: 881 temperature > soil temperature among different soil layers > diurnal soil temperature. Key words: soil temperature; Xishuangbanna; trop ical sea

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1 Chinese Journal of Ecology 2008, 27 (6) : , , ( 1, ; 2, ; 3, ; 4, ),,,,, , : ;, ;, ;, (5 10 ), (11 2 ), (3 4 ), ;, 1, 7 ;, > > > ; ; S718 A (2008) Character istics of so il tem pera ture in trop ica l sea sona l ra in forest in X ishuangbanna, Southwest Ch ina1 GAO Ju2m ing 1, 4, ZHANG Yi2p ing 1, YU Gui2rui 2, SONG Q ing2hai 1, YANG Zhen 1, 4, SUN Xiao2m in 2, ZHAO Shuang2ju 3 ( 1 X ishuangbanna Tropical B otanical Ga rden, Chi2 nese A cadem y of Sciences, Kunm ing , China; 2 Institute of Geographic Sciences and N a tura l R esou rces Research, Chinese A cadem y of Sciences, B eijing , China; 3 Yunnan B uilding M a2 teria ls S cience R esea rch and D esign Institu te, Kunm ing , Ch ina; 4 Graduate U niversity of Chinese A cadem y of Sciences, B eijing , Ch ina). Ch inese Journal of Ecology, 2008, 27 (6) : Abstract: Soil temperature is an important environmental factor in forest, which not only closely relates w ith p lant grow th, but also influences soil resp iration. An op timal soil temperature can imp rove soil fertility via p romoting soil m icrobial activity and litter decomposition. Therefore, the study on soil temperature w ill be helpful to understand the changes of carbon flux in forest ecosys2 tem. B ased on the data from 2003 to 2006 in a trop ical seasonal rain forest in Xishuangbanna, the diurnal, seasonal, and inter2annual variations of soil temperature at different dep ths were an2 alyzed, and the results indicated that the diurnal variation of soil temperature in near2surface soil layer demonstrated a sine trend, while that in deeper soil layers was relatively stable. W ith the increase of soil dep th, the variation m agnitude of soil temperature decreased, the peak of soil temperature lagged behind, and the phase change was obvious. The seasonal variation of soil temperature was obvious too, w ith the highest value in rainy season (M ay to October), lowest value in foggy2cool season (November to the next February), and intermediate value in dry2hot season (March to Ap ril). D ifferent soil layers were different in the seasonal variation of soil tem2 perature. The inter2annual variation of soil temperature was a single2peak curve, w ith the lowest temperature in January and the highest temperature in July. Generally speaking, the variation range of soil temperature was decreased in the order of yearly soil temperature > inter2annual soil 3 ( ) ( KJCX22YW ) (2002CB412501) ( KZCX12SW A) 3 3 E2mail: yip ingzh@xtbg. ac. cn : :

2 : 881 temperature > soil temperature among different soil layers > diurnal soil temperature. Key words: soil temperature; Xishuangbanna; trop ical seasonal rain forest.,,, (, 2004), (, 2007;, 2002) 20, Geiger(1965),,,,, (, 1993;, 2005),, CO 2,,,, (L loyd & Taylor, 1994; Moncrieff & Fang, 1999) ( ),, CO 2,,, (B lack et al., 1996; Goulden et al., 1996; Barford et al., 2001 ) (Valentini et al., 1996; Greco & Balddocchi, 1996) (Baldocchi et al., 1997) (Aubinet et a l., 2001),,, ;,,, ( Gup ta & Singh, 1981), CO 2, CO 2 ( ) ( ) (Moore & Knowles, 1989; Moore & Dalva, 1993; Kirschbaum, 1995), (Mathes & Schriefer, 1985; Moore & Knowles, 1989;, 2003),,,,,,,,, ( > 170 d, 015 m s - 1 ),, 2 (, 2004;, 2005; Dou et al., 2006) 5 cm ( Gordon et al., 1987;, 2004),,,,, ( N E, 756

