专四语法部分 主讲教师 : 周洁 名从 定从 三大从句 名词性从句 定语从句 状语从句 名词性从句 主语从句宾语从句表语从句同位语从句 两步解题法 1. 抓连词 2. 抓连词在名词性从句中的成分 连接词 -- that whether if ( 宾从 ) 连词连接代词 -- what(ever) w

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1 2017 英语专业四级语法讲义 主讲人 : 周洁 欢迎使用新东方在线电子讲义 讲义并非老师授课的逐字稿, 难免有错漏, 如有不符, 请以课程讲解为主, 有任何疑问可以到知识堂进行提问

2 专四语法部分 主讲教师 : 周洁 名从 定从 三大从句 名词性从句 定语从句 状语从句 名词性从句 主语从句宾语从句表语从句同位语从句 两步解题法 1. 抓连词 2. 抓连词在名词性从句中的成分 连接词 -- that whether if ( 宾从 ) 连词连接代词 -- what(ever) which(ever) who(ever) whom(ever) whose 连接副词 -- how(ever) when(ever) where(ver) why 连接词词义在从句中的成分能否省略 that 无不充当引导宾语从 句时可省 if( 只引导宾从 ) 是否不充当不能省 whether 是否 连接代词词义在从句中的成分能否省略 what(ever) who(ever) whom(ever) which(ever) ( 无论 ) 什么 主 宾 表 ( 定 ) 不能省 ( 无论 ) 谁 主 不能省 ( 无论 ) 谁 宾 不能省 ( 无论 ) 哪一个 定 不能省

3 whose 谁的 连接副词词义在从句中的成分能否省略 how(ever) when(ever) where(ver) why ( 无论 ) 如何方式状语 不能省 ( 无论 ) 何时时间状语 不能省 ( 无论 ) 在哪地点状语 不能省 为什么 that 代词 连词 名从中连接词 -- 考与 what 的区别限定性定从中关代 -- 考与 which 的区别强调句式 -- 注意与主从的区别状从中连接词 -- 常考固搭 状从中的连接词 -- 常考固搭 so that such that so that in order that with the result that that 引导名词性从句 --that + 完整句子 (1) 主语从句 It is/was + adj. -ed + that + 完整句子某些名词 e.g. It is true that he passed the exam. It is said that he passed the exam. It is a pity that he didn t pass the exam. 强调句式 It is/was + 被强调部分 + that + 不完整句子主 宾 表 状 e.g. I met him in the street. It was him that I met in the street. It was in the street that I met him. It was I that met him in the street. that 引导名词性从句 --that + 完整句子

4 (2) 宾语从句主 + 谓语 vt + (that) + 完整句子 e.g. I know (that) he passed the exam. that 引导名词性从句 --that + 完整句子 (3) 表语从句主 + 系动词 + that + 完整句子 e.g. My suggestion is that he go with us tomorrow. that 引导名词性从句 --that + 完整句子 (4) 同位语从句抽象名词 + that + 完整句子 e.g. My suggestion that he go with us tomorrow is right. There is /are + 抽象名词 + that + 完整句子 抽象名词 answer, belief, concept, conclusion, decision, discovery, doubt, evidence, sign, fact, hope, idea, information, knowledge, statement, suggestion, thought, probability on the condition that despite the fact that on the understanding that that 引导限定性定从 all some any one(s) every each the first the last the only the very N + that + 不完整句子作从句的主 宾 表语 e.g. The book that was written by him is pop. that 引导同位语从句抽象名词 + that + 完整句子 that 引导限定性定从 N + that + 不完整句子作从句的主 宾 表语 The fact that he passed the exam was true. The fact that he found was true. what = all that; the thing that; the person that what + 不完整句子 What he said made me happy.

5 e.g. it turned out, it was Italian movie. A What it turned out was Italian movie. A What I know what he said. I listen what he said. This is what he said. 词 + 不完整句子 n A what X vt / 介词 / 系动词 A what 可以考虑 词, + 不完整句子 A what B which C that what 与 how 的区别 I don t know what to do. I don t know how to do it. I m thinking of to do about it. A. what B. how 介词短语在句中的位置 1) 作状语句子 + 介短 / 介短 + 句子 2) 作定语 n + 介短 3) 作表语系 + 介短 4) 与 vi 连用形成固搭 wh-ever 与 no matter wh- 区别让步 名从让步 I don t believe whatever he said. Whatever happens, don t panic. 转折连词 --- 找逗号 但是 however 让步连词 --- 找公式 无论如何 However,,however, 公式 however + adj/adv + 主语 + 谓语 e.g. It caused them to think about they might control the experiences of children to produce responsible and productive adults. A. what B. how C. whatever D. however

