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2 67 OnBartlebytheChristian SatoshiKoma InhislectureonRomanStatuaryMelvillemakesthefollowing referencetotheforgeryofacorrespondencebetweenpaulandseneca whichwasknowntojerome: InthebustofSeneca,whosephilosophywouldbeChristianity itselfsaveitsauthenticity,whoseutterancessoamazedoneoftheearly fathersthathethoughthemusthavecorrespondedwithst Paul,we seeafacemorelikethatofadisappointedpawnbrokeripinchedand grievedhisresemblanceisjust,foritwasknownthathewasavariciousandgrasping,anddealtlargelymmortgagesandloans,and drovehardbargainsevenatthatday Itisironlikeandinflexible,and wouldbenodisgracetoawallstreetbroker. OnlythebronzebustofSenecastruckMelvilleasbeinga caricature.,j2butwhat thesestatuesconfessand,asitwere,prattletous of, isnotrecordedinhistory Melvillefmdsinthemevidenceof unchangingqualityofwhatgoestomakeup thecomponentpartsof humancharacter. Andhehopesthatthe heroictonepeculiarto ancientlife,,is `notwhollylostfromtheworld,althoughtheearthly vanityinculcatedbychristianitymayhaveswalloweditupin humility.'n3 TodecrywealthandpraisepovertyistosomeextentacommoL place;andwithsenecainparticularthiswassofrequentapractice (Ep 17.3)thathishearersfoundsomeinconsistencybetweenhis wordsandhisdeeds;forhewasarichman,buthispositionisclear: that richesareagood''isastoicparadox(ep 87.35;V B 24.5); butneverthelesstheyareaadvantage,andthusarerightlyaimedat

68 (VB 24.6).Themaintenanceofthefamilypropertywasadutyof highimportancelandthewastingofitmwholesalelargess,aserious misdeed(ep 120.8).

3 68 (VB 24.6).Themaintenanceofthefamilypropertywasadutyof highimportancelandthewastingofitmwholesalelargess,aserious misdeed(ep 120.8).TheStoicviewwassufficientlysummedupina proverbborrowedfromepicurusoroneofhisfollowers: hewhofeels theneedofweathleast,canmakethebestuseofit',(ep 14.17).For SenecaNero'sfavorwasadanger,Butoneshouldnotofcourseread inhiswritingshismere hiddenandunvoicedapologias. 4Rather, weshouldreadinthemhisactionsofperformingtheparts,andeven theoppositeones,inaplayhehadchosensenecaholdsfasttothe principlesthatvirtuecanbetaughtandthatvirtueisanart For ``naturedoesnotbestowvirtuelitisanarttobecomegood.', Virtue isnotvouchsafedtoasoulunlessthatsoulhasbeentrainedand taught,andbyunremittingpracticebroughttopelfection',(ep90. 44,46).Senecahimse]fdoesnotclaimtobeawiseman(Ep 57.3). Butnobodycanbe onepersonexceptthewiseman;therestofus oftenshiftsourmasks,attimesyouwinthinkusthriftyandserious, atothertimeswastefulandidle Wecontinuallychangeourcharacters andplayapartcontrarytothatwhichwehavediscarded Youshould thereforeforceyourselftomaintaintotheveryendoflife,sdramathe characterwhichyouassumedatthebeginning Seetoitthatmenbe abletopraiseyou;ifnot,letthematleastidentifyyou,,(ep ). Thelawyer-narratorandhistwoscrivenersnicknamedTurkey andnippersin Bartleby,'arecharactersofthiskind: aman[is] neverthesame,neverevenlikehimself;tosuchanextentdoeshewander offintoopposites"(v,21). ExpectingtheMessianic ladvantofbartleby,''5thelawoffice alreadyproducestheatmosphereofachurch: thelightcamedown fromfarabove, asfromaverysmallopeninginadome,Ⅲ(p,23). Turkeymakesblotsonhiscopyafterthesunhasreacheditsmeridian. Thoughthecivilest,nay,theblandestandmostreverentialofmenin themorning,yet,intheafternoon,[he]wasdisposed tobe insolent''(p 19 卯 "Loveispatientandkind;loveisnotjealousorboastfull

69 itisnotarrogantorrude Love isnotirritable. Lovebearsall things',(1cor 13.

