カテゴリー Ⅱ 日本建築学会環境系論文集第 83 巻第 745 号, ,2018 年 3 月 J. Environ. Eng., AIJ, Vol. 83 No. 745, , Mar., 2018 DOI

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1 カテゴリー Ⅱ 日本建築学会環境系論文集第 83 巻第 745 号,293-,18 年 3 月 J. Environ. Eng., AIJ, Vol. 83 No. 745, 293-, Mar., 18 DOI 中国都市部における住宅内空気環境と児童のアレルギー性疾患との関連性についての調査 SURVEY ON ASSOCIATION BETWEEN INDOOR AIR QUALITY OF DWELLINGS AND CHILDRENʼS ALLERGIC DISEASES IN URBAN REGIONS OF CHINA 吉野博 *1, 柳宇 *2, 大竹徹 *3, 後藤伴延 *4, 長谷川兼一 *5 *6, 鍵直樹 Hiroshi YOSHINO, U YANAGI, Toru OTAKE, Tomonobu GOTO, Kenichi HASEGAWA and Naoki KAGI In the present study, questionnaire surveys and field measurements were carried out in urban areas of China to clarify the association between children s allergic diseases and indoor environment. From this study, it was revealed that several questionnaire items regarding indoor air quality were associated with some children s allergic diseases. It was also suggested that VOCs and PM2.5 are major factors of children s allergic diseases in China. By comparing with a previous study in Japan, it was found that the prevalence rates of children s allergic diseases and indoor concentrations of airborne fungi and TVOC in Japan were higher than in China. Keywords : Allergic diseases, Indoor environment, Questionnaire survey, Field measurement 1. 1) 1 2), 3) 4) 4 5 ~ 5) Sundell 6) MVOC MVOC *1 東北大学総長特命教授工博 *2 工学院大学建築学部教授博士 ( 公衆衛生学工学 ) *3 ( 研究当時 ) 東北大学大学院工学研究科博士前期課程 *4 東北大学大学院工学研究科准教授博士 ( 工学 ) *5 秋田県立大学システム科学技術学部教授博士 ( 工学 ) *6 東京工業大学環境社会理工学院准教授博士 ( 工学 ) President-appointed Extraordinary Prof., Tohoku University, Dr.Eng. Prof., Kogakuin University, Dr.Eng. Former Grad. Student, Tohoku University Assoc. Prof., Tohoku University, Dr.Eng. Prof., Akita Prefectural University, Dr.Eng. Assoc. Prof., Tokyo Institute of Technology, Dr.Eng. 293

2 7) Fig Fig ) IgE Table % % Table 2 1 ATS-DLD 8) 3.2 Table Phase 1 Questionnaire surveys Date : 12.11, 13.5 Number of distributions : n=929 Number of respondents : n=916 Targets of questionnaire surveys : 4 th or 5 th grade children Phase 2 Field surveys Date : 13.1 ~ 14.1 Number of targets : n=68 (winter), n=59 (summer) Table 1 Distributions and respondents of questionnaires City Cold zone Hot summer and warm winter zone Fig.1 Target cities and climatic division Fig.2 Outline of this study Areas Beijing Num. of distribution Harbin Severe cold zone Dalian Cold zone Shanghai Hot summer and Wuhan cold winter zone Hot zone Changsha Questionnaire items Children s allergic diseases and indoor environment Chose samples of Phase2 Field survey items Temperature, RH, HR, CO 2,PM 2.5, fungi and VOCs Num. of respondents Response rate(%) Harbin Sever cold zone North Beijing cities Cold zone Dalian 1 1 Shanghai 5 5 South Hot summer and Wuhan 1 1 cities cold winter zone Changsha 1 1 Total Table 2 Questionnaire items Personal Sex, Birth order, Type of infantile feeding attribute Health condition Surrounding environment Dwelling performance Dwelling equipment Indoor environment Occupant behavior Children's allergic diseases, Doctor diagnosed allergic symptoms in the past, Health conditions of famillies, Sleeping condition Location of residence, Something located around residence Age of building, Duration of residence, Total floor area, Area of rooms Wall and floor finishing materials, Type of window, Material of window sash Type of heating and cooling equipment, Operation period of heating equipment in living room, Existence of ventilating equipment, Operation period of ventilating equipment Feel damp or dry, Existence of visible mold and vapor condensation Pet ownership, Frequency of using vacuum cleaner, Use of insecticide, Existence of smokers Table 3 Prevalence rates of children s allergic diseases determined by questionnaire surveys Children's Allergic diseases Bronchial Hay fever (inc. Continuous cough Continuous sputum Wheezing hypersensitivity similar symptoms) Asthma (presently) One or more allergic sym ptoms at present N % N % N % N % N % N % N % China: all resarch cities N= % % % 73 8.% % % % China: North cities N= % 8 2.% % 5.% % 6 1.5% 124.9% China: South cities N= % 8 1.6% % 53.3% % % % Japan: Yoshino 4) (N=1846) % % 1 5.5% % % 5.4% % 294