6 if 与 whether 的区别 if 条件状从 如果 / 宾从 是否 whether 让步状从 无论是否 名词性从句 ( 主从 宾从 表从 同位从 ) 无论是否 whether or not/ or... We know, however, no two places are exactly the same. A) although B) whether C) since D) that 定语从句限定性定语从句 / 非限定性定语从句两步解题法 1. 抓先行项 ( 指人 物 整句话内容 ) 2. 抓关系词在定语从句中的成分 关系词 关系代词 -- 作主 宾 表 定语 关系副词 -- 作状语 关系代词指代对象在从句中的成分能否省略 that 人 物主 宾 表作宾语, 可省 ( 介 )which 物 句子主 宾 表作宾语, 可省 who 人主 ( 非正式做宾 ) 不能省 ( 介 )whom 人宾可省 whose 人 物定不能省 as 人 物 句子主 宾 表不能省 than

7 关系副词指代对象在从句中的成分能否省略 when=on which 时间 N 时间状语不能省 where=in which 地点 N 地点状语不能省 why=for which 原因 reason 原因状语 不能省 e.g. This is the house 1 I once lived. 2 I once visited. 1 where / in which 2 that / which / X This is the very house I once visited. e.g. I ll never forget the day 1 I met him. 2 I spent with him. 1 when / on which 2 that / which / X I ll never forget the very day I spent with him. 地点 N where 主 + 谓 vt+ 宾 / 宾 / 宾补主 + 谓 vi 主 + 系 + 表时间 N when 主 + 谓 vt+ 宾 / 宾 / 宾补主 + 谓 vi 主 + 系 + 表 the reason why 主 + 谓 vt+ 宾 / 宾 / 宾补主 + 谓 vi 主 + 系 + 表 词 + 句子 A what B which C that 词, + 句子 A what B which C that N 介词 + which+ 主 + 谓 + 宾介词 + whom+ 主 + 谓 + 宾 The food which he depends is expensive. We need a chairman whom we have confidence. have confidence in be confident of

8 We were struck by the extend which the teacher s decision served the interests of the school rather than those of the students. I listen to what he said. set at they would be if. A which B that C what D who As 1 固定搭配 2 介词与 like 区别 3 原因状从 4 比较状从 5 方式状从 6 让步倒装 7 时间状从 8 定语从句 as 引导的限定性定语从句 such as ( 不完整句子 ) the same as( 不完整句子 ) 注意与 such that 区别 such that( 完整句子 ) e.g. It wasn t such a good dinner she had promised us. A. that B. as C. which D. what promise to do/promise sb sth e.g. There was such a long line at the exhibition we had to wait for about an hour. A. that B. as C. so D. hence wait for me for a long time e.g. It is language distinguishes man from the rest of the animal world. A. what B. that C. as whose 表所属关系 的 n + (,)whose + n. I know a girl whose name is Mary. I like the room whose window faces the south. The book, the cover is broken, isn t mine. A whose B. of which The book, cover is broken, isn t mine. A. whose B. of which

9 名从 定从真题练习 04 年 43. The government has promised to do lies in its power to ease the hardships of the victims in the flood-stricken area. [A] however [B] whichever [C] whatever [D] wherever 03 年 43. Above the trees are the hills, magnificence the river faithfully reflects on the surface. [A] where [B] of whose [C] whose [D] which 51. They overcame all the difficulties and completed the project two months ahead of time, is something we had not expected. [A] which [B] it [C] that [D] what 52. He is quite worn out from years of hard work. He is not the man he was twenty years ago. [A] which [B] that [C] who [D] whom 02 年 44. Have you ever been in a situation you know the other person is right yet you cannot agree with him? [A] by which [B] that [C] in where [D] where 45. We ve just installed two air-conditioners in our apartment, should make great differences in our life next summer. [A] which [B] what [C] that [D] they 01 年 42. Even as a girl, to be her life, and theater audiences were to be her best teacher. [A] performing by Melissa were [B] it was known that Melissa s performances were [C] knowing that Melissa s performances were [D] Melissa knew that performing was 44. There is no doubt the company has made the right decision on the sales project. [A] why [B] that [C] whether [D] when 45. Intellect is to the mind sight is to the body. [A] what [B] as [C] that [D]like 08 年 53. Nine is to three three is to one. A. when B. that C. which D. what

10 62. Quality is counts most. A. which B. that C. what D. where 09 年 56. I was very interested in she told me. A. all that B. all which C. all what D. that 10 年 54. After seemed an endless wait, it was his turn to enter the personnel manager's office. A. that B. it C. what D. there 11 年 63. There is no doubt the couple did the right thing in coming back home earlier than planned. A. whether B. that C. why D. when 状从 - 状语从句让步状从 although though even if / though even adv Even 句子, 句子 Even they get the answers right, some are just guessing. as 引导的让步倒装 adj. adv. n ( 无冠词 ) as + 主 + 谓分词短语 表让步 Although/Though 句首 While 表转折 but 句中当 时候 46. I sympathize, I can t really do very much to help them out of the difficulties. [A] As long as [B] As [C] While [D] Even wh-ever 与 no matter wh- 区别让步 名从让步 whether or not/or 省略 whether 倒装 Whether he is busy or free, he still keeps on studying English. Be he busy or free, he still keeps on studying English.

