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1 GEO GRA P HICAL RESEA RCH Vol129, No14 Apr1, ,2, 1, 2, 2, 2,3, 3 (11, ; 21,, ; 31, , ) :,, :, ;, : ; ; ; : (2010) ,, [1 ],,,,,, [2 ] [3 ],,,,,,, [4 8 ], [9 12 ] ; : ; : : (SL K2006A02) ; (CSTC2007BB7420) ; ( ) ; (SL K2008A01) ; (CQMRCM20923) : (19722),,, E2mail : edu1cn

2 630 29, [ 13 ], ;, [14 ],,, ; [15 ], ; [16 ],, ; [17 ], 20 90, ,, [18 ], , ( ) 5 [19 ] 2012, 2009,,,, 2 ( 1 ), 88km, 51118km 2,, 15 ( ), 1 Fig11 Position of the Liangtan River basin and the sampling sites

3 4 : ,,,,, ( ), V,, 4 [ 20 ] :, 4 t, 30 % ;, 6 t, 40 % ;, 1 Tab1 1 Water chemistry and nitrate nitrogen concentration of surface water and groundwater samples EC p H Ca 2 + Mg 2 + Na + K + CO HCO - 3 Cl - SO 2-4 NO - 3 2N L T4 SW L T421 GW L T5 SW L T521 GW L T1 SW L T121 GW L T6 SW L T621 GW L T2 SW L T221 GW L T7 SW L T721 GW L T722 SW L T3 SW L T321 GW L T8 SW L T821 GW L T9 SW L T921 GW L T10 SW L T1021 GW L T11 SW L T1121 GW L T12 SW L T1221 GW L T13 SW L T1321 GW : L T ; SW, GW ; EC, s/ cm ; p H ;, km ; mg/ L

4 ;,,, 10, ( 1 ), ;, WM222 EP p H,, Shimadzu CTO210ACvp, K + Na + Ca 2 + Mg 2 + Cl - NO - 3 SO 2-4, 1 % ; HCO3 - -, 2 % ( EC), [21 ], ( 2),,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,, : ( L T1, L T2, L T4, L T5 L T6 ; L T121, L T221, L T421, L T521 L T621) ; ( L T3, L T7, L T8 L T9 ; L T321, 2 Fig12 Variation of the electrical conductivity along the surface water flow paths

5 4 : 633 L T721, L T821 L T921) ; ( L T10, L T11, L T12 L T13 ; L T1021, L T1121, L T1221 L T1321), [21 ],,,, Chebotarev [22 ] : HCO3 - HCO3 - + SO4 2 - SO HCO3 - SO Cl - Cl - + SO4 2 - Cl -,,, [ 22 ], ( 3),, Ca Mg 2 + SO Cl - Ca Mg 2 + CO HCO3 - Ca Mg 2 + CO HCO - 3,,,, : CO HCO - 3 SO Cl - ;, Ca Mg 2 + CO HCO - 3, ( ),, Ca Mg 2 + CO HCO - 3, Ca 2 + CO HCO - 3,,,, Ca 2 + SO 2-4,,,, ; Ca 2 + CO HCO - 3, Ca 2 + SO 2-4,,,,,, Ca Mg 2 + SO 2-4,, Ca Mg 2 + CO HCO - 3,

6 Fig1 3 Pipers s diagram,,,,, ;,,, 312, 2 mg/ L [23 ],,, ( ) [24 ], 4 Fig14 Relationship between the nitrate nitrogen and chloride,

7 4 : 635 [25 ], 4 : (1) ( 4 A, 25 mg/ L, 6 mg/ L) ; (2) ( 4 A, 25 mg/ L, 2 mg/ L) ; (3) ( 4 B, 30 mg/ L 55 mg/ L, 9 mg/ L 12 mg/ L) ; (4) ( 4 C, 30 mg/ L 70 mg/ L, 4 mg/ L), ( 3 mg/ L) ( 30 mg/ L ),,,,, 10 mg/ L [26 ] ; ( L T3-1, mg/ L, 1115 mg/ L),,,,,, 313,, [16 ], [27,28 ] :, 5 ; Fig1 5 Variation of the nitrate nitrogen concentration, along the surface water flow paths