3 39.4% 2.9% 46.% 15% 2 7 Dong ATS-DLD 5) 8.1% 4.2% 3.8% 1.7% 3.2% 1.7% 3.9% 2.4% 3.3 2) OR 95% ( ) p<.2 3) IBM SPSS Statistics Ver. Table Table 4 Summary of multivariable logistic regression analysis Forced entry method Forward selection method Existence of visible mold Factors of chemical effect Something located around residence Dwelling performance Dwelling equipment Items Renovation of kitchen and bathroom Replacing of wall material and wallpaper Replacing of floor board Painting of wall and floor Odor of new building materials Existence of emitting chemicals such as aromatic substance Main road Factory Garbage incinerating facilities High-voltage line Age of building Duration of residence Total floor area Area of living room Type of window Material of window sash Wall finishing materials Floor finishing materials Type of heating equipment Operation period of heating equipment Existence of cooling equipment in child's room Living room Living room Living room Feel / Don t feel 3-5 years/ > years 5- years / > years <1 year / Since born Bronchial hypersensitivity 2.19* ( ) 2.73* ( ) 2.46* ( ) 2.81* ( ) Hay fever (inc. similar symptoms) 1.37 ( ) 2.34** ( ) 2.58** ( ) 2.8* ( ) At least one allergic symptom at present 1.45 (.-2.33) 2.34** ( ) 2.53** ( ) 2.3* ( ) Bronchial hypersensitivity 2.7 ( ) 4.57* ( ) 7.58* (1.-44.) North cities Hay fever (inc. similar symptoms).82 ( ).25** ( ) At least one allergic symptom at present.94 ( ) 3.* ( ) 2.39* ( ) 9.5** ( ) Bronchial hypersensitivity 3.1* ( ) 3.2* ( ) 3.35* ( ) South cities Hay fever (inc. similar symptoms) 1.55 ( ) 2.47* ( ) 2.16* ( ) 5.79** ( ) Pet ownership 3.43* ( ) Occupant Frequency of washing bedding behavior Use of insecticide in closet Living room Ownership of TV Upper stage: Adjusted odds ratio, Lower stage: 95% confidence interval. Adjustment factors: Sex, Type of infantile feeding, Existence of smokers, Resarch cities. p-value : p<.1, *: p<.5, **: p<.1 Each model: 2 test p<.5, Hosmer-Lemeshow test p>.5, Precision ratio 61.9%~94.9% All cities At least one allergic symptom at present 1.74 ( ) 3.24* ( ) 295

4 5% OR 95% 1 p>.2 5) (1) OR 2.19(p<.5) 3.1(p<.5) 4) OR 1.71 p<.5 OR Dong 5) OR OR (2) OR Table 5 2 6) 1~3 CO2 PM2.5 CO2 CO2 2 SVOC GC/MS MBS- Table 5 Outline of field measurements Winter Summer Date Num. n=68 n=59 of Harbin (), Beijing (), Dalian (), Beijing (), Dalian (), targets Shanghai (21), Wuhan (7), Changsha () Shanghai (19), Wuhan (), Changsha () Temperaure and RH Living room,, Outdoor Measured CO 2 (Living room) VOCs Living room, (3) SVOC in dust Living room, Airborne fungi Living room,, Outdoor Items Fungi in dust Living room, Adherent fungi Living room, PM2.5 Living room,, Outdoor measurement limit 65[CFU/m 3 ] Case: 17436[ g/m ] Control: 283[ g/m 3 ] measurement limit 131[CFU/m 3 ] Case Case Control Case Control N=58, MED N=64, MED.175. N=66, MED.193. Outdoor Control Outdoor N=59, MED.455. N=66, MED.166. N=56, MED.. N=66, MED N=43, MED Airborne fungus concentration [CFU/m 3 ] PM2.5 concentration [ g/m 3 ] (1) Airborne fungi in summer (2) TVOC in winter (3) PM 2.5 in winter Fig.3 Comparisons between case group and control group (all data of 6 cities) 296