11 42., I ll marry him all the same. [A] Was he rich or poor [B] Whether rich or poor [C] Were he rich or poor [D] Be he rich or poor despite = in spite of 介词介短条件状从 if 与 whether 的区别 unless = if not as long as=so long as on condition that in the event that 42. This is an illness that can result in total blindness left untreated. [A] after [B] if [C] since [D] unless provided (that) = providing (that) = suppose (that) = supposing (that) I have enough money, I ll visit Europe next year. A. Imagine B. Suppose C. Provide D. Give in case 主 + do/does 主 + should do in case of 时间状从 when while as 区别 (2)Hardly have Scarcely + has + 主 + done + when had (3)No sooner have + has + 主 + done + than had 60. The couple had no sooner got to the station the coach left. A. when B. as C. until D. than This means that no sooner has he got used to one routine (33) he has to change to another, so that much of his time is spent neither working nor sleeping very efficiently. 33. [A] as [B] when [C] then [D] than

12 as soon as =the instant =the minute =the moment by the time every time each time since ( 自从 ) 过去时间点 主 + have/has ed + since 过去时句子 till/until not until once 1 adv 曾经 2 连词 一旦 before after then 结果状从 目的状从 so that with the result that such that so that so that in order that therefore consequently thus so 原因状从 because = in that since = now that as because of owing to for due to thanks to 54. Men differ from animals they can think and speak. A. for which B. for that C. in that D. in which 地点状从 where wherever anywhere somewhere Stay where you are. 注意与定语从句的区别 This is the house where I once lived. 注意 when 引导的时间状从与定从的区别 I ll never forget the day when I met him. 08 年 56. I enjoyed myself so much I visited my friend in Pairs last year. A that B when C where D which 比较状从

13 as as, than as as possible = as as one can than 比较状从定语从句比较级 + than + 完整句子 He ran faster than I did. 比较级 + (n)+ than + 不完整句子 关系代词指代对象在从句中的成分能否省略 that 人 物主 宾 表作宾语, 可省 ( 介 )which 物 句子主 宾 表作宾语, 可省 who 人主 ( 非正式做宾 ) 不能省 ( 介 )whom 人宾可省 whose 人 物定不能省 as 人 物 句子主 宾 表不能省 than 人主 宾 表不能省 方式状从 as just as I have changed it as you suggested. 注意与非限定性定语从句的区别 I have changed it, as you suggested. 41. She did her work her manager had instructed. [A] as [B] until [C] when [D] though 状从真题练习 07 年 51. There are as good fish in the sea ever came out of it. [A] than [B] like [C] as [D] so 61. The research requires more money than. [A] have been put in [B] has been put in [C] being put in [D] to be put in

14 02 年 49. The experiment requires more money than. [A] have been put in [B] being put in [C] has been put in [D] to be put in 06 年 51. dull he may be, he is certainly a very successful top executive. [A] Although [B] Whatever [C] As [D] However 03 年 45. Does Alan like hamburgers? Yes. So much that he eats them almost every day. [A] for [B] as [C] to [D] so 49. I like economics, I like sociology much better. [A] As mush as [B] So much [C] How much [D] Much as 08 年 55. he wanted to go out with his friends at the weekend, he had to stay behind to finish his assignment. A. Much though B. Much as C. As much D. Though much 60. They stood chatting together as easily and naturally as. A. it could be B. could be C. it was D. was 56. I enjoyed myself so much I visited my friends in Paris last year. A. when B. which C. that D. where 09 年 54. the boss says, it is unreasonable to ask me to work overtime without pay. A. Whatever B. Whenever C. Whichever D. However 01 年 49. Barry had an advantage over his mother he could speak French. [A] since that [B] in that [C] at that [D] so that

15 虚拟语气与情态动词 虚拟 1. if 引导的虚拟语气 假设类型 if 从句谓语 v. 主句谓语 v. 与现在事实相反 动词用过去式 would (be 用 were) should + do could might 与过去事实相反 had + done would should + have done could 与将来事实相反 were to + do might would should + do should + do (1) 省略 if 的虚拟倒装 had + 主语 (not)done should + 主语 + do were + 主语 + to do (2) 含蓄虚拟 without = but for with (3) 错综 ( 混合 ) 虚拟 2. 其他形式虚拟 (1)wish / wished 1 过去式主 2would/could + do 3had done / would/could + have done (2)as if / as though 1 过去式主 2would/could + do 3had done / would/could + have done (3)if only 1 过去式主 2would/could + do 3had done / would/could + have done

16 (4)would rather = d rather 主 1 过去式 2had done /would/could + have done (5) 用表示建议 命令 要求等词引导的名词性从句中 that + 主语 +(should)do +(should)be done 两步解题方法 : 1 圈出标志词 ( 表建议 命令 要求的词 ) 2 选出动词原形 suggest/-ed/-ion propose/-d/-sal order/-ed ask/-ed require/-d/-ment request/-ed desire/-d/-rable demand/-ed command/-ed insist/-ed/-ent/-ence recommend/-ed/-ation move/motion urge/-ent direct/-ed advise/-ce/-able important vital essential necessary imperative (6)It's/was + time high time + that + 主 + did about time (7)lest (that) for fear that + 主语 + should + do (in case) in case 主 + do/dose 主 + should do (8) 跳层虚拟 真实,otherwise / or + 虚拟 虚拟,but + 真实 真实 过去时 / must have done 虚拟 would / could + have done would rather do / not do 3. 情态动词 + have done must + have done can / could + have done may / might + have done should / ought to + have done shouldn't / oughtn't to + have done needn't + have done must 表命令 必须 表推测 一定 need 情态动词 必要 + do 实义动词 需要 + to do need doing = need to be done