3 m), 10 km, (11 2 ) (3 4 ) ( 5 10 ) (, 1966), MJ a h, 2114, 2513, mm,, 83%, ( ) d, 23 d, d (, 2004) ; 22: 30, 2 12: 00 ;,,, 23: 00, 10: m, 90%,,, 3 : 30 m, ( Pom etia tom en tosa ) ( Term inalia m yriocarpa) ; m, (B arringtonia m acrostachya ) ( Gi2 ronniera subaequalis) ; 16 m, ( Ga rcinia cow al) ( Knem a erratica ) (A rdisia tenera) ;, (Cao et al., 1996;, 1999) 112 ChinaFlux , cm 105 T Thermocoup le Probe ( CAM PBELL SC IENTIF IC, USA ) : cm L ( CAMPBELL SC IENTIF IC, USA ) 30 m in cm,,, 2 60 cm, 60 cm , 1,, 40 cm,,,, cm,,, ( 1),,,, 40 cm 0 1 F ig. 1 Spa tia l and tem pora l var ia tion s of m ean so il tem pera ture

4 : F ig. 2 D iurna l var ia tion s of so il tem pera ture dur ing ( ) Tab. 1 M ax im um and m in im um so il tem pera ture and cor2 respond ing tim e in d ifferen t depth ( cm) ( ) ( ) : : : : : : : : : : 30 1,, 0 cm 9: 30 (1915 ), 18: 30 (2012 ) ;, 20 cm 0 cm, 3 h; 40 cm,,, ,, , (11 2 ),, ; (3 4 ), ( 5 7 ) ( 8 10 ),, ;, 40 cm,,, ;, 40 cm, 40 cm, 40 cm ( 5), 5,,, 20 cm,, 3 F ig. 3 Tem pora l var ia tion s of average so il tem pera ture in a trop ica l sea sona l ra in forest

60 cm,, ;,, 10 40 cm, ( 6),,, 20 cm,, ; 5 F ig.

5 F ig. 4 Vertica l var ia tion s of average so il tem pera ture in each sea son,, 40 cm, cm,, 60 cm,, ;,, cm, ( 6),,, 20 cm,, ; 5 F ig. 5 Vertica l d istr ibution s of average so il tem pera ture in each sea son a ; b ; c ; d 6 Fig. 6 Vertical distribution of annual average soil temperature,,, 6, 40 cm ,, 1, 7 3 9,, 10 2, 214,, 1 d ;, 1 ; 4

6 : F ig. 7 M on thly var ia tion of average so il tem pera ture, 4, ( 2) 2, 0 018, 40 cm 0, ; ( ) ;, , 8 8,,, ;, ( ) ( 2), 40 cm, 0,, ( 2),,, ( ), ;, ( 2), 2 ( ) Tab. 2 Com par ison of tem pera ture var ia tion am plitude of each so il layer ( cm) F ig. 8 Vertica l d istr ibution s of the max im um and m in i2 m um so il tem pera ture in a trop ica l sea sona l ra in forest a ; b ; c : ( 914 ) > (419 ) > (319 ) > (018 ) 3,, 2,,, (NPP), NPP ( Kirschbaum, 1995)

7 ,, ;,,,,, ( 1, 2) ;, ( 1, 2), (L loyd & Taylor, 1994), ( 1 2), ( 2002),,, 20% 25%, 35%,, ( 4) (, 2005;, 2006),,, ( Zhang, 2006),,,,,,,,, Bubier (1995), CH 4 CO 2 5 cm, 5 cm : 9: 00, 18: 00 ( 1),, ( ) ( 018 ), ( 4),,, ;,,, Keith (1997) 50 km, 10 cm 1 0 cm,, ( 8), 0 cm 10 cm ;,,, 1, 7 Tang (2005) 2,,,, , 21 ( 3) : ,,, , 28 (2) : ,, , 24 ( 9) : ,,, , 26 (6) : ,,, , 28 (2) : , 8 (2) : ,,, , 23 (5) : ,,, D :, 34 ( ) : ,, CO 2., 23 (5) : ,,, , 14 (8) : ,,, , 21 (5) : ,,, , 15 (6) :