5 Case N=18, MED.4. Control N=16, MED.515. Outdoor N=17, MED.362. Fig.4 TVOC in winter (Wuhan and Changsha) measurement limit 65[CFU/m 3 ] p <.1 North cities N=, MED.2.5 South cities N=77, MED.3. Airborne fungus concentration [CFU/m 3 ] p <.1 283[ g/m3 ] 17436[ g/m 3 ] North cities N=34, MED.65.5 South cities N=76, MED Fig.5 Comparisons between northern cities and southern cities p <.1 North cities N=56, MED.. South cities N=76, MED.2.6 PM2.5 concentration [ g/m 3 ] (1) Airborne fungi in summer (2) TVOC in winter (3) PM 2.5 in winter 3M Tegaderm-Film DG18 PM2.5 TSI DustTrak 4.2 TVOC PM2.5 Fig.3 Mann-Whitney U p<.5 (1) CFU/m 3 CFU/m 3 9) 25% CFU/m 3 (2) TVOC TVOC g/m 3 % g/m 3 Fig.4 g/m 3 TVOC TVOC (3) PM 2.5 PM g/m 3 % % TVOC Fig.5 2 TVOC PM2.5 TVOC VOCs PM ) 5.1 Table Table 3.9% 46.% Table 6 Comparisons with previous surveys in Japan Surveys China Japan Winter surveys Winter surveys Rainy season surveys Summer surveys Autumn surveys Items Airborne fungi, I/O rate of airborne fungi, Fungi in dust Formaldehyde, Acetaldehyde, TVOC, SVOC in dust DBP, DEHP 297

6 61.2% ) p <.1 China (winter) N=1, MED Japan (winter) N=32, MED.5. Airborne fungus concentration [CFU/m 3 ] Japan (rainy season) N=48, MED.555. Japan (autumn) N=84, MED.. Airborne fungus concentration [CFU/m 3 ] Fig.6 Airborne fungi (left: winter, right: summer) p <.1 p <.1 China (winter) N=1, MED..7 Japan (winter) N=32, MED I/O rate of airborne fungi [-] China (winter) N=1, MED.212. Japan (winter) N=32, MED Fig.8 TVOC (left: winter, right: summer) China (summer) N=117, MED.4. Fig.7 I/O rate of airborne fungi (left: winter, right: summer).1 1 vs. Japan (rainy season ) p <.1 vs. Japan (autumn) p <.1 vs. Japan autumn p <.1 vs. Japan rainy season p <.1 China (summer) N=117, MED..4 Japan (rainy season) N=48, MED..6 Japan (autumn) N=84, MED..8 I/O rate of airborne fungi [-] China (summer) N=116, MED.69. Japan (rainy season) N=92, MED Japan (autumn) N=68, MED ) 5.3 Fig.6 Fig.7 I/O I/O I/O TVOC Fig.8 TVOC g/m Table ) Table 7 Summary of comparisons between surveys in China and Japan Winter Summer China Japan U -test a China Japan (rainy season ) U -test a China Japan (autumn) U -test a Items Units No. Median No. Median (p-value) No. Median No. Median (p-value) No. Median No. Median (p-value) Airborne fungi (CFU/m 3 ) Total *** Cladosporium *** Aspergillus ** *** *** Penicillium *** *** I/O rate of airborne fungi (-) Total *** ** *** Cladosporium ** Aspergillus *** * *** Penicillium * *** Fungi in dust (CFU/mg) Total VOCs ( g/m 3 ) Formaldehyde *** Acetaldehyde *** *** *** TVOC ** *** *** SVOC in dust ( g/g) DBP *** DEHP ** *** a Mann-Whitney U test. p-value : p<., *: p<.5, **: p<.1, ***: p<.1 298

7 1 15% 2) 3) VOCs PM2.5 4) 1 5) ( 2419 ) 1) Stephen Montefort et al.: Worldwide time trends in the prevalence of symptoms of asthma, allergic rhino conjunctivitis, and eczema in childhood: ISAAC Phases One and Three repeat multicounty cross-sectional surveys, Lancet, 368, pp , ) C.G. Bornehag, J. Sundell, T. Sigsgaard: Dampness in buildings and health (DBH): Report from an ongoing epidemiological investigation on the association between indoor environmental factors and health effects among children in Sweden, Indoor Air 4, 14, pp.59-66, 4. 3) K. Naydenov et al.: A comparison between occupants and inspectors reports on home dampness and their association with the health of children: The ALLHOME study, Building and Environment, 43(11), pp , ) H. Yoshino et al.: Investigation of association between indoor environmental factors and child allergic symptoms -Statistical analysis of influencing factors to child health problems through a questionnaire survey-, Journal of Environmental Engineering (Transactions of AIJ), 79, 695, 7-115, 14.1 (in Japanese) pp ) Guang-Hui Dong et al.: Effects of housing characteristics and home environmental factors on respiratory symptoms of,784 elementary school children from northeast China, Respiration, 76(1), pp.82-91, 8. 6) J. Sundell et al.: China, Children, Homes, Health (CCHH), Chinese Science Bulletin, 58(34), pp , ) Ministry of Construction, China: Thermal design code for civil building GB176-93, China Planning Press, 1993 (in Chinese). GB ) Air Quality Bureau, Ministry of Environment: Report of observational research on health effects of nitrogen oxides and others ( ), 1997 (in Japanese). 4~ ) Architectural Institute of Japan: AIJES-A2-13 Standard for design and maintenance on indoor pollution by microbe, 13.3 (in Japanese). AIJES-A ) Research Committee on Allergic Diseases: Research report on allergic diseases, Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, 7.3 (in Japanese) ) 2) 1 3) p< ) 5) 1/3 5 6) 299