17 虚拟语气真题 14 年 51. It is essential that he all the facts first. A. is examining B. will examine C. examines D. examine 55.Which of the following sentences indicates POSSIBILITY? A. The moon cannot always be at the full. B. You cannot smoke inside the building. C. He cannot come today. D. She cannot play the piano. 13 年 54. Which of the following sentences contains subjunctive mood? A. Lucy insisted that her son get home before 5 o clock? B. She used to drive to work, but now she takes the city metro. C. Walk straight ahead, and don't turn till the second traffic lights. D. Paul will cancel his flight if he cannot get his visa by Friday. 63. If it tomorrow, the match would be put off. A. were to rain B. was to rain C. was raining D. had rained 12 年 54.My boss ordered that the legal documents to him before lunch. A. be sent B. were sent C. were to be sent D. must be sent 11 年 61. It's getting late. I'd rather you now. A.will leave B. are leaving C. leave D. left 10 年 52. Nancy's gone to work but her car's still there. She by bus. A. must have gone B. should have gone C. ought to have gone D. could have gone 60. It is necessary that he the assignment without delay. A. hand in B. hands in C. must hand in D. has to hand in 09 年 52. If there were no subjunctive mood, English much easier to learn.

18 A. could have been B. would be C. will be D. would have been 53. She fifty or so when I first met her at a conference. A. had been B. must be C. has been D. must have been 61. Aren t you tired? I you had done enough for today. A. should have thought B. must have thought C. might have thought D. could have thought 08 年 52. Had Judy been more careful on the maths exam, she much better results now. A. would be getting B. could have got C. must get D. would get 65. Which of the following sentences expresses "probability"? A. You must leave immediately. B. You must be feeling rather tired. C. You must be here by eight o'clock. D. You must complete the reading assignment on time. 07 年 54. If only the patient a different treatment instead of using the antibiotics, he might still be alive now. [A] had received [B] received [C] should receive [D] were receiving 60. He would have finished his college education, but he to quit and find a job to support his family. [A] had had [B] has [C] had [D] would have 65. It is absolutely essential that William his study in spite of some learning difficulties. [A] will continue [B] continued [C] continue [D] continues 06 年 52. If only I play the guitar as well as you! [A] would [B] could [C] should [D] might 54. It s high time we cutting down the rainforests. [A] stopped [B] had to stop [C] shall stop [D] stop

19 59. It is imperative that the government more investment into the shipbuilding industry. [A] attracts [B] shall attract [C] attract [D] has to attract 05 年 51. If you explained the situation to your solicitor, he able to advise you much better than I can. [A] would be [B] will have been [C] was [D] were 60. That was not the first time he us. I think it s high time we strong actions against him. [A] betrayed take [B] had betrayed took [C] has betrayed took [D] has betrayed take 63. you further problems with your printer, contact your dealer for advice. [A] If, had [B] Have, had [C] Should, have [D] In case, had 04 年 46. It is imperative that students their term papers on time. [A] hand in [B] would hand in [C] have to hand in [D] handed in 02 年 50. for the fact that she broke her leg, she might have passed the exam. [A] Had it not been [B] Hadn t it been [C] Was it not [D] Were it not 51. What courses are you going to do next semester? I don t know. But it s about time on something. [A] I d decide [B] I decided [C] I decide [D] I m deciding 00 年 48. You Jim anything about it. It was none of his business. [A] needn t have told [B] needn t tell [C] mustn t have told [D] mustn t tell 49. All of us would have enjoyed the party much more if there quite such a crowd of people there. [A] weren t [B] hasn t been [C] hadn t been [D] wouldn t be

20 时态 语态时态 语态常考时态 语态 1. 现在完成进行时 have/has been doing (1) 表示一个动作发生在过去, 一直延续下去 (2) 现在完成进行时与现在完成时的区别 1 现在完成时表动作已经完成 ; 现在完成进行时表动作还在继续 2 现在完成时表动作已经一次性完成 ; 现在完成进行时表动作反复发生 3 如果动作表示状态, 应用现在完成时 2. 进行时 be + doing 1 表示正在进行的动作 2 即将发生的动作 3 与 always, for ever, constantly, continually 等 adv 连用, 表示说话人的某种情绪 How can I ever concentrate if you continually me with silly questions? A. have, interrupted B. had, interrupted C. are, interrupting D. were, interrupting 3. 表示将来的一般现在时 1 在时间状从和条件状从中 2 表计划好 安排好的事情 be to do 时态 语态真题练习 13 年 58. All the following sentences definitely indicate future time EXCEPT A. Mother is to have tea with Aunt Betty at four. B. The President is coming to the UN next week, C. The school pupils will be home by now. D. He is going to me the necessary information. 07 年 55. Linda was the experiment a month ago, but she changed her mind at the last minute. [A] to start [B] to have started [C] to be starting [D] to have been starting 58. The committee has anticipated the problems that in the road construction project. [A] arise [B] will arise [C] arose [D] have arisen

