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37 3 2017 9 OPTOELECTRONICTECHNOLOGY Vol.37No.3 Sep.2017 殠殠檸檸檸檸檸檸檸檸檸檸殠殠 DOI:10.19453/j.cnki.1005-488x.2017.03.

1 OPTOELECTRONICTECHNOLOGY Vol.37No.3 Sep.2017 殠殠檸檸檸檸檸檸檸檸檸檸殠殠 DOI: /j.cnki x *,,, (, ) : (1982 ),,, : ( ) ( ),, :,,,,, : ; ;, ; ; :TN256 :A : X(2017) ( pans@nuaa.edu.cn) Ultra-highResolutionOpticalVectorAnalysis PANShilong,XUE Min,QING Ting,LIShupeng (Colegeof ElectronicandInformation Engineering,University of Aeronauticsand Astronautics,Nanjing210016,CHN) Abstract:Thedevelopmentofnewgenerationopticalinfor- mationsystem (i.e.opticalcommunication,opticalsensing,op- ticalsignalprocessing,etc.)highlydesirestheopticalcompo- nentsanddeviceshavingcapabilityforfinely manipulatingthe opticalspectrumbyfm-levelinmultipledimensions(i.e.magni- tude, phase, polarization, etc.). Only the frequency re- sponsesofsuchopticalcomponentsanddevicesareaccurately * : : (No ); (No.2017YFF ); (No )

148 37 measured,theinnovationandbreakthroughintherelatedfields canbeachieved.however,thereisnosuchinstrumentcom- mercialyavailable.

ticalandoptical-to-electricalconversions,high-resolutionfre- quencysweepingandaccurate magnitudeandphaseextraction arerealized usingthe matureand high-resolution microwave

inthispaper,thecomprehensive, analysisonthesechalengesaregivenandthemethodstoextend the measurementrange,enhancethedynamicrangeandim- - / - provethe

2 measured,theinnovationandbreakthroughintherelatedfields canbeachieved.however,thereisnosuchinstrumentcom- mercialyavailable.oneofthepromisingsolutionstoachieve high-resolution opticalvectoranalysis (OVA)is microwave photonics(mwp),inwhich,byemployingtheelectrical-to-op- ticalandoptical-to-electricalconversions,high-resolutionfre- quencysweepingandaccurate magnitudeandphaseextraction arerealized usingthe matureand high-resolution microwave technologies.althoughthe MWP-based OVAisatractivedue toitsultra-highresolution,therearestilthreekeychalenges, i.e.narrow measurementrange,smaldynamicrangeandcon- (1988 ),,, siderablemeasurementerrors.inthispaper,thecomprehensive, analysisonthesechalengesaregivenandthemethodstoextend the measurementrange,enhancethedynamicrangeandim- - / - provethe measurementaccuracyareperformedanddiscussed. ; Possiblefutureresearchdirectionsarealsodiscussed. Keywords:opticalvectoranalysis;opticalsingle-sideband modulation;microwavephotonics;frequencyresponse meas- urement;ultra-highresolution,,, (1991 ),,, [1~5],, ;,,,,,, ( ),,, [6] ( ) ( ) [7],, (1992 ),,,,,

3 3, : , [8], / :, /, (, ), DNA,, (, THz),, /,,,, ( Q ), :,, GHz, [9] ; (OrthogonalFrequencyDivi- [25~26] sion Multiplexing,OFDM), / MHz [10] ; [11] MHz 100 μm, 1300nm, 0.5pm 1pg/ mm 2, 6fm,, ( 0.75 MHz@ 1300nm) /,,, [27],,,, ( Q ), ( ) Q, Science,, Δτ=Δφ / Δω,, [12~24] Nature, ( ) ( ) ( :, ),, ( : 1GHz) ( 6dB) [22] (Nationalaeronauticsandspaceadministra-, Q , tion,nasa) (Europeanspaceagen- 3-dB fm( m) [24], cy,esa) (Laserinter- ferometerspaceantenna,lisa),,, m,, mhz [28],