8 636 29,,,, [29 31 ] :, ( 5), ( mg/ L) ( mg/ L) :, ( mg/ L) ( mg/ L),, ( mg/ L),, ( mg/ L, mg/ L),,,,,, ( mg/ L), ( L T722) 0154 mg/ L,,,, ( mg/ L ) ( L T721 L T821 L T921) ( mg/ L), ( 10 mg/ L) ; ( L T321) 1115 mg/ L :, 30m,, ( 20m), ;,,, ( L T mg/ L, mg/ L) ( L T mg/ L, mg/ L),,,,,,,,

9 4 : mg/ L, ( mg/ L, 2144 mg/ L 0171 mg/ L), ( mg/ L) ( mg/ L), ( mg/ L) ( mg/ L), ;,,,,,,, ;, 4, ;,,,,,, : [ 1 ],, 1.,2000, 19 (3) : [ 2 ],,..,2003, 22 (1) : [ 3 ],,..,2008,23 (5) : [ 4 ] Mason J, Wegner G D, Quinn G I. Nutrient loss via groundwater discharge from small watersheds in sout hwest2 ern and sout h central Wisconsin. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 1990, 45 : [ 5 ] Owens L B, Edwards W M, Keuren R W. Baseflow and stormflow transport of nutrient s from mixed agricultural watersheds. Journal of Environmental Quality, 1991, 21 : [ 6 ] Thomas G W, Haszler G R, Crutchfield J D. Nitrate2nitrogen and phosphate2phosphorus in seven Kentucky

10 streams draining small agricultural watersheds : Eighteen years later. Journal of Environmental Quality, 1993, 22 (4) : [ 7 ] Nearing M A, Risse R M, Rogers L F. Estimating daily nutrient fluxes to a large piedmont reservoir from limited tributary data. Journal of Environmental Quality, 1993, 22 : [ 8 ] Edwards D R, Daniel T C, Scott H D. Stream quality impact s of best management practices in a nort hwestern Ar2 kansas basin. Water Resources Bulletin, 1996, 32 (3) : [ 9 ] Valiela I, Costa J, Foreman K. Transport of groundwater2borne nutrient s from watersheds and t heir effect s on coastal waters. Biogeochemist ry, 1990, 10 : [ 10 ] Hanson G C, Groff man P M, Gold A J. Symptoms of nitrogen sat uration in a riparian wetland. Ecological Appli2 cations, 1995, 4 : [ 11 ] Portnoy J W, Nowicki B L, Roman C T. The discharge of nitrate2contaminated groundwater from developed shoreline to marsh2fringed estuary. Water Resources Research, 1998, 34 (11) : [ 12 ],,..,2004, 41 (2) : [ 13 ],,..,2002, 2 : 6 8. [ 14 ],,..,2006, 25 (4) : [ 15 ],,..,2006,22 (3) : [ 16 ],,..,2006,30 (1) : [17 ],,..,2008, 19 (4) : [ 18 ],,,..,2008,39 (5) : [ 19 ].,., [ 20 ]. 6,, [ 21 ] Song X F, Liu X C, Xia J. A study of interaction between surface water and groundwater using environmental iso2 tope in Huaisha basin. Science in China (Series D). 2006, 49 (12) : [ 22 ] Bohlke J K, Denver J M. Combined use of groundwater dating, chemical, and isotopic analysis to resolve t he his2 tory and fate of nitrate contamination in two agricultural watersheds, Atlantic coastal, Maryland. Water Resources Research,1995, 31 : [ 23 ] Foster S S, Cripps A C, Smit h C A. Nitrate leaching to groundwater. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lon.,1982, 296 : [24 ] Edmunds W M, Andrews J N, Burgess W G. The evolution of saline and t hermal groundwater in t he Carnmellis granite. Mineral. Mag., 1984, 48 : [ 25 ] Rak H, Kim J L, Ho W C. Characteristics of organic matter as indicators of pollution from small2scale livestock and nitrate contamination of shallow groundwater in an agricultural area. Hydrological Processes, 2003, 17 : [ 26 ] Mohammad N, Almasri1, Jagat h J. Assessment and management of long2term nitrate pollution of ground water in agriculture2dominated watersheds. Journal of Hydrology, 2004, 295 : [27 ] Simmons R C, Gold A J, Groff man P M. Nitrate dynamics in riparian forest s : groundwater studies. Journal of Environmental Quality, 1992, 21 : [ 28 ] Groff man P M, Howard G, Gold A J. Microbial nit rate processing in shallow groundwater in a riparian forest. Journal of Environmental Quality, 1996, 25 : [ 29 ],,..,2006, 25 (1) : [ 30 ] Heaton T H, Talma A S, Vogel J C. Origin and history of nitrate in confined groundwater in t he western Kalaha2 ri. Journal of Hydrology, 1983, 62 : [31 ] Heaton T H. Sources of t he nit rate in phreatic groundwater in t he western Kalahari. Journal of Hydrology, 67 :