21 59. The student said there were a few points in the essay he impossible to comprehend. [A] had found [B] finds [C] has found [D] would find 05 年 54. James has just arrived, but I didn t know he until yesterday. [A] will come [B] was coming [C] had been coming [D] came 55. conscious of my moral obligations as a citizen. [A] I was and always will be [B] I have to be and always will be [C] I had been and always will be [D] I have been and always will be 02 年 43. For some time now, world leaders out the necessity for agreement on arms reduction. [A] had been pointing [B] have been pointing [C] were pointing [D] pointed 08 年 63. In his plays Shakespeare his characters live through their language. A. would make B. had made C. made D. makes 反意问句 反意问句前肯, 后否前否, 后肯否定形式 :no not never little few seldom scarcely hardly rarely 祈使句祈使句否定,will you? 祈使句肯定, won t you? 句子的主语是 this, that, these, those 时, 反意问句的主语为 it, they This is a book,? 复合句中的反意问句, 有两种情况 : 1 反意问句的主语应与主句主语一致 Mary said her son would come,? 2 主句的主语是 I/We, 谓语是 think/believe/suppose 时, 反意问句主语应与从句主语一致

22 I don t think he ll come,? there be 结构的反意问句, 反意问句主语用 there There used to be, didn t there? There used to be, usedn t there? 反意问句真题练习 10 年 57. She seldom goes to the theatre,? A. doesn't she B. does she C. would she D. wouldn't she 08 年 58. When you have finished with that book, don't forget to put it back on my desk,? A. do you B. don't you C. will you D. won't young 与 11 年 54 题考一样 06 年 65. There used to be petrol station near the park,? [A] didn t it [B] doesn t there [C] usedn t it [D] didn t there 03 年 53. She would have been more agreeable if she had changed a little bit,? [A] hadn t she [B] hasn t she [C] wouldn t she [D] didn t she 00 年 44. Do help yourself to some fruit, you? [A] can t [B] don t [C] wouldn t [D] won t 形容词 副词 adj / adv 比较结构倍数表达法 : 基数词 +times once twice three times 分数表达法 : 分子用基数, 分母用序数 ; 分子大于 1, 分母 +S 2/3 two-thirds 倍数在句中的应用 主 + 谓 + 倍数 / 分数 +as + adj + as

23 主 + 谓 + 倍数 / 分数 +the size (amount /length / price ) of 主 + 谓 + 倍数 / 分数 +adj/adv 比较级 +than increase/decrease by+ 倍数 / 分数 具有比较意义的 adj 两个特点 : (1) 不能与 more,-er 连用 (2) 不能与 than 连用, 只能与 to 连用 superior to senior to prior to = before second to inferior to junior to sensitive to preferable to 含有最高意义的 adj absolute unique round right wrong correct perfect outstanding 结构 :be + of + a + n be + much + of + a + n be + more + of + a + n + than be + as + much + of + a + n + as adj / adv 比较级 最高级用法 一些特殊的比较结构 1 the more, the more 越 越 e.g. The harder you study, the more progress you ll make. 2 (not) so/as as 如同 一样, 不如 e.g. It is not so/as good as it looks. 3 the same as / the same as 和 一样 e.g. She looks just the same as before. I got the same feeling as you did. 4 no more A than B A not any more than B 正如 A 不能 B 也不能 ; 和 一样不 A fool can no more see his own folly than he can see his ears. no less than 不比 差 5 not A so much as B not so much A as B not more A than B 与其说 A 不如说 B ; 是 B, 而不是 A He is not so much a writer as a reporter.

24 形容词 副词真题练习 14 年 62.Which of the following italicized parts modifies an adverb? A. I rather like my teacher. B. That was a very funny film. C. Do it right now. D. We walked about 6 miles. 11 年 56. Which of the following italicized phrases is INCORRECT? A. The city is now ten times its original size. B. I wish I had two times his strength. C. The seller asked for double the usual price. D. They come here four times every year. 09 年 55. A new laptop costs about of a second-hand one. A. the price of three times B. three times the price C. as much as the three times price D. three times more than the price 08 年 64. The square itself is five hundred yards wide, five times the size of St. Peter's in Rome. A. / B. that of C. which is D. of 07 年 51. There are as good fish in the sea ever came out of it. [A] than [B] like [C] as [D] so 57. It is not much the language as the background that makes the book difficult to understand. [A] that [B] as [C] so [D] very 11 年 57 题 99 年 45 题考的一样 62. Overpopulation poses a terrible threat to the human race. Yet it is probably a threat to the human race than environmental destruction. [A] no more [B] not more [C] even more [D] much more 06 年 64. It was we had hoped. [A] more a success than [B] a success more than [C] as much of a success as [D] a success as much as