4 , Q, Q,, (Amplifiedspontaneousemission,ASE), (Superluminescentdiodes,SLD),, (Opticalspectrumanalyzer,OSA), ( Luna [29] ) 1600fm( 200 MHz@ 1550nm),,,, 1 onwidespectrum mapping,, ( ),,,, ( 10pm),,,, ( (LUNA OVA5000 ),,,,, 1.6pm(200 MHz@, (Four-wave mixing, 1550nm), FWM) (Crossphase modulation,, XPM) (Selfphase modulation,spm) (<75m),,,,, : Aragon, BOSA, 80fm :(1) [30] ; APEX ;(2) [31] OCSA 160fm ;(3),, (fm 1.1 ), 1 Fig.1 Principlediagramofopticalscalaranalysisbased,

3, : 151 1.2,,, LUNA ±3,, ±40 OVA5000 (Opticalvectorana- lyzer,ova), 2,, 75 m 3 : E in, ; 1.3, E 1, ; (Device, undertest,dut),,, (Digitalsignalprocessing,DSP), E out ; [32~33],,, DUT (, ) ps, 6fm(0.

5 3, : ,,, LUNA ±3,, ±40 OVA5000 (Opticalvectorana- lyzer,ova), 2,, 75 m 3 : E in, ; 1.3, E 1, ; (Device, undertest,dut),,, (Digitalsignalprocessing,DSP), E out ; [32~33],,, DUT (, ) ps, 6fm(0.732 MHz@ 1550nm) [33] 4, :,, (Electro-opticmodulator,EOM); (Arbitrary waveform generator, 2 AWG), Fig.2 Theonlycommercialopticalvectoranalyzer EOM ;EOM AWG,, DUT; DUT, DUT, ; 3, Fig.3 PrincipleschematicofthecommercialOVA ;,, ( LUNA OVA5000 DUT), IEEE Communications Magazine (SCI,IF:4.46),, pm ( 1.6pm), 1.6 pm(200 MHz@1550, nm),, DUT,, :,,

152 37 ; ; OFDM 2 2.1 iωe ( )=ηa +1A 0 * H ( ωo +ωe )H * ( ωo ),, +ηa 0A * -1H ( ωo )H * ( ωo -ωe ) +, +η A n+1a n * H [ ωo + ( n+1)ωe ], n= - n -1,0 [34~61] Hz [34], H * ( ωo +nωe ) (3) 0.

6 ; ; OFDM iωe ( )=ηa +1A 0 * H ( ωo +ωe )H * ( ωo ),, +ηa 0A * -1H ( ωo )H * ( ωo -ωe ) +, +η A n+1a n * H [ ωo + ( n+1)ωe ], n= - n -1,0 [34~61] Hz [34], H * ( ωo +nωe ) (3) 1550 η PD (3), nm) [35] 5 (3), : + E in ω( )= A n δ [ ω - ( ωo +nωe )] (1) n= -,ωo ωe,a n n,, A 0 0 A +1 0( A -1 0), 0 DUT, + = H ( ωo +nωe )A n δ [ ω - ( ωo +nωe )] n= - (2),H (ω)=h DUT (ω) H sys (ω),h DUT (ω) H sys (ω),, ωe,,, (3) iωe ( )=ηa +1A 0 * H ( ωo +ωe )H * ( ωo ) (4),, H DUT (ω)=1, i sys ( ωe )=ηa +1A 0 * H sys ( ωo +ωe )H sys * ( ωo )(5) (4) (5), 5 iωe ( ) H DUT ( ωo +ωe )= Fig.5 PrincipleschematicoftheOVA basedon OSSB i sys ( ωe )H DUT * ( ωo ) ( 6) modulation H DUT (ωo) DUT, DUT, 4, DUT Fig.4 PrincipleschematicoftheOVA basedon wide- bandelectro-opticmodulation DUT E out ω( )=H ω( ) E in ω( ), DUT,, (Muel-

