WMO WHO UNEP (USGCRP) ( ) [3] (EGP) 1990 WHO (HGP) [2] [4] 1996 WHO/WMO/UNEP [5] [6-7] (IPCC) [8]

Transcription

1 PROGRESS IN GEOGRAPHY Vol.29 No.1 Jan ( ) : :1 ( ) / (Medical Geography) 1.2 (Health care) ( ) [1] : : (2007BAC03A11-07) (2007DFC20180) : (1966-) yangls@igsnrr.ac.cn : wangwy@igsnrr.ac.cn

2 WMO WHO UNEP (USGCRP) ( ) [3] (EGP) 1990 WHO (HGP) [2] [4] 1996 WHO/WMO/UNEP [5] [6-7] (IPCC) [8] IPCC [9] / 2000 ( ) ( ) 2 WHO : : (MA) [10-11] ( ) ( 1)2006 (ESSP) 4 ( (GECHH) [12] ) 2007 (IHDP) (Advisory group on human health) [13] IPCC [14] (WHO) WHO (WMO) (UNEP)

3 1 : [12] [15] Tab.1 The estimated numbers of people globally at risk (ICSU) from selected major examples of the adverse health (Environmental hazards) impacts of global environmental changes [12] (Urban health & well-being) / 40%!" [16] #$% 3 10Á & [17] () *+ (-./- 1 10Á 01 / ) : < & [1218] : (1) UV WX YZ[ \]^_ (def g) (2) / / (3) 90 ( ) [6] - [19] (4) ( ) (POPs) [20] ( ) ( ) ( ) =>?@(ABCD E<FG) KL MH NOP=>?@ QRST astbc kg (5) 0.1μg 4 [20-21] WHO 2005 ( / ) Â Â (1~2) 10Á!" -9 :< HEIJ!"8 01 hijklmn

4 34 29 [23] [24] 1993 McMiachael [29] Martens MIASMA(Model for the health Impact Assessment of Man -induced Atmospheric change) GIS TARGETS [30] GIS IHDP [25] (Towards [31] ( Sustainable Global Health) ) 1998 : 2005 [26] (Commission on Social Determinants of Health 1) [32] 2008 [27] 2 >25% Tab.2 Disease of attributable environmental fractions >25% and their environmental risks globally / % 24% [28] 23% ( 2) ! 95 "# $%& 95 "# () 94 * / "# : [28] :<= 50 > 42?@AB CD 41 EFGHI JKLM 40 NOPQ R

5 1 : 35 [31] 1 Fig.1 Commission on social determinants of health conceptual framework [31] IHDP 100 (Geographical [34] Gerontology) [31] : ESSP [12] 2007 Kinsella & Phillips [35] (Systems Analysis Approach to Health and Well-being in the Changing Urban Environment) [17] [36] [35] [37] 2.4 ( ) % [33]

6 36 29 GIS [38] 2.5 (GIS) GIS GIS GIS GIS [ ] : GIS 3 GIS GIS GIS 40 [41] GIS GIS [42] ( ) [41] GIS - [4344] [45] 200

7 1 : 37 [51-52] CDC CDC [53] 3.1 ( ) [54] 60% 3.2 [46] : : [55] [47] [56] [57] [48] [58] [59] [60] [61] ( ) [62] [49] (CDC) [50]

8 38 29 [63] 1 21 POPs GIS [64] [65] [77] [66] [67] [68] [69] [46] [70-71] 2050 GIS 3.3 [78] 3.4 : [72] [73] GCM 40% [74] SO 2 NO X O 3 VOC [79] [75] ( ) [80] [81] [82] (DBPs) [83] [76] 8

9 1 : 39 [88] % 3.7% % % 7.1% % 97.2% [84] [85] [86] [89] [90] Ripley s K RS GIS [91] SARS [92] SARS SARS [93] 16.5% 13.3% SARS 34.2% 30.4% 1998 [87] : 102 [94] [95] (GIS) (RS) 1/10 [96] [97]