11 4 : 639 Water chemistry and nitrate pollution in the Liangtan River basin in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area L IU Xiang2chao 1,2, ZU Bo 1, SON G Xian2fang 2, XIA J un 2, TAN G Chang2yuan 2,3, ZHAN G Yi2zhang 3 (1. Key Laboratory for Hydraulic and Water Transport Engineering of Chongqing City, Chongqing Jiaotong University, Chongqing , China ; 2. Key Laboratory of Water Cycle and Related Land Surface Processes, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, CAS, Beijing , China ; 3. Faculty of Horticulture, Chiba University, Chiba , J apan) Abstract :By using the water chemistry and water quality analysis technology, t he water chemist ry co mpo nent s and nit rate nit rogen co ncent ratio ns of surface water bodies and gro undwater bodies in t he Liangtan River basin in t he Three Gorges Reservoir Area were measured to reveal t he spatial distribution rules, sources and circulation p rocesses of t he water chemistry component s and nitrate pollution in t he water bodies in t he st udy basin. The result s show t hat : a tendency of becoming severe for the nitrate pollution in t he sur2 face water bodies exist s in t he Liangtan River basin f ro m t he headst ream to t he down2 stream along t he surface water flow pat hs, and t his tendency present s t he direct relation2 ship wit h t he direct discharge of waste and polluted water f rom the breed aquatics, housing and farming industry along t he surface water flow pat hs. A spatial distribution of nitrate nitrogen pollution of groundwater displays a lighter pollution level for the headstream and downst ream reaches area in t he basin, while a heavier pollutio n level for t he eastern branch in t he middle reaches area. There is a close relationship between the spatial distri2 bution of nitrate nitrogen pollution and t he factors such as the ammonia nitrogen and or2 ganic nitrogen concentrations of t he surface water bodies, t he recharge and discharge inter2 relationship between t he surface water and groundwater bodies, t he existence of thick un2 sat urated zone and land use condition. The analysis shows t hat application of livestock manure and widespread use of nitro2 gen fertilizers are potential sources of nitrate contamination. Generally, t he ground water bodies in the agricult ural watersheds are polluted by long2term trend of nitrate contamina2 tio n, which coincides wit h higher mineralized water due to agricult ural2related land use p ractices. In a basin where severe human activities are do minant, t he evolvement tendency of t he ground water nitrate may disobey t he rule t hat ground water nitrate concentrations decrease substantially along the groundwater flow pat hs. As for t he Liangtan River basin, alo ng t he gro undwater flow pat hs, t here is a sharp increase in t he gro undwater nit rate concentrations f rom t he headwater area to t he area between the upper and middle reaches of t he river, while a sharp decrease appears in t he area between the upper2middle reaches and t he middle2lower reaches of t he river. Key words :Three Gorges Reservoir Area ; Liangtan River basin ; water chemistry ; nitrate

274 28, [2,3 ],,,,,,,, /, : (O ECD) PSR ( Pressure2State2Response) [47 ], [812 ], MA [2,3,13 ], 1990 (O ECD) PSR, ; ; / PSR, [1417 ] (MA) 2000, 2005,

274 28, [2,3 ],,,,,,,, /, : (O ECD) PSR ( Pressure2State2Response) [47 ], [812 ], MA [2,3,13 ], 1990 (O ECD) PSR, ; ; / PSR, [1417 ] (MA) 2000, 2005, 28 2 2009 3 GEO GRA P HICAL RESEA RCH Vol128, No12 Mar1, 2009,, (, 100101) : (MA),, 4 15 75, ;;,,, ;, : ; ; ; : 100020585 (2009) 0220273211 1,,,,,,,,, :,,,,, 2005 [1 ], 4 16, 18 - - - 15123km 2, 21 %,