7 3, : 153 lermatrix), [39~41] (Polarizationdependentloss,PDL) Gang-DingPeng (OSA/SPIE Fel- (Diferentialgroupdelay,DGD) low) Twente Roelofzen (Polarizationmodedispersion,PMD) [63~64] [36~37],Gang-Ding Peng (themostefectiveapproach) [65], Hz, 0.1Hz [62], 0.1 Hz, fm(78kHz@ 1550nm), 3-dB 32MHz (FiberBragg grating,fbg), [35] ( LUNA OVA5000),, 40GHz(0.32nm@1550nm),, J.E., Román FBG 40GHz, GHz ; AlaynLoayssa THz, (StimulatedBrilouinScat- [38] tering,sbs) ;, fm, 40 GHz, 6 Fig.6 iωe ( ) H m ( ωo +ωe )= ηa +1A 0 * H * ( ωo ) :(a) ;(b) ( ) The (a)magnitudeand (b)phaseresponses measuredbytheproposed OVA andthecom- mercialova, (Tunablelasersource,TLS) ( pm ),,TLS, 2.2.2, [45],, =H DUT ωo +ωe + A0A * -1H ( ωo )H * ( ωo -ωe ) A +1A 0 * H * ( ωo ) (7)

8 154 37, (7),,,,,,, 9, 7 FBG 7 Fig.7 Principleschematicofmeasuringabandstopdevice,,,,, 40dB,, ( ) 8, 9 Fig.9 (a) (b) Theexperimentaly measured (a)notchdepth and (b)phase shift with diference sideband suppressionratios Fig.8 8 (a) (b) The measured (a)magnitudeand (b)phasere- sponsesinnumericalsimulation 2.2.3,,,,,

3, : 155, [46], 10,,, ; DUT,,+1 +2 ;,,,, π/3 ;,+1 +2, 16.7%, ;, +1 +2,,,, DUT H (ω)=1,m (m +1), π/4,,,,,, 10 11 Fig.11 BlockdiagramofthewidebandOSSB-basedOVA Fig.

9 3, : 155, [46], 10,,, ; DUT,,+1 +2 ;,,,, π/3 ;,+1 +2, 16.7%, ;, +1 +2,,,, DUT H (ω)=1,m (m +1), π/4,,,,,, Fig.11 BlockdiagramofthewidebandOSSB-basedOVA Fig.10 Themeasurementerrorsintroducedbythebeat noteoftheneighboringhigh-ordersidebands 3, n, (n-1) Δω+Δωe,Δω ;Δωe [42], 3.1,Δωe, Δω, 11 20GHz, 5,, 105GHz 1 MHz FBG 12 5, FBG,, 5, 5, FBG,, 1 MHz, 25GHz( 10~35GHz ) 20 GHz,

156 37 5GHz (, 12 ), 1 2, (Bal- 1 30~35GHz ancedphotodetector,bpd), 2 10~15GHz BPD,,,,, 12(a),,, 105GHz, 1 MHz FBG 13,, Fig.

12 Themeasured (a)magnitudeand, (b)phasere- DUT sponsesintheproof-of-conceptexperiment 14 2.81,,, FBG,, 3.

10 GHz (, 12 ), 1 2, (Bal- 1 30~35GHz ancedphotodetector,bpd), 2 10~15GHz BPD,,,,, 12(a),,, 105GHz, 1 MHz FBG 13,, Fig.13 BlockdiagramoftheOSSB-basedOVAemplo-,, yingreal-timeerrorsuppression, 12 (a) (b) Fig.12 Themeasured (a)magnitudeand, (b)phasere- DUT sponsesintheproof-of-conceptexperiment ,,, FBG,, 3.2 [50] ( )=ηa 1A 0 * H DUT ( ωo +ωe )H DUT * ( ωo ) i U ωe i L ωe +η n= - n -1,0 A n+1a * n H DUT [ωo + ( n+1)ωe]h DUT * ( ωo +nωe ) (8.1) ( )=η n= - n -1,0 A n+1a * n H DUT [ωo + ( n+1)ωe]h DUT * ( ωo +nωe ) (8.2) (8.1),, (8.2),, BPD,,, BPD,,, 14, FBG, 13, (LUNA OVA5000),,