8 SURVEY ON ASSOCIATION BETWEEN INDOOR AIR QUALITY OF DWELLINGS AND CHILDRENʼS ALLERGIC DISEASES IN URBAN REGIONS OF CHINA Hiroshi YOSHINO *1, U YANAGI *2, Toru OTAKE *3, Tomonobu GOTO *4, Kenichi HASEGAWA *5 and Naoki KAGI *6 *1 President-appointed Extraordinary Prof., Tohoku University, Dr.Eng. *2 Prof., Kogakuin University, Dr.Eng. *3 Former Grad. Student, Tohoku University *4 Assoc. Prof., Tohoku University, Dr.Eng. *5 Prof., Akita Prefectural University, Dr.Eng. *6 Assoc. Prof., Tokyo Institute of Technology, Dr.Eng. In the last decades, prevalence of children s allergic diseases has been increasing worldwide. Indoor environment is considered to be a possible cause for the children s allergic diseases. In our previous study, questionnaire surveys and field measurements were carried out in Japan to clarify the association between children s allergic diseases and indoor environmental factors. In the present study, almost the same surveys and measurements were carried out in urban areas of China, and the differences between Japan and China were discussed. The target cities were Harbin, Beijing, Dalian, Shanghai, Wuhan and Changsha. The target subjects were 4th or 5th grade pupils of primary schools, which were the same as the previous study in Japan. The questionnaire surveys were done with cooperation of one or two schools in each city, and the questionnaires were distributed from teachers to pupils. The questionnaire items were about personal attribute, health condition, surrounding environment, dwelling performance, dwelling equipment, indoor environment and occupant behavior. Those were answered by the pupils parents. The numbers of distributions and respondents were 929 and 916 respectively. From this questionnaire surveys, it was found that the rate of children having one or more allergic symptoms at present was 39.4% in all 6 cities total. The rate of southern 3 cities total was approx. 15% higher than that of northern 3 cities total (southern cities: 46.%, northern cities:.9%). In detail, the prevalence rates of continuous sputum, bronchial hypersensitivity, hay fever (incl. similar symptoms) and asthma of the southern cities were twice as much as those of the northern cities. By multivariable logistic regression analysis, it was revealed that several questionnaire items relating to indoor air quality, e.g. odor of new building materials and visible mold, were associated with some children s allergic diseases. The field measurements were done in both winter and summer. Approx. dwellings, which were selected from the dwellings of the questionnaire survey respondents, were measured in each city. The half of the dwellings was the case group in which a child with allergic diseases lived, and the other half was the control group in which no child with allergic diseases lived. The measured items were indoor temperature, humidity, CO2, fungi, VOCs and PM2.5. From the field measurements, it was found that there were no differences in concentrations of airborne fungi, TVOCs and PM2.5 between the case group and the control group. The reason was because indoor concentrations much depended on outdoor concentrations due to big air change rates by air leakage or natural ventilation. On the other hand, there were the differences in indoor concentrations of TVOC and PM2.5 between the southern cities and the northern cities. The concentrations in the southern cities were significantly higher than those in the northern cities, and this fact corresponded to that the prevalence rates in the southern cities were higher than the northern cities. Thus, it was suggested that VOCs and PM2.5 are major factors of children s allergic diseases in China. The results were compared with the previous study in Japan. It was found that the prevalence rates of children s allergic diseases in Japan were higher than those in China, although selection bias might have some influence. Furthermore, it was found that the indoor concentrations of airborne fungi and TVOC in Japan were higher than those in China. These facts seemed to be consistent with each other. (17 年 6 月日原稿受理,17 年 12 月 4 日採用決定 )

計画系 741 号カテゴリー Ⅱ 日本建築学会計画系論文集第 82 巻第 741 号, ,2017 年 11 月 J. Archit. Plann., AIJ, Vol. 82 No. 741, , Nov., 2017 DOI

計画系 741 号カテゴリー Ⅱ 日本建築学会計画系論文集第 82 巻第 741 号, ,2017 年 11 月 J. Archit. Plann., AIJ, Vol. 82 No. 741, , Nov., 2017 DOI カテゴリー Ⅱ 日本建築学会論文集第 82 巻第,297-2913,17 年 11 月 J. Archit. Plann., AIJ, Vol. 82 No. 741, 297-2913, Nov., 17 DOI http://doi.org/1.313/aija.82.297 住宅土地統計調査を用いた住宅残存率曲線の決定手法および既存住宅築年推定法の検討 DETERMINATION METHOD