6 : 1513 (cm) (cm) (g) [15-19], [9-11], : qz =q0exp(-kz) (1),, :qz z (g cm -1 s -1 ),z [12] (cm);q0 (z=0) (g cm -1 s -1 );k [13],, (cm -1 ) 1mm,, HDF

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1 JOURNAL OFDESERT RESEARCH Vol.32 No.6 Nov.2012 : X(2012) ,2 1,2,, 3, 4, 1, 1 1, (1., ;2., ;3., ; 4., ) :, 60cm, (M) 1mm,,,, (M<0.587%), (0.587%<M<1.448%),,M>1.448%,, 0.99g cm -1 s % 1.448%, 3,, (M >1.448%) ; (M = 0.587%), : ; ; ; ; ; ; :X169 :A, Bagnold Zingg, () (),, [1],,, [2] [6],,,,,,,, [3-4], VanDijk [7],,,,, ;,, ; [5],, Sarre [8], (1~2 mm) 0.17 mm,, 14%,,, Bagnold,, [4] Bagnold, : ; : : ( ); ( ); ( ) : (1979 ),,,, hqjecology@163.com

6 : 1513 (cm) (cm) (g) [15-19], [9-11], : qz =q0exp(-kz) (1),, :qz z (g cm -1 s -1 ),z [12] (cm);q0 (z=0) (g cm -1 s -1 );k [13],, (cm -1 ) 1mm,, HDF 60cm 60 1 0.5cm,1cm 60,, 0.1mm, 90% [12] 1,,, 0.

2 6 : 1513 (cm) (cm) (g) [15-19], [9-11], : qz =q0exp(-kz) (1),, :qz z (g cm -1 s -1 ),z [12] (cm);q0 (z=0) (g cm -1 s -1 );k [13],, (cm -1 ) 1mm,, HDF 60cm cm,1cm 60,, 0.1mm, 90% [12] 1,,, 0.20, 37 m, 21 m, mm, m 1.2m, 1~30m s -1,, 0.4~0.5m [14] [20] 2 (s), 1 Table1 Particle-sizeparametersandphysicochemicalpropertiesofbeachsandusedinthepresentstudy CaCO3 * /% /(mg kg -1 )/(g kg -1 ) (M1.5) /(g cm -3 ) /mm (Φ) (Φ) ECe ** (Φ) /(ds m -1 ) * 0.15~0.20mm -1.5 MPa, 3, ** ECe25 2,,V 1 Fig.2 Electronmicrographofatypicalbeachsandparticle Fig.1 Grain-sizedistributionofthetestedsandparticles 1 mm, (3), Reginato [21] 1mm, 200 mm 200 mm 50 mm (200mm 200 mm 1 mm) (2cm, ), 0.04m 2,, 1 mm

1514 32 2.947%,4.077%, 24h, 16m (4.00 m 0.80 m 2.5 cm),, 20.05m, 5cm 60cm, 10 12 14 16 18 20 m s -1,, (4%), 8.4 m s -1[22],,,,, 3 90s, 5 Fig.

3 %,4.077%, 24h, 16m (4.00 m 0.80 m 2.5 cm),, 20.05m, 5cm 60cm, m s -1,, (4%), 8.4 m s -1[22],,,,, 3 90s, 5 Fig.3 Asedimentsamplerusedtocolect thesurfacesandsamples (200mm 200mm 1mm),, 0.001g, h,,,, ( / ), 8 :0.143% ( ),,, 0.351%,0.437%,1.094%,1.291%,1.983%, Fig.4 Layoutofthewindtunnelexperiment 5, [30],, (0~2cm), Buterfield [26] (0~2cm) (<19mm),,, ( 20 mm [23-24] ),, (<19mm),,, 15~20mm,, - Jensen [25] Buterfield [26] Greeley [27], White [28] Rasmussen [29]

4 6 : Fig.5 Theverticalvariationofsandflowovermoisturesandsurfaceatdiferentwindvelocities

5 , 2 [26,31-34],, Table2 Thefitingcorrelationofsandflowflux [30,35] [36-38] profileovermoisturesandsurface, /% s -1 ) cm -1 s -1 ),,,,,,,,,,, (,, 5%), ( 1) 2, R 2 >0.97, [26,39-41] [42-44],,, 5, 3, M 0.587%,, ;, 0.587% 1.448%,,, ;, 1.448%,,,,,,, (M <0.587%), (0.587%<M<1.448%), M>1.448%,,, M u/(m Q/(g q0 k R :qz=q0exp(-kz),qz z,m (1mm ),U ;Q,q0k, R 2

6 6 : 1517,, (6), [32] [45], 4, : ;, [46] ;, [47],,, [48],,, (PIV), 6 (A,M=2.713%) (B,M=0.143%) 12m s -1 PIV Fig.6 ThePIVphotographofsandflowinhighmoisture(A,M=2.713%)andlow moisture(b,m=0.143%)withwindvelocityof12m s ,,,,,, 7, 0.587%1.448%, %, 7 ( 0.587%1.448%, 3, ) 0.587% 1.448%, Fig.7 Relationshipbetweentotaltransportrateand, sandsurfacemoistureunderdiferentwindvelocity 1.448%( 1.591%=M 1.5 ),,,, ( 0.99g cm -1 s -1 Wiggs [49] 10.41m s -1 ) (1~2mm )0.75%

7 ~1.01%,,,, 1%, [49] 0.75%~1.01%, 0.587%,, M 1.5, 16,, m s -1, 0.996%, (7),,M = Wiggs 8,,,,,,, [50] 8, 3, Chepil [51] -1.5 MPa 0.587%,0.587% ~1.448% 1.448%,, Cornelis [52] 75% -1.5 MPa ( 0.75M 1.5=1.193%), 0.587% Neuman [53],,, 10 MPa, 0.2%,,,,Chepil [51] 0.587%,,,,,,, [53-56] 1.448%, ( 1.591%=M 1.5 ), 1.448%, 0.99g cm -1 s -1,, M 1.5,,M 1.5,,,,,,,,,, 8 (M),, ( 3, ) Fig.8 Relationshipbetweentotaltransportrateand windvelocityatdiferentsurfacemoisture(m),

8 6 : 1519,,,, Van [50],,,,,, 3 (References):,, (1 mm ),,,, (M <0.587%), (0.587%<M <1.448%), M>1.448%,,, injapan,1982,25: ,,,, 0.587%,0.587% ~ 1.448% 1.448%, andlandforms,1996,21: ,, (M >1.448%), (M=0.587%),,,, ester:john Wiley,1990: M 1.5, M 1.5,,,, phology,2002,49: [1] BauerB O,Davidson-ArnotR G D.A generalframework for modeling sedimentsupplytocoastaldunesincluding windangle,beachgeometry,andfetchefects[j].geomor- [2] Nickling W G,Davidson-ArnotR G D.Aeoliansediment transportonbeachesandcoastalsanddunes[m]//davidson- Arnot,R G D.Proceedings Symposium on CoastalSand Dunes.NationalResearchCouncilofCanada,1990:1-35. [3] HorikawaK,HotaS,KubotaS,etal.Blownsandonbea- ches[m].proceedingofthe28thjapaneseconferenceon CoastalEngineering,1981: [4] Horikawa K,Hota S,Kubota S.Experimentalstudy of blownsandonawetedsandsurface[j].coastalengineering [5] NeumanC M,ScotM M.A windtunnelstudyoftheinflu- enceofporewateronaeoliansedimenttransport[j].journal ofaridenvironments,1998,39(3): [6] Sherman DJ,Jackson D W T,NamikasS L,etal.Wind- blownsandonbeaches:anevaluationofmodels[j].geomor- phology,1998,22: [7] VanDijkP M,StroosnijderL.Theinfluenceofrainfalon transportofbeachsandbywind[j].earthsurfaceprocesses [8] SarreR.Evaluationofaeoliansandtransportequationsusing intertidalzone measurements,sauntonsands,england[j]. Sedimentology,1988,35: [9] BauerB O,Sherman D J,Nordstrom K F,etal.Aeolian transportmeasurementand predictionacrossabeachand duneatcastrovile,california[m]//nordstrom K F,Psuty NP,CarterR W G.CoastalDunes:FormandProcess.Chich- [10] KroonA,HoekstraP.Eoliansedimenttransportonanatural beach[j].journalofcoastalresearch,1990,6: [11] WalA,McManusJ.Windregimeandsandtransportona coastalbeach-dune complex,tentsmuir,eastern Scotland [M]//PyeK.TheDynamicsandEnvironmentalContextof Aeolian Sedimentary Systems.Geological Society Special Publication No.72.London:The GeologicalSociety,1993: [12] DongZB,LiuXP,WangH T.Thefluxprofileofablowing sandcloud:a windtunnelinvestigation[j].geomorphology,,, 2003,49: [13] ButerfieldG R.Near-bed MassfluxprofilesinAeoliansand

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10 6 : 1521 gy,2002,45: [48] McEwanIK,WiletsBB,RiceM A.Thegrain/bedcolision insandtransportbywind[j].sedimentology,1992,39: [49] WiggsGFS,BairdAJ,AthertonRJ.Thedynamicefectof moistureontheentrainmentandtransportofsandbywind [J].Geomorphology,2004,59: [50] VanDijkP M,StroosnijderL.Theinfluenceofrainfalon transportofbeachsandbywind[j].earthsurfaceprocesses andlandforms,1996,21: [51] ChepilW S.Influenceofsoilmoistureonerodibilityofsoilby wind[j].soilsciencesocietyofamericaproceedings,1956, 20: [52] CornelisW M,GabrielsD,HartmannR.Aconceptualmodel topredictthedeflationthresholdshearvelocityasafectedby near-surfacesoilwater:1.theory[j].soilsciencesocietyof America,2004,68: [53] NeumanC M,Nickling W G.Atheoreticalandwindtunnel investigationoftheefectofcapilarywaterontheentrain- mentofsedimentbywind[j].canadianjournalofsoilsci- ence,1989,69: [54] BaverL D.SoilPhysics[M].New York:John Wileyand Sons,1948:252. [55] BisalF,HsiehJ.Influenceofsoilmoistureonerodibilityof soilbywind[j].soilscience,1966,102: [56] CornelisW M,GabrielsD.Theefectofsurfacemoistureon theentrainmentofdunesandby wind:anevaluationofse- lectedmodels[j].sedimentology,2003,50: A WindTunnelExperimentofAeolianSandTransport overwetedcoastalsandsurface HANQing-jie 1,2,QUJian-jun 1,2,LIAOKong-tai 3,ZHUShu-juan 4,DONGZhi-bao 1, ZHANGKe-cun 1,ZURui-ping 1 (1.Key Laboratoryof Desertand Desertification,Cold and Arid Regions Environmentaland Engineering ResearchInsti- tute,chinese Academyof Sciences,Lanzhou ,China ;2.Dunhuang Gobiand DesertEcology and EnvironmentRe- search Station,Cold and Arid Regions Environmentaland Engineering ResearchInstitute,Chinese Academyof Sciences, Dunhuang736200,Gansu,China ;3.GeneralStationof Forestry Scienceand Technology Extensionof Gansu Province, Lanzhou ,China ;4.Gansu DesertControlResearchInstitute,Wuwei733000,Gansu,China) Abstract:Thechangecharactersofwind-sandflowstructureandsandtransportrateunderdiferentwind speedanddiferentmoisturecoastwerestudiedinwindtunnelexperiments.intheexperiment,astandard 60-cmheightverticalsandtrapwasused,andthemoisturecontentwasgravimetricmoisturecontentofsur- facesandwithin1-mmthick.resultsshowthatthesandtransportprofileoverthewetsurfacecanbeex- pressedwithanexponentialequation.generaly,theinfluenceofmoisturecontentonsandtransportprofile mainlyfocusesonthebotomoftheblowingsandcloud.meanwhile,thetotalsandtransportdropswiththe increaseofmoisturecontent,andarelativelylargerproportionistransportedatgreaterheight.thevertical movementofparticlesoverhighermoisturesurface (0.587%<M <1.448% )ismoresensitivetomoisture contentvariationascomparedtothoseoverlowerwetsurface (M <0.587% ),especialy,thetotalsand transportratetendstoberatherlow (0.99g 爛 cm -1 爛 s -1 )when M >1.448%.Theprofileofthetotalsand transportratevaryingwithmoisturecontentcanbedividedintothreediferentgradientregions.thegradi- entofthecurvereflectsthediferentinfluencesofthewaterregimeinsurfacesediments.thehighermois- turesurface (M >1.448% )merelyfunctionsasatransportplainforthesaltationparticles.surfacemois- turecontentisthedominantcontrolfactorforsaltationactivitywhenthemoisturecontentisin0.587% %,andwindvelocitywilcontrolsaltationafterthesurfacedriestotheextentofM <0.587%. Keywords:wind-sandflow;moisturecontent;wetsand;fluxprofile;sandtransportrate;coast;windtun- nelexperiment

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