4 69 itisnotarrogantorrude Love isnotirritable. Lovebearsall things',(1cor ); Throughlovebeservantsofoneanother (GaL5 13); Loveoneanotherwithbrotherlyaffection;outdoone anotherinshowinghonor (Rom,12.10); Donothingfromselfishnessorconceit,butinhumilitycountothersbetterthanyourselves', (PhiL23).BycontrastNippers``was,atleast,atemperateyoung man.'iheiscontinuallydiscontentedwiththetablewhereheworks Hisantemeridianworkistornbyirritation,fightinghisdeskasifit "wereaperversevoluntaryagent,intentonthwartingandvexing him. TheirritabilityandnervousnessofNippersare mainlyobserv ableinthemorningiwhileintheafternoonhewascomparatively mild (pp 21,22). WalkbytheSpirit,anddonotgratifythedesire oftheflesh. Nowtheworksofthefleshareplain:fornicationo impurity,licentiousness,idolatory,sorcery,enmity,strife,jealousy1 anger,selfishness,dissension,partyspirit,envy,drunkenness1 carousing,andthelike Iwarnyou, thatthosewhodosuchthings shallnotinheritthekingdomofgod ButthefruitoftheSpiritislove, joy,peace,patience,kindness,goodness1faithfulness,gentleness, self-control',(ga1.5.16,19-23).itisahabitwithturkeyandnippers tosendtheofficeboygingernutfor thatpeculiarcake small, flat,round,andveryspicy. Turkeyoneafternoonmoistensaginger cakebetweenhislips,andclapsitontoamortgage foraseal',(p 22).SuchisthemeaningofChrist'slife-givingbodyinthestory. Do notlaborforthefoodwhichperishes,butforthefoodwhichendures toeternallifeiwhichthesonofmanwillgiveyou;foronhimhasgod thefathersethisseal,,(john6.27).bartlebyturnsouttoeatnothing elsethanginger-nuts. Myfoodistodothewinofhimwhosentme, andtoaccomplishhiswork''(john434).turkeyandnippersrespectivelyspendhalfadayinimitatingofchristandthenewscrivener Bartlebyawholeday Buthewillnotexaminecopies,evenforthe lawyer,saying,`oiwouldprefernotto,,(pp24,25).whenhesaysso, heprobablyhasinmindmat 6.24: Noonecanservetwomasters.,,

70 IntothemouthofthelawyerdoesMelvilleputhisownfeelings: Had therebeenanythingordinarilyhumanabouthim,'1heshouldhave instantlydismissedhim(p25).

5 70 IntothemouthofthelawyerdoesMelvilleputhisownfeelings: Had therebeenanythingordinarilyhumanabouthim,'1heshouldhave instantlydismissedhim(p25).seneca,melville'sfavorite,alsotestifiesthat Whenweseeapersonofsuchsteadfastness,howcanwe helpbeingconsciousoftheimageofanaturesounusual? (Ep, )AtfirstBartlebydoesan extraordinary,,amountofwork, copymgbysun-lightandbycandle-light'1(p 24). Wemustworkthe worksofhimwhosentme,whileitisday;nightcomes,whennoone canwork0'(john9.4).bartlebyrefusestoexaminecopiesasusual, butthelawyercannotdismisshim Forthereissomethmgabouthim that notonlystrq 几 gejydisarmedme,but,inawonderfulmanner, touchedanddisconcertedme',(p26myitalics).jesussays, Allthat thefathergivesmewillcometome;andhimwhocomestomelwill notcastout',(john6.37).butwhenheonce prefersnotto,,, Verygood,Bartleby',saidI, intimatingtheunalterablepurpose ofsometerribleretributionverycloseathand. Iprefernotto,, wassuretocome;andthenhowcouldahumancreature,withthe commoninfirmitiesofournature,refrainfrombitterlyexclaiming uponsuchperverseness-suchunreasonableness{pp 30-31] (Here bitterly means inahostilemanner")whenjesuspreaches agamstretributionandenmityinthesermononthemount,hesays, "Loveyourenemies (Mat,5.44).Andwhenitremindsthelawyer that IfwhilewewereenemieswewerereconciledtoGodbythedeath ofhisson, (Rom,5.10),thelawyerbecomes reconciledto Bartleby (pp,30-31).butthelawyerresolvesthathewilldismiss himuthinkingtohimselfthat if Icouldassisthim,Iwouldbe happytodoso,especiallyifhedesiredtoreturntohisnativeplace, whereverthatmightbe,iwouldwillinglyhelptodefraytheexpenses', (p 35).Jesussays, InmyFather'shousearemanyrooms; Igo toprepareaplaceforyou,andwhenlgoandprepareaplaceforyou, Iwillcomeagainandwilltakeyoutomyself,thatwherelamyou

