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18 Modern Chine se History Studie s No. 1, 2008 Rational Man in the Mass Movement : An Analysis of the Situational Judgments and Behavioral Choices Made by Various Classes in Rural Society in North China during the Land Reform Movement L i L ifeng (4) This article researches situational judgments and behavioral characteristics of various classes in North China in the Land Reform Movement from the angle of microscopic interaction theory and the presumption of Rational Man. Rural so2 cial members were assigned different class identities in the Movement, and on this basis they made judgments about the revolutionary situation and the environment they faced, and made behavioral choices accordingly. Among them, landlords and rich peasants had little freedom of choice, and could only strategize to avoid the worst results under the most unfavor2 able conditions. Poor or employed peasants, however, were at an advantage, and their behavioral styles reflected a tension between the rational peasant and the moral peasant. As for middle peasants, they were always striving for a balance between security and interests, and often preferred security and took it as the basis for their behavioral choices. Gentry and Popular Revolts in the Late Qing Period : Historical Trends and the Causes of Conflict bet ween the Gentry and Common People Wang Xianming (21) In the continuous popular revolts of the late Qing period, conflict between the gentry and common people tended to become more and more frequent and radical. In the transition from the traditional system to a modern system, the tra2 ditional gentry was placed directly at the center of the restructuring of social authority, and became a power2holding gentry in control of various local sources of authority. The conflicts of interest and deterioration in the relationship between the gentry and common people thereby formed one of the basic reasons for the continuous popular revolts in local society in the late Qing. The late Qing New Policies formed the basis of an institutional enlargement of gentry power, whereby the institutionalization of powerful gentry formed the institutional seeds for popular revolt or conflicts between gentry and common people. A Study of Organic Intellectuals and their Class Moral Basis in Wartime Chongqing : The Example of Yu Zusheng J oshua H. Howard (34) The worker writers represented by Yu Zusheng were a part of the radical workers in China in the 1940s, and they were important figures in the process of advancing the class project. In order to build bridges between workers and intel2 lectuals as well as to break down stigmas ascribed to the working class by society, Yu turned to writing. Writing not only was a method for Yu to pursue personal liberation, but also a means to express his beliefs. Firstly, using language that could be accepted by society, Yu Zusheng asked society to give necessary dignity to workers, and his endeavors played an active role in the formation of the Chongqing working class in the 1940s. Secondly, in his works, Yu melded his personal experiences with his ethical ideas and political needs, and molded a new role for intellectuals castigators of society and politics. As a result, Yu became a typical organic intellectual as described by Antonio Gramsci. Yu Zusheng desired to become an intellectual defined by his own concept, and at the same time he suggested that workers should have a lofty morality just like that of intellectuals. Nonetheless, he was always in an awkward position between intellectuals and work2 ers, and his relations with members of other social classes began to become ambiguous. It is worthy to note that ten years after his death the movement of remolding intellectuals was to prevail in China. Tianjin s Water Supply and the Evolution of Urban Life in the Early 20 th Century L iu Haiyan (52) The appearance of tap water had a great impact on modern cities. It changed the spatial structure of cities and pro2 moted the formation of a system of municipal administration. As a treaty port, Tianjin had for a long time two water sup2

, (Mary Wright) , 1949, 1901,,,,,,(1902) (1911),1028 ( 1300 ),, 1906 (133 ) 1907 (139 ) 1909 (116 ) 1910 (217 ) 1911 (108

, (Mary Wright) , 1949, 1901,,,,,,(1902) (1911),1028 ( 1300 ),, 1906 (133 ) 1907 (139 ) 1909 (116 ) 1910 (217 ) 1911 (108 ,,,,,, ( ) 20,,,,,,,,20,,,,,,,,?,,, 21 2008 1 1900, (Mary Wright) 1900 20 1919 1927, 1949, 1901,,,,,,(1902) (1911),1028 ( 1300 ),, 1906 (133 ) 1907 (139 ) 1909 (116 ) 1910 (217 ) 1911 (108 ) 1906 1907