10 40 29 [109] - [110] SARS SIR SARS SARS [98] SARS [111] [99] GIS (2) [100] ( ) [101] GIS (3) GIS 4 [102] ( ) [103] [104] [105] : (1) ( [106] ) 2003 SARS (2) [107] GIS [108] (3) : (1) (4) : (1) :

11 1 : 41 (2) [17] ICSU. Health and wellbeing in a changing urban environment. SUSTSD_Health_1.html. [18] (2): [19]. [1].. : ( 1): [20]. [2] (3): //.. : [21] Inter-Organization Programme for the Sound Management of Chemicals (IOMC). Global Mercury Assessment A [3] WHO/WMO/UNEP. Climate and Human Health. World Climate Programme Applications WLAP-No cooperative agreement among UNEP ILO FAO WHO UNIDO UNITAR and OECD [4] WHO. Potential Health Effects of Climate Change: Report of a WHO Task Group. Geneva (WHO/PEP/90.10) unep.ch/mercury/report/gma-report-toc.htm. [22].. [5] McMichael AJ A. Haines R. Slooff et al. Climate Change and Human Health. An Assessment Prepared by a Task Group on Behalf of the World Health Organization The (1): [23] WHO. Air quality guidelines for particulate matter ozone nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide-global update World Meteorological Organization and The United Summary of risk assessment. Nations Environment Programme. WHO Geneva / WHO_SDE_PHE_OEH_06.02_eng.pdf. [6] WHO. Our Planet Our Health: Report of the WHO Commission on Health and Environment. WHO. Geneva [24] Na Zheng Qichao Wang Dongmei Zheng. Health risk of Hg Pb Cd Zn and Cu to the inhabitants around Huludao Zinc Plant in China via consumption of vegetables. The [7] WHO. Climate Change and Health: Impact and science of total environment : Adaptation. WHO. Geneva [25]. GIS [8] IPCC. IPCC Second Assessment Report: Climate Change pdf/climate-changes-1995/ipcc- 2nd-assessment/2nd-assessment-cn.pdf (3): [26] US EPA. Guidelines for Ecological Risk Assessment. U.S. Washington DC Environmental Protection Agency [9] IPCC. IPCC Third Assessment Report: Climate Change [27]. 2001:Synthesis Report : changes-2001/synthesis-spm/synthesis-spm-cn.pdf. [10] WHO. Climate Change and Human Health risks and responses. globalchange/publications/ climchange.pdf. [28] WHO. Preventing disease through healthy environments: Towards an estimate of the environmental burden of disease _chi.pdf. [11] WHO. Ecosystems and human well -being: Health [29] McMiachael A J. Planetary Overload: Global Environ - synthesis. ecosystems/ mental Change and the Health of the Human Species. ecosys.pdf. Cambridge University Press [12] Confalonieri A Mcmichael A. Global environmental [30] Martens WJM. Global atmospheric changes and human change and human health (ESSP Report No.4) [13] IHDP. health: an integrated modeling approach. Climate research : [14] IPCC. Climate Change 2007: the AR4 Synthesis Report. [31] UNU_EHS (United Nations University Institute for assessment -report/ar4/syr/ Environment and Human health) IHDP. Towards ar4_syr_cn.pdf. Sustainable Global Health. SOURCE-Publication series of [15] WHO. Regional Workshops on Climate Change and UNU-EHS Human Health. [32]Commission on Social Determinants of Health workshops. [16] ICSU. A Science Plan for Integrated Research on Disaster (WHOCSDH). Closing the gap in a generation: Health equity through action on the social determinants of health. Risk -Addressing the challenge of natural and human - publications/ 2008/ induced environmental hazards _eng.pdf. 1_icsuinscience/ ENVI_Hazards_1.html. [33] United Nations Population Division. World population