6 71 maybealso,!(john14.2,3).thelawyertriestodismissbartlebybut invain Thelawyer stm7zgelyfeltsomethings 迎 pe stjtjousknocking atmyheart,andforbiddingmetocarryoutmypurpose,anddenouncingmeforavillainifldaredtobreatheonebitterwordagainst thisforlornestofmankind,'(p36myitalics).christ``emptiedhimself,takingtheformofaservant (Phi1.2.7).Indeed,Bartleby,spersonalbelongingsareverysmallinnumber: Ablanket,,, ablacking boxandbrush, atinbasinwithsoapandraggedtowe1,',and a fewcrumbsofginger-nutsinanewspaper.,, Hispovertywasgreat,, (p,33). Though[Christ]wasrich,yetforyoursakehebecamepoor, sothatbyhispovertyyoumightbecomerich (2Cor 8.9).Bartleby atlastannouncesthathehas decidedupondoingnomoreworking.,, Andwhatisthereason?, demandsthelawyer. Doyounotseethe reasonforyourself?',bartlebyreplies(p 38).Jesussays, Father, thehourhascome;glorifythysonthatthesonmayglorifythee, I glorifiedtheeonearth,havingaccomplishedtheworkwhichthou gavestmetodoo (John17.1,4).Thelawyer,actuallyawarethat Bartlebyispreparedtosufferhispassion,takesuponhimselfthepart ofpilate. Iseeit,IfeelitoI,hesays. `Iamcontent Othersmayhave loftierpartstoenact;butmymissioninthisworld,bartleby,isto furnishyouwithoffice-roomforsuchperiodasyoumayseefitto remam',(p 44).Accordingly,hedesertsBartleby Hedenieshim thus: Iamverysorry,sir, but,really,themanyoualludetois nothingtome. Bartleby[is]nothingtome. I[a ]thelastper sonknowntohaveanythingtodowithhim''(pp 47-48).Pilate'swife warnshimtohavenothingtodowith thatrighteousman,,,about whomshehashadadream;alsothehand-washingincidentisintroduced,inwhichpilateclaimstohisowninnocence(mat 27.19,24). HereitdeservestoberememberedthatthelawyerIthoughdenying Bartlebyinthemorning,yet,intheafternoon,inviteshimintothe house,asking, Bartleby, willyougohomewithmenow-notto myoffice,butmydwelling?(p 49)Jesussays, Iwasastrangerand

7 72 yetookmein,'(mat 25.35KJ).FollowingtheexampleofTurkeyand Nippers,thelawyerimitatesChrist,andthenresumestheroleof PilateandvisitstobefriendBartlebyintheTombsprison,andsays, "Itwasnotlthatbroughtyouhere (p 51).AworldarisesofparodiesofpassagesintheBibleaccordingasBartlebyimitatesChrist. ThedescriptionofBartlebythroughoutthestoryisshadowedby theimageofjesus,death: hiscadaverouslygentlemanlynoncha lance',(p 32); thepallidcopyist,,(p 33); `pallidhaughtinessd,(p 34); hiscadaverousreply''(p 36); hiscadaveroustriumph (p,42); "hisinnocentpallor',(p 46); apallidhopelessness,,(p 54).Bartle by,asitwere,is alwayscarryinginthebodythedeathofjesus',(2 Cor 4.10).Thereisarumortotheeffectthathe hadbeenasubordinateclerkinthedeadletterofficeatwashington,,(p 54).The lawyercomments: Deadlettersldoesitnotsoundlikedeadmen?Conceiveamanby natureandmisfortunepronetoapallidhopelessness,cananybusinessseemmorefittedtoheightenitthanthatofcontinuallyhandling thesedeadlettersandassortingthemfortheflames?[p,54] YetanexaminationofBartleby'sactionsprovethecontrarywhen TheinterpretationofChristianbaptismiscomparedtoJesus,death andresurrection: Howcanwewhodiedtosinstillliveinit?Doyou notknowthatallofuswhohavebeenbaptizedintochristjesuswere seeninthelightofthecourseofthesalvation-occurrence Onthecontrary,BartlebybelievesChristtobe thehopeofglory''(co1.1.27). baptizedintohisdeath?wewereburiedthereforewithhimbybaptismintodeath. Forifwehavebeenunitedwithhiminadeathlike hisiweshallcertainlybeunitedwithhiminaresurrectionlikehis Weknowthatouroldmanwascrucifiedwith[Christ]sothatthe sinfulbodymightbedestroyed,andwemightnolongerbeenslaved tosin,'(rom 6.2-6).YetthelawyerⅢsoldmanlives,andheisnot

73 allcrucified: ButwhentheoldAdamofresentmentroseinmeand temptedmeconcerningbartleby,igrappledhimandthrewhim,'(p 43). Thebondofacommonhumanity,'drawsthelawyertoBartleby.