8 :,,, , 27 ( 5) : AubinetM, Chermanne B, Vandenhaute M, et al Long term carbon dioxide exchange above a m ixed forest in the Belgian A rdennes. A gricultural and Forest M eteorology, 108: Baldocchi DD, Vogel CA, Hall B Seasonal variation of carbon dioxide exchange rates above and below a boreal jack p ine forest. A gricultural and Forest M eteorology, 83: Barford CC, Wofsy SC, Goulden ML, et al Factors con2 trolling long2 and short2term sequestration of atmospheric CO 2 in a m id2latitude forest. Science, 294: B lack TA, Hartog G, Neumann HH, et al Annual cy2 cles of water vapor and carbon dioxide fluxes in and above a boreal aspen forest. Global Change B iology, 2: Bubier JL, Mooret R, Belhsario L, et al Ecological con2 trols on methane em issions from a northern peat land com2 p lex in the zone of discontinuous permafrost, Manitoba, Canada. Global B iogeochem ical Cycles, 9: Cao M, Zhang JH, Feng ZL, et al Tree species compo2 sition of a seasonal rain forest in Xishuangbanna, South2 west, China. Tropical Ecology, 37: Dou JX, Zhang YP, Yu GR, et al A p relim inary study on the heat storage flux of a trop ical seasonal rain forest in Xishuangbanna. Science in China Series D: Earth Sciences, 49 ( supp l. 11) : Geiger R The Climate Near the Ground. Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press. Gordon AM, Schlentner RE, van Cleve K Seasonal pat2 terns of soil resp iration and CO 2 evolution following harves2 ting in the white sp ruce forests of interior A laska. Canadi2 an Journal of Forest Research, 17: Goulden ML, Munger JW, Fan SM, et al Exchange of carbon dioxide by a deciduous forest: Response to interan2 nual climate variability. Science, 271: Greco S, Baldocchi DD Seasonal variation of CO 2 and water vapor exchange rates over a temperate deciduous for2 est. Global Change B iology, 2: Gup ta SR, Singh JS Soil resp iration in trop ical grass2 land. Soil B iology and B iochem istry, 13: Keith H, Jacobsen KL, Raison RJ Effects of soil phos2 phorus availability, temperature and moisture on soil resp i2 ration in Eucalyptus pauciflora forest. Plant and Soil, 190: Kirschbaum MUF The temperature dependence of soil organic matter decomposition and the effect of global war2 m ing on soil organic storage. Soil B iology and B iochem is2 try, 27: L loyd J, Taylor JA On the temperature dependence of soil resp iration. Functional Ecology, 8: Mathes K, Schriefer T Soil resp iration during secondary succession influences of temperature and moisture. Soil B i2 ology and B iochem istry, 17: Moncrieff JB, Fang C A model for soil CO 2 p roduction and transport. 2. App lication to a Florida P inus elliotte p lantation. A gricultural and Forest M eteorology, 95: Moore TR, Dalva M The influence of temperature and water table position on carbon dioxide and methane em is2 sions from laboratory columns of peat land soils. Journal of Soil Science, 44: Moore TR, Knowles R The influence of water table lev2 els on methane and carbon dioxide em issions from peat land soils. Canadian Journal of Soil Science, 69: Tang JW, Baldocchi DD Spatial2temporal variation in soil resp iration in an oak2grass savanna ecosystem in Cali2 fornia and its partitioning into autotrophic and heterotrophic components. B iogeochem istry, 73: Valentini R, de Angells P, Matteucci G, et al Seasonal net carbon dioxide exchange of a beech forest with the at2 mosphere. Global Change B iology, 2: Zhang YP, Sha LQ, Yu GR, et al Annual variation of carbon flux and impact factors in the trop ical seasonal rain forest of Xishuangbanna, SW China. Science in China Se2 ries D: Earth Sciences, 49 ( supp l. 11) : ,, 1979,, E2mail: gaojm@ xtbg. ac. cn

, 2 : ; 4 8, mm, mm, 43. 3% ; 350 mm, 70% , 32 d, d mm, 45. 1% mm, mm, 850 hpa (

, 2 : ; 4 8, mm, mm, 43. 3% ; 350 mm, 70% , 32 d, d mm, 45. 1% mm, mm, 850 hpa ( 26 1 2008 3 : 1006-7639 (2008) - 01-0001 - 07 AR ID METEOROLOGY Vol. 26 No. 1 March, 2008 2006, (, 211101) : NCEP OLR SST 2006, :, : ; ; ; ; : P458. 1 + 1 : A,,, [ 1 ] [ 2-5 ],, ( 400 m ),,, [ 6 ], 2006,