3, : 157 14 Fig.14 ( 15 ),,,, 3 ;,, 1 40 GHz, (Common-moderejection ratio,cmrr) 34dB BPD, 24~40GHz,BPD 30dB, 0.1% BPD,, (a) (b) The (a)magnitudeand (b)phaseresponses 3.

11 3, : Fig.14 ( 15 ),,,, 3 ;,, 1 40 GHz, (Common-moderejection ratio,cmrr) 34dB BPD, 24~40GHz,BPD 30dB, 0.1% BPD,, (a) (b) The (a)magnitudeand (b)phaseresponses 3.3 withandwithouterrorsuppression [51] 15,,,, 16,, DUT,,, 16 Fig.16 Blockdiagram ofthe OSSB-based OVA with dynamicrangeenhanced 15 Fig.15 (a) i U (ωe)=ηa 0A * -1H DUT ( ωo )H DUT * ( ωo -ωe ) (b) +ηa +1A 0 * H DUT ( ωo +ωe )H DUT * ( ωo ) The (a)magnitudeand (b)phaseresponses measuredbytheproposedossb-basedovaat +η A n+1a n * H DUT [ωo + n= - diferentmodulationindicesandthecommercial n -1,0 OVA ( n+1)ωe]h DUT * ( ωo +nωe ) (9.1)

12 i L (ωe)=ηa 0A * -1H DUT ( ωo )H DUT * ( ωo -ωe ) -ηa +1A 0 * H DUT ( ωo +ωe )H DUT * ( ωo ) +η n= - n -1,0 A n+1a * n H DUT [ωo + ( n+1)ωe]h DUT * ( ωo +nωe ) (9.2) (9.1) (9.2),,,,,,, BPD,, DUT 17 FBG(a) (b), Fig.17 Themeasured (a)magnitudeand (b)phasere- sponses,, 20dB H(ω)=1,, 10%,,, 40dB,, FBG 37 40dB, 40dB db, 3.4 FBG,+1, [52],,,,,, +1, 18,,,, FBG,, FBG, 17,,,,,, ωe -Δω Δω+ωe 17,, nωe(n=1,2, ),, Δωωe Δω+ωe,,,

13 3, : 159,,, 4,, 4.1,,, MHz, MHz, 18 Fig.18 PrincipleschematicoftheOVAbasedonasym- metricdouble-sidebandmodulation 20 (StimulatedBril- ωe-δω(ωe>δω),δωωe(ωe<δω) ωe+δω, FBG ( ),, 80GHz, 19, 19, 60001, 486kHz 182kHz 667kHz, FBG 19,,,, louinscatering,sbs) Δf 100 MHz 80 MHz -80 MHz -100 MHz 19 (a) (b) Fig.19 Themeasured (a)magnitudeand (b)phasere- sponses Fig SBS ThefiltershapedbythetwoSBSgainspectra withdiferentfrequencyspacing

160 37,,,,, SBS,,,,, 4.2 22 (a) (b), Fig.

14 160 37,,,,, SBS,,,,, (a) (b), Fig.22 Thedelayresponsesmeasuredby (a)thecom- mercialovaand(b)theproposed MWP-based OVA,, 21, 22,, 5,,, ;, ;,,,,,,,, 21 Fig.21 Thesetupforphotonicintegratedcircuitsmeas- urement [49],,

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