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17 Modern Chine se History Studie s No. 4, 2008 An Intellectual History of the Ancient Chinese Despotism Thesis Hou Xudong (4) Since late 19 th century, the thesis that the imperial Chinese polity from Qin to Qing was despotic and that Chinese emperors were despots has been popular and influential. Indeed, it has constituted one of the basic theses employed in studies of Chinese history. This paper looks at this thesis from the angle of intellectual history, analyzing its emergence, its spread and its consequences. The paper points out that this thesis was not a result of scientific research, but a Western bias towards the Orient dating to Aristotle that a few Western thinkers began to use in the 18 th century to describe China. It was introduced into China via Japan in the late 19 th century and was widely accepted by Chinese intellectuals of all standpoints. Through dictionaries and history textbooks, it also seeped nearly unquestioned into the general populace. The despotism thesis has not been sufficiently demonstrated by historical facts, so if we use it without any re2considerations to understand the Chinese ruling mechanism in imperial times, it will only hinder our research. Off icial Duties of the Magistrate of Guangdong s Foremost County during the Tongzhi and Guangxu Periods : Reading the Nanhai County Magistrate s Diaries Qiu J ie (29) The main data used in this article are the diaries of Du Fengzhi, who was magistrate of Nanhai county during the Tongzhi and Guangxu periods. In addition to performing the routine official duties of a prefect or magistrate, Du Fengzhi was also the official in direct control of Guangdong s provincial capital (jurisdiction over Guangzhou city was divided be2 tween Nanhai and Panyu counties). From his diaries, we can see the local government s system for administering the provincial capital and many details of the city s social life. Du Fengzhi took part in many foreign affairs activities under orders from the Governor2general, and his diaries recorded some of the diplomatic negotiations in Guangdong at the time. Moreover, as the magistrate of the province s foremost county, Du Fengzhi always directly reported to the Governor2gen2 eral, the Governor, the Financial Commissioner and the J udicial Commissioner, discussed official duties with senior offi2 cials of all levels, and participated in such affairs as appointing and removing officials. In fact, he was an important assis2 tant to Guangdong province s senior officials. The diary s record of Du Fengzhi s official and private intercourse with of2 ficials of all levels reveals the specific operations of local administrative institutions and illuminates various regulations and interpersonal relationships in the late Qing period. On the System of Awarding Degrees in Schools in the Qing Dynasty Zuo Yuhe (45) The imperial examination system was a system for selecting talented persons in ancient China, whereas the new style school system was a system for educating students. The natures and functions of the two systems were very different. The system of awarding degrees in schools, established around the time that the imperial examination system was abolished, was simply a dislocated graft of the two systems. In fact, it was an extension of the traditional idea of awarding office to excellent students, and created and encouraged the general mood of using learning to seek office, while it reinforced the pattern of integrating officials and students. For these reasons, it was fiercely criticized by forward2thinking men. Based on a review of the planning and implementation of the system of awarding degrees in Qing dynasty, this paper anal2 yses the functional and intrinsic differences between the imperial examination system and the schools, and reveals the in2 herent conflict in the design of the system of mixing schools and officialdom and integrating the selection of talented persons with the education of students. The paper goes on to explain the complexity and inevitability of the transition from the traditional examination degree system to the system of awarding degrees in school, and the turn towards the modern of academic degree system. Famine and Foreign Trade : Centered on the Port of Tianjin, J ia Hongwei (58)

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