8 73 allcrucified: ButwhentheoldAdamofresentmentroseinmeand temptedmeconcerningbartleby,igrappledhimandthrewhim,'(p 43). Thebondofacommonhumanity,'drawsthelawyertoBartleby. ``Afraternalmelancholy1 hesays. ForbothIandBartlebywere sonsofadam (p 33).Butwhenthelawyerconfessesthat Inever feelsoprivateaswhenlknowyouarehere,,(p 44),BartlebyprobablyremindshimofRom 68: IfwehavediedwithChrist,webelieve thatweshallalsolivewithhim.', Butthereisnothingavailablebut faithworkingthroughlove,, (GaL5 6).Byaccident,oneSundaymorning,whenhe happened,,to gotochurch,thelawyerdiscovers,onattemptingtoenterhisoffice, / thatbartl6byworksforhirn Heisperplexed,for``whatevermightbe hiseccentrisities,bartlebywasaneminentlydecorousperson. Beside,itwasSunday;andtherewassomethmgaboutBartlebythat forbadethesuppositionthathewouldbyanysecularoccupation violatetheproprietiesoftheday,,(p32).amomentlater,thelawyer isrepulsedbythesightofbartleby's miserablefriendlessnessand loneliness. HepromptlydisavowshisSundaysentiments: Myfirstemotionshadbeenthoseofpuremelancholyandsincerest pity;butjustinproportionastheforlornnessofbartlebygrewand grewtomyimagination,didthatsamemelancholymergemtofear, thatpityintorepulsion Sotrueitis,andsoterrible,too,thatuptoa certainpointthethoughtorsightofmiseryenlistsourbestaffections; but,incertainspecialcases,beyondthatpointitdoesnot. And whenatlastitisperceivedthatsuchpitycannotleadtoeffectual succor,commonsensebidsthesoulberidofit.[pp34-35] Thusthethingshesaw disqualified',himfromchurch-going For thisreason: Faith,hope,loveabide,thesethree;butthegreatestof theseislove,,(1cor,13.13).thenextmorning,thelawyercalls Bartleby,andsays:

9 74 Willyoutellmeanythingaboutyourself?, Iwouldprefernotto.', Butwhatreasonableobjectioncanyouhavetospeaktome? feelfriendlytowardyou.', I Bartleby,nevermind,then,aboutrevealingyourhistory;butlet meentreatyou,asα か je7zd,tocomplyasfarasmaybewiththe usagesofthisoffice,saynow,youwillhelptoexaminepaperstomorrowornextday.[p36myitalics] ForthelawyerBartlebyislike onewho willbesatisfactoryonlysolongasheisusefulhence prosperousmenareblockadedbytroopsoffriends;butthosewho havefailedstandamidvastloneliness,theirfriendsfleeingfromthe verycrisiswhichistotesttheirworthhence,also,wenoticethose manyshamefulcasesofpersonswhqthroughfear;desertorbetray Thebeginningandtheendcannotbutharmonize Hewhobeginstobe yourfriendbecauseitpayswillalsoceasebecauseitpays.[ep,9.9] Thelawyersaysoneandthesamethmg: Heisusefultome Ican getalongwithhim. TobefriendBartleby;tohumorhiminhis strangewillfullness,willcostmelittleornothing,whilellayupin mysoulwhatwilleventuallyproveasweetmorselformyconscience (p28).whilewecanwellunderstandthemeaningofhisdesertion, wecannotexpecthimtoagreethat Thereisnofearinlove,',northat Greaterlovehasnomanthanthis,thatamanlaydownhislifefor hisfriends, northat0`ihavebeencrucifiedwithchrist;itisno longerlwholive,butchristwholivesinme;andthelifelnowlivein thefleshllivebyfaithinthesonofgod,luhozouedmea 几 dgaue ノ jimsewbrme (1John4.18;John15.13IGaL220myitalics).Yetthe lawyerasachristian toremyselffromhimwhomlhadsolongedto beridof''(p47).

