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1 ADVANCES IN WATER SCIENCE Vol114,No13 May, ,2, 1, 1 3, (11, ; 21, ; 31, ) : 50,, : ; ; ; ; ; : P : A : (2003) (1000 km 2 ) (3 000 km 2 ), ( km 2 ), 1956 [ , ], [2 ( ), ],, [1 ],, [1, ],, ( ) , [3, 63, ], [2 ],,, 1962, [1 ],,,, UNESCO ( IHD),, ( IHP) [4 ] [2, ],, [5,6, ( ] [7, ] ), 1978,,,, : ; : : ( ),,,,,

2 3 : , 1981, [2 ], 1990,,, (1),,, [8,9 ] 1986, [10,11 ], Fig11 General process of hydrological basin study of PRC,,, (, [12 60 ] ),,,,,,,,,,, 50 ( ),, ;,, [13 ], 3 239,, [14 ],, [15, ], [16 ] [17, 60 ] 20 30, Beven,, [18,19, ],,,,,,,

3 370 14,,,,,,, ;, [ Seine ],,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, Robert1E1Horton [21 ] 20,,, [22 ] 2 Fig12 Active and passive hydrological study,,,,,,,,,, ( ) (2),,, [23,24, ] :,,,,,,, ( ),,,, 212,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,

4 3 : ,,,,,,,,,, ;, 3,, (3) Fig13 A concept of the experimental hy2,,,,, drological system,,,,, (1) [23 ], [25, ( ) ],, Table 1 1 Types of experimental hydrology system Lysimeter 3 Lysimeter Lysimeter / / / / / / / : ; ; ; Lysimeter,,,,:,,,, 213,,,,,,,,, : ( ),,

5 372 14, : ; ; ; 13, [26,27 ], 2, perhaps the largest public works effort in small catchment hydrology in the history of mankind,provides a unique opportunity to investigate processes taking place within a catchment [28 ] 1 3,,,,,, 311 ( ),,, 3, (4 5), Fig14 [29 ] 4 5 Ca 2 + ph Temporal variations in 18 O of rainfall and that of runoff components Fig15 [30 ] Temporal variations of Ca 2 + and ph of rainfall and that of runoff components, 4,: S, ; SS, ; M ; V (6) 312,,,,,,,, (7),,

6 3 : (8) [30 ] 7 Fig17 Composition of water from previous rainfall events (old water) in event runoff components SF IF GF Fig16 [29 ] 6 Composition types of runoff components R1 : 415 km 2, 2 %; R2 : 313 km 2, 98 % 8 Fig18 Composition of old water in total runoff repre2 sentative 313 (1),,,,,, [31 ] (9),,,,, A A - 1 A - 2,, B, B - 1, B - 2, A - 3 4, B - 34 [31 ],, R6 ( 8211 km 2 ), A 10 + A A - 1 A - 2, (10 X ), ( + ),,,,,, (2),,,, 10,,

7 R6 Fig19 Hyetograph and its corresponding hy2 Fig110 Hyetograph and its corresponding hydro2 drographs, hydrohill experimental graphs, representative basin R6 catchment 314,,,,,,,, (1) ( ),,, (11), 21, Fig111 The range of soil moisture saturation of 21 profiles within, the hydrohill during surface runoff generation of 37 events on ,, 3, 11, 4 4 3,, Darcy, Darcy, 3, [30 2, ] (2), ,, ( ) %87. 7 % [30 ] : ;

8 3 : ; [30, ],,,, ( ), 315, [19, K1Beven ], [32,33 ], 2 ( 1 m), h, (SR) ( IF) ( GF) 18 O Ca 2 + (12) 40 m O Ca 2 + [32], 18 O (13) Fig O and Ca 2 + in runoff components, hydrohill (14) experimental catchment A3 - F, [37 ] O Fig113 Spatial and temporal variations of 18 O in groundwater, Hydrohill experimental catchment A32F : wells of groundwater monitoring with its location showing on Fig114 A32F : (a) (30 cm, ) (b) (60 cm, ) (c) ( ) [28 ] 14 Fig114 Temporal variations of the generation area of sub2 surface runoff showing also the location of wells [34 ] [35, f E, E m, F, ] : f / F = 1 - (1 - E/ E m ) n 131 [36 I, ] (1) 3 ( ) :

9 376 14,,,,, Klemes, [14,38 ] [14,15 ],,,,,, (2),, 50,,,, ( ),, 412 (1),,,,,, 50, ( ),, ( ) ( ),, [1 (2) ],,,, ( ),,,,, [24,,, ],,,,,,, 413,,, ( ),, [26,, ],,,,, Hydrology laboratory( ), :,! : [1 ] 1 ( ) [J ]1 ) 11963, (1) :11-16.

