(2) Random Effects(3) RSE RSE RSE R2squared N CHNS,, Heckman , 2190 %, ,, %, , ,,, %,, %,, 9146 %, % % %,,, 1998,,, 5167 %, %, 8122 %,,,,, 2000, 138

11 2009 4,,,,2007 :, 6,2005a :, 12,2005b :, 5,2008 :,,,2006 :, 1,2006 :,FT 5 30 Adamchik,Vera A. and Bedi, Arjun S., 2000, Wage Differentials Between the Public and the Private Sectors : Evidence from An Economy in Transition, Labour Economics, 7, pp Corbo, Vittorio. and Stelcner, Morton., 1983, Earnings Determination and Labor Markets, Journal of Development Economics,12 Feb. Π Apr., pp Disney, R., Goodman, A. Gosling, A. and Trinder, C.,1998, Public Pay in the 1990s, Commentary No. 72, London : Institute for Fiscal Studies. Disney, Richard.,2007, Public2private Sector Wage Differentials Around the World : Methods and Evidence, Working Paper, University of Nottingham, and Institute for Fiscal Studies. Freeman, R. 1984, Longitudinal Analysis of the Effects of Trade Unions, Journal of Labor Economics, 2, 1, pp Gaag, Van der.j and Vijverberg, W. 1988, A Switching Regression Model for Wage Determinants in the Public and Private Sectors of a Developing Country, Review of Economics and Statistics, 70, May, pp Gan, Li, and Yingning Wang, 2009, Neighborhood Effects, Residential Mobility, and Education Attainment of Blacks and Whites, Working Paper, Department of Economics, Texas A&M University. Gunderson,Morley. 1979, Earnings Differentials between the Public and Private Sectors, Canadian Journal of Economics, Vol. 12, No. 21 May, pp Gyourlto, Joseph and Tracy, Joseph. 1988, An Analysis of Public2 and Private2Sector Wages Allowing for Endogenous Choices of Both Government and Union Status. Journal of Labor Economics 6, April., pp Heckman, J. J. 1976, The Common Structure of Statistical Models of Truncation, Sample Selection, and Limited Dependent Variables and a Simple Estimator for Such Models, Annals of Economic and Social Measurement, 5, pp Jakubson, G. 1991, Estimation and Testing of the Union Wage Effect Using Panel Data, Review of Economic Studies, 58, pp Katz,Lawrence F. and Krueger,Alan B. 1991, Changes in the Structure of Wages in the Public and Private Sectors, working paper # 282, Industrial Relation Section, Princeton Uinversity,April. Krueger, Alan B. 1988, Are Public Sector Workers Paid More than Their Alternative Wage? Evidence from Longitudinal Data and Job Queues,In When Public Sector Workers Unionize, edited by R. Freeman and B. Ichniowski, Chicago : University of Chicago Press. Lindauer, D. S. and R. H. Sabot, The PublicΠPrivate Wage Differential in a Poor Urban Economy, Journal of Development Economics, Vol. 12, 1983, pp Moulton, Brent R. 1990, A Reexamination of the Federal2Private Wage Differential in the United States, Journal of Labor Economics, Vol. 8, No. 21 Apr., pp Mueller, R. 1998, Public2private Sector Wage Differentials in Canada : Evidence from Quantile Regressions, Economics Letters, 60, pp Pedersen, P., Schmidt2Sorensen J., Smith, N. and Westergard2Nielsen, N. 1990, Wage Differentials Between the Public and Private Sectors, Journal of Public Economics, 41, pp Psacharopoulos, George., 1985, Returns to Education : A Further International Update and Implications, Journal of Human Resources, 20, Fall, pp Robinson, Chris, and Tomes, Nigel, 1984, Union Wage Differentials in the Public and Private Sector : A Simultaneous Equations Specification, Journal of Labor Economics 2, Jan., pp Smith, Sharon P. 1976, Pay Differentials between Federal Government and Private2Sector Workers, Industrial and Labor Relations Review 29,January : pp

12 : Van Ophem, H. 1993, A Modified Switching Regression Model for Earnings Differentials between the Public and Private Sectors in the Netherlands, Review of Economics and Statistics, 75, pp Weisbrod, Burton A. 1983, Nonprofit and Proprietary Sector Behavior : Wage Differentials among Lawyers, Journal of Labor Economics, Vol. 1, No. 31,Jul.,pp Wage Differentials bet ween Public and Nonpublic Sector in China Yin Zhichao 1 and Gan Li 1&2 (11 Southwestern University of Finance and Economics ;21 Texas A&M University) Abstract :Using CHNS data and the Heckman sample section model, we find a changing wage differential between the public sector and the nonpublic sector in China. From 1989 to 1997, wages in the public sector are 2190 % lower than the wages in the non2public sector. However, since 2000, wages in the public sector are % higher than ones in the non2public sector, and the gap is increasing over time. We also find that wages differ even within the public sector : wages in the government are 8122 % lower than wages in other jobs in the public sector. Furthermore, the wage returns in education and in experience are higher in the non2public sector than in the public sector. These newly found wage patterns are potentially useful in considering income redistribution in China. Key Words : Wage Differentials ; Public Sector ; Nonpublic Sector ; Income Distribution JEL Classification :J310, J450, J710 ( : ) ( : ) ( 27 ) Taylor, J. B Low Inflation, Pass2through, and the Pricing Power of Firms, European Economic Review, 44 (7) : Xuxin Yu,2007, The Pattern of Exchange Rate Effects on Chinese Prices, , Review of International Economics,15 (4). Exchange Rate Pass2through : The Case of China Wang Jinbin and Li Nan (School of Economics, Renmin University of China) Abstract :This paper investigates the degree of exchange rate pass2through ( ERPT) to import and consumer prices in China with both the ratio of China s imports to GDP and the domestic prices of China s main trade partners are going up. Statistic results argue that the degree of ERPT is less than the degree of marginal cost add2up of exporters to some extent, and the econometric analyses reach the same conclusion. Besides, the ERPT to import prices is found to be high while the ERPT to CPI is low owing to some factors that obstruct the import prices pass2through channel to domestic CPI. But this situation is changed markedly since August 2005, so the more flexible exchange rate system is needed for China to absorb the price shock from aboard efficiently. Key Words : Exchange Rate Pass2through ; Cost Mark2up ; CPI JEL Classification :F41, F12, E31 ( : ) ( : ) 140

Melly 2005 Oaxaca Blinder Cai & Liu 2011 Cho et al Admchik & Bedi Bales & Rama % Imbert

Melly 2005 Oaxaca Blinder Cai & Liu 2011 Cho et al Admchik & Bedi Bales & Rama % Imbert 2012 4 * CHNS 1989 1997 2000 2009 Alesina et al. 2002 Krueger 1988 10% 25% Mueller 1998 Pedersen et al. 1990 Heitmueller 2006 Gyourko & Tracy 1988 Robinson & Tomes 1984 Dustmann & Soest 1998 * 100871 phdpaul2009