25 05 年 59. Do you know Tim s brother? He is than Tim. [A] much more sportsman [B] more of a sportsman [C] more of sportsman [D] more a sportsman 04 年 41. That trumpet player was certainly loud. But I wasn t bothered by his loudness by his lack of talent. [A] so much as [B] rather than [C] as [D] than 01 年 48. He was to tell the truth even to his closest friend. [A] too much of a coward [B] too much the coward [C] a coward enough [D] enough of a coward 非谓语 to do / not to do doing / not doing done 非谓语 形式 ( 时态 语态 ) to do / not to do vt vi 主动被动主动 *一般式*完成式进行式完成进行 to do to be done to go to have done to have been done to have gone to be doing X to be going to have been doing X to have been going 式 注意 : 1 to do 一般式表示动作与主句的谓语动作同时发生

26 2 to do 完成式表示动作要先于主句的谓语动作之前发生 3 to do 完成式不能做定语 doing/not doing 的时态 语态动名词 : 主宾表定现分 : 状补表定 My hobby is swimming. I am swimming. a sleeping car = a car used for sleeping a sleeping baby = a baby who is sleeping 形式 ( 时态 语态 ) doing / not doing vt vi 主动被动主动 一般式 doing being done going 完成式 having done having been done 注意 : 1 doing 一般式表示动作与主句的谓语动作同时发生 2 doing 完成式表示动作要先于主句的谓语动作之前发生 3 doing 完成式不能做定语 Do you mind opening the window? I appreciate having been invited to your company this weekend. Locking the door, I left the room. Having had supper, I went out for a walk. done 1 vt 动词的过去分词表被动 表完成 a cleaned room 2 vi 的过去分词表主动 表完成 retired workers fallen leaves 考点 1. 考固定搭配及固定句型 vt/vt 短语 do/ doing/ to do/ sb to do /sb do/s b doing/ sth done vt + to do doing 区别

27 remember forget regret stop try mean go on = continue 介词 one s doing 宾代 常考固定搭配及句型 It takes sb time to do 人 +spend time/ money on sth/(in) doing sth cost sb some money It is adj + for sb to do It is adj + of sb to do There is no point (in) doing It is useless no use doing no good 成分 1 作主语 ( 不定式 动名词 ) 考固搭 形式主语 (it) 区别 1 to do 表具体的一次性动作 2 doing 表一般或多次性动作, 也可表事实 is not serious disadvantage in life. To be not tall B. Not to be tall C. Being not tall D. Not being tall 2. 作宾语 ( 不定式 动名词 ) 考固搭 句型 形式宾语 (it) 区别 find make it + adj+ (for sb) to do think that + 句子 consider take it for granted that + 句子 3. 作补语 ( 不定式 现在分词 过去分词 ) 考固搭 区别 to do 表将要 doing 表进行 done 表完成 被动

28 4. 作表语 ( 不定式 动名词 现分 过分 ) be to do 表安排 计划 be doing ( 动名词 现在分词 ) be done 被动语态 5. 作定语 ( 不定式 现分 过分 动名词 ) to do/to be done 表将要 N doing/being done 表进行 done 表完成 the meeting to be held/ being held/held 6. 作状语 ( 不定式 现在分词 过去分词 ) 1 to do, 主 + 谓 vt + 宾 表目的 2 主 + 谓 vt + 宾 to do 表目的 主 + 谓 vt + 宾, to do 表结果 3 分词, 主 + 谓 vt+ 宾 表时间 条件 原因 4 主 + 谓 vt+ 宾 (,) 分词 表伴随 方式 结果 两步解题法 : 1. 先判断主被动关系 2. 再判断动作先后 from the top of the hill, the city looks beautiful. A. Seeing B. Seen C. To be seen Having supper, I went out for a walk. Leaving the room, the door was locked. 5 连词 + 分词, 主 + 谓 vt+ 宾主 + 谓 vt+ 宾连词 + 分词 When being 7 years old, I studied English. When 7 years old, my family moved to another city. When, he told me what had happened. A. asking B. asked C. to be asked before doing after being done After, I was asked to take a language test. interviewing B. to be interviewed C. being interviewed D. interviewed Because I was ill, I didn t go to school. =Being ill, I didn t go to school. Because his mother was ill, he didn t go to school. =His mother (being) ill, he didn t go to school. 6 独立主格结构

29 (with) + n. + 分词, 主 + 谓 vt+ 宾主 + 谓 vt+ 宾, (with)+ n. + 分词 If the weather permits, I ll go outing. Weather permitting, I ll go outing. 非谓语真题练习 14 年 58. Please pardon you. A. my disturbing B. disturbing me C. to disturb D. that I disturb 09 年 51. What a nice day! How about the three of us a walk in the park nearby? A. to take B. take C. taking D. to be taking 07 年 63. It is not uncommon for there problems of communication between the old and the young. [A] being [B] would be [C] be [D] to be 64. at in his way, the situation does not seem so desperate. [A] Looking [B] looked [C] Being looked [D] to look 00 年 51. at in this way, the present economic situation doesn t seem so gloomy. [A] Looking [B] Looked [C] Having looked [D] To look 07 年 63. It is not uncommon for there problems of communication between the old and the young. [A] being [B] would be [C] be [D] to be 05 年 62. The meeting was put off because we a meeting without John. [A] objected having [B] were objected to having [C] objected to have [D] objected to having 04 年 45. If not with the respect he feels due to him, Jack gets very ill-tempered and grumbles all the time.

30 [A] being treated [C] be treated [B] treated [D] having been treated 48. The Minister of Finance is believed of imposing new taxes to raise extra revenue. [A] that he is thinking [B] to be thinking [C] that he is to think [D] to think 03 年 41. Agriculture is the country s chief source of wealth, wheat by far the biggest cereal crop. [A] is [B] been [C] be [D] being 48. Time, the celebration will be held as scheduled. [A] permit [B] permitting [C] permitted [D] permits 02 年 46. AIDS is said the number-one killer of both men and women over the past few years in that region. [A] being [B] to be [C] to have been [D] having been 00 年 45. There nothing more for discussion, the meeting came to an end half an hour earlier. [A] to be [B] to have been [C] being [D] be 倒装 倒装 完全倒装 / 部分倒装 ( 一 ) 完全倒装 公式 : 谓语 + 主语 是 n 或名短, 而非代词 1 移动性动词 :come go run leave arrive rush 2 表 位于 的动词 : be lie stand 用于以下情况 1. There,Here,Now,Then 放句首时 2. up,down,in,out, away 等 adv 放句首时 3. 介词短语放句首主句倒装 6. 倒装句中的主谓一致 介短 + lie / be / stand + 主语 In the street lies many shops. In the street lie many shops. ( 二 ) 部分倒装 公式 : 一般疑问句形式

31 (1) 情态动词 will /shall/ would/ should/ ought + 主 + do/ + 主 + to do (2)do/does/ + 主 + do/did (3)have/has/had + 主 + done( 主动 )/+ 主 + been + done( 被动 ) (4)am/ is/are/was/were + 主 + 过去分词 ( 被动 ) (5)am/is/are/was/were + 主 + adj / n 用于以下情况 : 1. 部分否定词 否定短语放句首时 两步解题法 : 1 划出否定词 否定短语 2 找出部分倒装形式 ( 一般问句形式 ) 否定词 :no not never hardly scarcely rarely seldom little few no one nowhere 否定短语 : by no means at no time under no circumstances in no case on no account 句型 : (1)Not until 短语 /adv/ 句子 + did + 主 + do 注意 : It was not until 短语 /adv/ 句子 + that + 主 + did (2) have Hardly/Scarcely + has + 主 + done + when had have (3)No sooner + has + 主 + done + than had 2. Only + 短语 /adv/ 连 + 句子 放在句首主句倒装 注意 : only 单个词放句首, 主句不倒装 3. Neither /Nor 也不如此 so 也如此 4. So + adj / adv + 部分倒装 + that 5. 省略 if 的虚拟倒装 had + 主语 (not)done should + 主语 do were + 主语 to do 6. as 引导的让步倒装 adj. adv. n ( 无冠词 ) as+ 主 + 谓 分词 短语

32 7. 省略 whether 的让步倒装 Whether he is busy or free, he still keeps on studying English. Be he busy or free, he still keeps on studying English. 倒装真题练习 14 年 64.Fool Michael is, he could not have done such a thing. A. as B. who C. that D. like 09 年 59. Little about her own safety, though she herself was in great danger. A. she cared B. she may care C. may she care D. did she care 58. It is going to be fine tomorrow.. A. So is it. B. So it is. C. So it does. D. So does it. 12 年 63.A:Mother, you promised to take me out. B:Well A. so I did! B. so did I. C. so I do! D. so do I 04 年 50. both sides accept the agreement a lasting peace be established in this region. [A] Only if, will [B] If only, would [C] Should, will [D] Unless, would 主谓一致 主谓一致 1. not only A but also B not A but B either A or B neither A nor B A or B 2. A, 介词 / 介词短语 +B,+ 谓语动词与 A 一致 with together with along with besides like as well as rather than but =except 3. to do/ doing/ 主从 / 专有名词 + 谓动用单三

33 4. a number of + 可数 n 复数 + 谓动用复数 the number of + 可数 n 复数 + 谓动用单三 5. 定语从句中的主谓一致 One of my friends who been to USA is ZhangSan. A have B has The only one of my friends who been to USA is ZhangSan. 6. 倒装句中的主谓一致介短 + lie/ be/ stand + 主语 In the street lies many shops. In the street lie many shops. 7. neither of + 可数 n 复数 + 谓动用单三 主谓一致真题练习 14 年 54. Which of the following sentences is INCORRECT? A. Physics is an important school subject. B. The Niagara Falls is in North America. C. The United States borders Canada. D. Mumps is a kind of infectious disease. 13 年 59. Which of the following sentences is grammatically INCORRECT? A. Politics are the art or science of government. B. Ten miles seems like a long walk to me. C. Mumps is a kind of infectious disease. D. All the furniture has arrived undamaged. 12 年 51.Which of the following sentences is INCORRECT? A. Twenty miles seems like a long walk to him. B. No one except his supporters agree with him. C. Neither Julia nor I were going to the party. D. Few students in my class are really lazy. 65.Which of the following sentences is INCORRECT? A. Poultry are very expensive in the city. B. New machinery were introduced in the factory. C. The police are investigating the murder case. D. The militia were called out to rescue flood victims.