10 75 Therestillremains,however,thequestionofincarnationofChrist. "Bartlebywas,',saysthelawyer, `oneofthosebeingsofwhomnothingisascertainable,ercept 介 omtheorjgmajsonrces,and,inhis case,thoseareverysmall, (pl6myitalics).jesussays, Before Abrahamwas,Iam,'(John8.58),Bartlebydeclines tellingwhohe was,orwhencehecame,orwhetherhehadanyrelativesinthe world'Ⅲ(p 34);heasks, willyoutellme,bartleby,whereyouwere born? (p,35);andheconfidesthat Ifhewouldbuthavenameda singlerelativeorfriend,iwouldinstantlyhavewritten (p 39).But Bartlebyneverspeaks Jesussays, Itoldyou,andyoudonotbelieve (John10.25).ThelawyerdiscoversthatBartlebyhasquietlyoccupied hisoffice,toeatandsleepthere Hethinks, Hissolitude,howterri ble1,,(p 33)Jesussaysofhimself,"Godsolovedtheworldthathe gavehisonlyson',(john3.16); InthistheloveofGodwasmade manifestamongus,thatgodsenthisonlysonintotheworld. In thisislove,notthatwelovedgod,butthathelovedusandsenthis Soni,(1John4.9-10).Christ,accordingtohispre-existence,isalso describedas `thewisdomofgod',(1cor 1.24).Thelawyeronce saveshimselffromapossiblymurderousrage byrecallingthedivine injunction: Anewcommandmentgiveluntoyou,thatyeloveone another., Asideか0mノDigherco 几 side7atio 几 8,charityoftenoperates asavastlyuノisea7zdprude"tprinciple---agreatsafeguardtoitspos sessor (p 43myitalics).Thelawyerhimselfadmitsthathiswisdom is``anartofliving',(ep95.7). Benotwiseinyourconceits1,(Rom 12.16KJ).AndthehumanityofJesuscanbedeniedlessthanhis pre-existence: EveryspiritwhichcofessesthatJesusChristhascome inthefleshisofgod,andeveryspiritwhichdoesnotconfessjesusis notofgod (1John4.2-3).ThelawyerfindsBartlebydead,lyingin theprisonyard Likeanunbornchild,heis strangelyhuddled withhiskneesdrawnup,andlyingonhisside''(p 53), Eh1-He,s asleep,ain'the?',asksafunctionary. Withkingsandcounsellors, answersthelawyer(job3.14).whatismeantbyhisallusiontojob

11 76 isplain:thatbartlebyhadbetternothavebeenborn,-orinother words,that ThegreatesttestwasstillbeforeHim:Hislifeasaman onearth. 6Whyisitthathedidnotdiehappily?Becausehewas honest,indeed,toohonest Thelawyersays, `IhadasmgⅢmrconfidenceinhishonesty''(p 31myitalics).Thetermof``deadletters is quotedfromrom 7.6: Nowwearedeliveredfromthelaw,that beingdeadwhereinwewereheld;thatweshouldserveinnewnessof spirit,andnotintheoldnessofletter (KJ).Thecommandmentwas oncegiventopaulforlife,butitneverthelessleadedhimtodeath;it didsobyarousingdesireinhim. Apartfromthelawsinliesdead', (v,9).ontheotherhand, tothoseunderthelaw,' sayshe,!`i becameasoneunderthelaw-thoughnotbeingmyselfunderthe law-thatimightwinthoseunderthelaw (lcor 9.20).Hesaw eveninhimseⅡapossibility,indeed,ofimitationofevilbutsuchis notwhatconcernsbartleby. Aservant[isnot]abovehismaster (Mat 10.24). Notes lmertonm Sealts,Jr.,Meluj 肱 aslectu'e (Cambridge,Massachusetts: HarvardUniversityPress,1957),pp HermanMelviIle,JOwTuQZs(EvanstonandChicago:North-WesternUniversityPress,1989),p103. 3MbJUi 比 aslecmrer,pp 134,135. 4J.N Sevenster,PmLUα"dSe 几 eca(leiden:e.bfill,1961),p 203.Iowe muchinwritingthisparagraphto ノコ auza 几 dsmecq,pp ,andE, VernonArnold,Romα ア zaoicism(london:routledge&keganpaulltd, 1958),pp T1hePjczzmnzZes(NewYork:HendricksHouse,1948),p 17.Subsequent pagereferencesaretothisedition 6,.H Lawrence, ん Ce 几 i 工 (London:Heineman,1968),p 574.

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新闻学 46 7 新闻传播学院广告学 28 4 广播电视学 23 3 新闻学广告学 100 15 1). 级学生申请准入需修完或正在修 2 门专业准入课程并取得相应学分 ;2). 级学生申请准入需文学院汉语言文学 100 15 汉语言文学 75 11 1. 级学生申请准入需至少完成本专业准入课程 12 个学分 ; 级学生申请准入需至少完成本专业准入课程 15 个学分 ; 2. 原专业学分绩在 4.0 以上 2. 符合准入条件的学生需参加学院组织的