10 3 : [2 ] 1 [M]1 :, [3 ] 1 [ Z] [4 ] 1 [ R] [5 ], 1 [A]1 [ C]1 :, [6 ] 1 [ Z] [7 ] 1 1 [ Z] [ 8 ] Gu Wei2Zu1 Basin studies in China over the last four decades1 ERB/ BREVES[ Z]1Wallingford UK 1993, (9) :12. [ 9 ] Gu Wei2Zu1 Experimental and representative basin studies in China[A]1 Hydrological Research Basins and Environment 1990[ C]1 Hague, The Netherlands, [10 ] 1 [ Z] [11 ] 1 [ Z] [12 ] 11 ( 12002) [13 ], 1 [M]1 :, [ 14 ] Klemes V1 Dilettantism in hydrology, transition or destiny? [J ]1 Water Resources Research, 1986, 22(9) : [15 ], 1 [ Z] [16 ] 1 [M]1 :, [17 ] Barnes B S1 Discussion on analysis of run2off characteristics by O1H1Meyer[J ]1 Trans Am Soc Civil Engrs, 1940, 105 : [18 ]. [M]. :, [19 ] Beven K1 Towards a new paradigm in hydrology[a]1 Water for the future Hydrology in Perspective[ C]1 IAHS Publication, [20 ], 1 P1 ( ) [M]1 :, [21 ], R E1 ( ) [M]1 :, [22 ] 1 1 [ Z] [23 ] 1 () 1 [ Z] [24 ] 1 [A]1 [C]1 :, [25 ] 1 [A]1, 10 [ C] [26 ], 1 [A]1, 2 [ C] [27 ] 2 1 ( ) [M]1 :, [28 ] Carol Kendall, Jeffrey McDonnell. A look insideblack boxhydrograph separation models : a study at the Hydrohill catchment[j ]1Hydrological Process, 2001, 15 : [ 29 ] Gu Wei2zu1 Challenge on some rainfall2runoff conceptions traced by environmental isotopes in experimental catchments[a]1 Edits H Hotzl &A Werner Tracer Hydrology[ C]1 A A Balkema, [30 ] 1 [J ]1, 1995, (5) :9-17. [31 ] R K, M A, L H1( ) 1 [M]1 :, [32 ] Gu Wei2Zu, Unreasonableness of current two component isotope hydrograph separation for naturalbasins[ A ]1 Isotopes in Water Resources Management 1995[ C]1 IAEA Vienna, [ 33 ] Gu Wei2Zu. Experimental Research on Isotopic Hydrograph Separation[ Z]1 No15001/ RB1 IAEA11994, [34 ], 1 [A]1 [ C]1 :, [ 35 ] Gu Wei2Zu1 Measurement of spatial evapotranspiration characteristics of an experimental basin using a neutron probe[a]1 Isotope Techniques in Water Resources development[ C]1 IAEA Vienna, [36 ] Gu Wei2Zu, Lu Mingjiang, Chen Tingyang, et al1 A systematic study of distribution characters of infiltration parameters in an experimental basin by nuclear methods[a]1 Isotope Applications in Hydrology in Asia and the Pacific[ C]1 Beijing : IAEA, [37 ] Carol Kendall, Gu Wei2Zu. Development of isotopically heterogeneous infiltration waters in an artificial catchment in Chuzhou, China [A]1 Isotope Techniques in Water Resources Development 1991[ C]. Vienna : IAEA, 1992, [ 38 ] Yevjevich V1 Misconceptions in hydrology and their consequences[j ]1 Water Resources Research, 1968, 4(2) :

11 Challenges of basin study to traditional hydrological conceptions : the 50 years anniversary of hydrological basin study of PRC and the 20 years anniversary of Chuzhou Hydrological Laboratory GU Wei2zu 1,2, LU Jia2ju 1, TANG Hai2xing 1, WANG Quan2jiu 3 (11 Nanjing Hydraulic Research Institute, Nanjing , China ; 21 Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing , China ; 31 Xi an University of Technology, Xi an , China) Abstract : The 502year complicate process of the hydrological basin study of PRC is reviewed, and the concept of experimental hydrology and the hydrological experimental system are introduced,proposing that the hydrological experimentation appears the best way for the improvement of hydrology which has not yet consolidated as a science itself1 It is neccessary to make efforts on the recovery of the basin study interrupted during recent decades1 For this purpose, some points related to the strategy of basin study are discussed1 Key words : hydrology ; experimental hydrology ; rainfall2runoff relationship ; hydrological basin study ; experimental basin ; environmental isotopes,,,,, :,,,,,,,, 2010,,,,, ( ),,,,,,, 2000,,,, 16, ,

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3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 The Formation of Intervention State and Development of German Administrative Law Michael Stolleis, Translated by WANG Yin-hong (1.Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt,