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11 Contents, Abstracts and Keywords and negative roles. Keyword : Liangshan ; Yi, t he nationality ; lineage system. Hidden Divinity of Stone2Houses in the Tibetan and Yi Corridor : Exploration of Its Original Meaning and Function Basing on the Ethnographies Shi Shuo ( 56) Abstract : As a special historical and cult ural remain, t he stone2houses in Tibetan plateau are highly interested recently. It is widely believed t hat t he sto ne2ho uses are military defensive construction. This paper argues on t he basis of t he related ethnograp hies that t he stone2houses have divinity and it is t he symbol of power. The stories that t he stone2houses were built for sacrifice to Heaven God or suppression of evil can reflect t he origin of t hem. The houses may be sacred building to deal wit h t he relation between God and human first. Afterward, t hey became defensive building to deal wit h t he co nflict bet ween humans. addition, t he paper discusses t he relation between t he local belief s and religions and origin of t he stone2house. Keyword : stone2house ; Zhaba ; divinity. In The Jie2hu of Late Zhao was the Za2Hu Who Migrated to Hebei ( North of Huanghe River) from Bingzhou Chen Yong ( 66) Abstract : The lack of record about t he Jie people in t he period of West Jin Dynasty is little in extant literat ure means that t heir pop ulation was small and tribal organizations were dispersing. In t he end of t he Jin, t he Jie2Hus was regard as Za2Hu who was distinguished f rom Xiongnu. The historian called Jie2Hu " Za2Hu" or " one tribe differing f rom Xiongnu" for distinguishing them from five core tribes of Tuge or five core tribes of Xiongnu. When leader of Jie2Hu, Shi Le, risen up, few of his people had same surname wit h him and His army was far smaller than Liu Yuan s five tribes of Tuge. The original member of army of Shi Le under t he power of Liu Yuan was not only t he Jie people but varies Za2Hus. When Shi Le was fighting in Hebei areas, his army increased quickly and a lot of Bingzhou Za2Hu who have been sold to Hebei took part in. After Shi Le built t he state, the positions of t he Hu people grown and t hey were called " Guo2Ren (, literally, state men). " So t he pop ulation of the Jie2Hu increased suddenly to a large number. The language, custom and appearance of t he Jie2Hu is t he same as t he West2Hu like Kangju people. It is believed t hat t he ratio of t he West2Hu was large in t he Jie2Hus of Late Zhao. While Ran Min stirred up t he Han people to kill Jie2Hus in t he end of late Zhao, a lot of West2Hus were murdered. Because of t he et hnic identification of the Bingzhou Za2Hu and regional identification of t he migration to Hebei, t he core group of Shi Le s power of t he Jie2Hu could gat her. It is on t he basis of t he special social and politic power t hat Late Zhao can resist by t he force early Zhao and gained t he upper hand gradually. And Bingzhou Za2Hu took over t he position of five tribes of Tuge finally as et hnic dominator in nort hern china in early Sixteen Kingdoms. 109

12 Ethno2National Studies, No. 1, 2008 Keyword : Jie2Hu ; Hebei area ; Bingzhou Za2Hu ; West2Hu. The Exploration of the Formation of the Kuyala ( ) Ne w2manchus in Northeastern China in the Qing Dynasty Chen Peng ( 76) Abstract : After the Qing went in the Shanhai Pass, especially in the period of Kangxi and Yongzheng? emperor, t he Qing moved lot s of ethnic group s to t he interior of t he nort heastern China and p ut t hem into t he Eight2banner system. They were called New2 Manchus. And t his policy of moving people to eight2banner can help t he Qing managing et hnic group, guarding t he frontier and enhancing t he defense of t he nort heastern China. This paper explores t he formation of t he New2Manchus on t he basis of t he example of t he Kuyala People. Keyword : Qing Dynasty ; nort heastern China ; Kuyala ; New2Manchus. The Using of Firearms and the Ref orm of Aboriginal Chief ta ins in Southwestern China in the Ming and Qing Dynasties Zhang Wen ( 85) Abstract : The social and economic motive or background of t he reform to bring t he aboriginal chieftains of southwestern China under t he jurisdiction of t he central government in t he Ming and Qing Dynasties have been discussed by several researchers for a long time. But t here was lack of t he exploration why t he Ming and Qing were able to finish t he difficult reform the past dynasties could not do. This paper argues t hat t he reform was on t he basis of t he using of t he forearms in t he Ming and Qing Dynasties. The firearms were the important technical guarantee for t he success of t he reform. Keyword : firearm ; reform of aboriginal chieftain ; southwestern China. The Development and Studies of Chinese Visual Anthropology in Resent Thirty Years Wang Haifei ( 95) Abstract : Since t he start of t he policy of reform and opening to t he out side world, Chinese visual ant hropology developed quickly in resent t hirt y year s. There are a lot of important achievement s in different levels. But t here are some out standing problems in t his new field. This paper gives a summation of t he achievement s and asks some questions for t he develop ment and imp rovement of t he visual ant hropology. Keyword : Chinese ant hropology ; visual ant hropology ; anthropological film. The Reality and History of Ethnic Identif ication and Social Cultural Interaction in Tibetan and Yi Corridor : A Summary of the Meeting Crossing the Trait Mu Shihua ( 105) 110

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