12 42 29 prospects: the 2006 revision. New York Population (6): Division Department of Economic and Social Affairs United Nations Secretariat [34] Andrews G Cutchin M McCracken K et al. Geographical [51] (1): Gerontology: the constitution of a discipline. Social [52]. Science & Medicine : [35] Kinsella K. Phillips D. R. Global aging: The challenge of success. Population Bulletin (1) [36] Gesler W. Therapeutic landscapes: An evolving theme. Health & Place : (6): [53] (6): [54].. [37] (6): (3): [38] Martin G P Nancarrow S A Parker H et al. Place policy and practitioners: On rehabilitation independence and the therapeutic landscape in the changing geography of care provision to older people in the UK. Social Science & Medicine : [55] (12): [56] (4): [57] Wuyi Wang Bixiong Ye Linsheng Yang et al. Risk Assessment on Disinfection By -products of Drinking [39] Sui D Z. Geographic Information Systems and Medical Water of Different Water Sources and Disinfection Geography: Toward a New Synergy. Geography Compass (3): Processes. Environment international : [58].. [40]. 2008(1): (3): [41]. : [42].. : [43] Yang L S Peterson P J Williams W P et al. The relationship between exposure to arsenic concentration in drinking water and the development of skin lesions in farmers from Inner Mongolia China Environmental Geochemistry and Health : [44] Yang L S Wang W Y Hou S F et al. Arsenism clinical stages and their relation with hair arsenic concentration of residents of Bayinmaodao Rural District Inner Mongolia China. Environmental Geochemistry and Health : [45]. : [46] (2): (2): (7): [66] : [47] (4): [48] (5): [49]. F Al [59]. [60]. [61] (7): [62] (1): [63] (8): [64]. POPs (7): [65] (1): [67] (3): [68] (8): [69].. 26(3): (4): [50]. [70] (4):

13 1 : [92] SARS [71].. ( ) : (1): [72] Thomas Krafft. [93]. SARS. : (5): [73]. [94]. 102 // (3): (3 ). [95]. : [74] (4): [96]. GIS [75] (1): (4): [97] (3): [76]. [98]. SARS (2): (5): [99]. GIS/RS/GPS [77] (1): (1): [100] RS/GIS. [78] (4): [79] [80] (19): (2): [81]. NOx [102]. GIS GIS (4): [82] (8): [83] [84]. [103] (2): [104]... (2002 [105]. ). : [85] (6): [86]. 5 [107]. SARS (8):. 2003(4): [108]. GIS [87]. " (1):1-3. [88]. [109] (6): [89]. GIS. [110] (6): [90] (4): [91] (5): (6): [101] (1): (4): [106]. AE (2): (1): [111]. RS-GIS (4):

14 44 29 Progress of Medical Geography and Environmental Health Studies YANG Linsheng LI Hairong LI Yonghua WANG Wuyi TAN Jian an (Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research CAS Commission on Medical Geography the Geographical Society of China Beijing China) Abstract: Human health is one of the key issues either in geographical or environmental science studies in last years. The interested topics can be cataloged as follows: (1) Health issues from global environment change (GEC) including health threats of atmospheric composition change and land use/land cover changes infectious diseases food-producing system and health and health impacts from urbanization. (2) Environmental health risk assessment including health risks from environmental pollutants (either heavy metals or POPs in air soil or water) ecological degeneration and natural/human induced hazards. (3) Social determinants of human health especially health equity. (4) Aging issues including the health/care demands of old population and their impacts on health/care system. (5) Medical geographical information system including disease monitoring modeling and health management. With the fast development of medical geography in China Chinese scientists have not only engaged in international programme/project planning but also taken some top position in international organization. The progress of medical geography research in China can be summarized as the following aspects: (1) Geography of endemic diseases is still the study emphasis (2) The theory of environmental health risk assessment has been generally accepted and the health risk assessing technique of environmental pollution is gradually standardized (3) The health impacts of global environmental changes on China s population have begun to attract more attention (4) With rapid urbanization environmental health problems in urban and rural areas receive universal recognition (5) RS GIS and models are adopted in the study of medical geography. Additionally ageing and longevity issues as well as the human dimensions on health and public health risks assessment of disasters will be the new research focus of medical geography in China. Key words: medical geography environmental health global environment change health risk assessment geographical information system : (1):31-44.