34 07 年 52. All the President s Men one of the important books for historians who study the Watergate Scandal. [A] remain [B] remains [C] remained [D] is remaining 06 年 62. The statistics that living standards in the area have improved drastically in recent times. [A] proves [B] is proving [C] are proving [D] prove 04 年 51. Mr Wells, together with all the members of his family, for Europe this afternoon. [A] are to leave [B] are leaving [C] is leaving [D] leave 03 年 50. It is futile to discuss the matter further, because going to agree upon anything today. [A] neither you nor I are [B] neither you nor me is [C] neither you nor I am [D] neither me nor you are 02 年 42. of the twins was arrested, because I saw both at a party last night. [A] None [B] Both [C] Neither [D] All 词汇部分 词汇 词汇题中占 50% 完形新题型 90 词汇考点 一. 词性考点 动词词义辨析 25% +o Vt +o+o V +o+c + 介词 + O vi + 副词 vt/vt 短语 sb + sth vt/vt 短语 sb/n + do + to do + doing + adj + n

35 sth + done n. go on strike strike vt. strike a match vi. strike at sb / sth complete 1 ( 圆满 ) 完成 2 fill in the form fulfill/ finish/ accomplish the applications 2. 名词词义辨析 22% 3. adj. 词义辨析 23% 4. adv. 词义辨析 8% 5. 同义词 22% hard hardly ready readily=easily according to accordingly incident incidentally = by the way accident accidentally 07 年 72 题 I must leave now.,if you want that book I ll bring it next time. [A] Accidentally [B] Incidentally [C] Eventually [D] Naturally 76. The teacher told the students to stay in the classroom and they did. A. absolutely B. accidentally C. accordingly D. accurately 5. 固定搭配 15% 67. There are still many problems ahead of us, but by this time next year we can see light at the end of the. [A] battle [B] day [C] road [D] tunnel see light at the end of the tunnel 看到希望, 有希望 55. Mary hopes to be from hospital next week. [A] dismissed [B] discharged [C] expelled [D] resigned be discharged from hospital 出院 6. 短语辨析 8% 二. 词形 词义考点 词汇 单词 同义 近义含义比较 / 形近词辨析 / 纯单词辨析 / 形近 义近辨析 短语 短语辨析 / 固定搭配 / 习语 俚语

36 ensure (sb) sth/(that ) 句子 assure sb of sth/sb that 句子 guarantee to do /for sth/(that) 句子 insure against fire/ theft have a ball have a good time; enjoy oneself on its last leg be dying 68. The thieves fled with the local police close on their. [A] backs [B] necks [C] toes [D] heels close on one s heels 紧随其后 76. When invited to talk about his achievements he refused to blow his own and declined to speak at the meeting. A. trumpet B. whistle C. bugle D. flute blow one s own trumpet 自吹自擂 自我标榜 三. 词汇解题技巧 1. 同义 近义含义比较 (1) 固定搭配 (2) 指代关系 (3) 包含关系 依情况而定 (4) 同义词 76.According to the new tax law, any money earned over that level is taxed at the of 59 percent. [A] ratio [B] percentage [C] proportion [D] rate a percentage of = 数字 + percent in the proportion of = in proportion to at the rate of 69. The economic recession has meant that job is a rare thing. [A] security [B] safety [C] protection [D] secureness recession walk depression the Great Depression dull (2) 指代关系 76. After the heavy rain, a builder was called to repair the roof, which was. [A] leaking [B] trickling

37 [C] dripping omit = leave out [D] floating 58. I couldn t sleep last night because the tap in the bathroom was. [A] draining [B] dropping [C] spilling [D] dripping 77. Thousands of at the stadium came to their feet to pay tribute to an outstanding performance. [A] audience [B] participants [C] spectators [D] observers 68. There were 150 at the international conference this summer. A. spectators B. viewers C. participants D. onlookers 56. Once a picture is proved to be a forgery, it becomes quite. [A] invaluable [B] priceless [C] unworthy [D] worthless 3) 包含关系 依情况而定 Friendship appears to be a unique form of bonding. A) civil B) human C) mankind D) individual human n./adj. mankind n. The survey on friendship appeared in the March of Psychology Today. A) print B) copy C) issue D) publication issue v. publish n. 1 ( 重大 ) 问题 2 期刊, 杂志 (4) 同义词 69. John is up to his eyes in work at the moment. The underlined part means A. very excited B. very busy C. very tired D. very efficient 70. Victoria bumped into her brother quite by chance in the supermarket. The underlined word means. A. risk B. opportunity C. luck D. possibility 71.When Linda heard the good news she tried to sound casual, but her excitement was obvious. The underlined part means. A. uncaring B. disinterested C. without plan D. without warning 76. No food or drink is allowed on the premises. The underlined part means. A. proposition B. advertisement

38 C. building D. string 78.There is no conceivable reason why there should be any difficulty during the project. The underlined part can be replaced by all the following EXCEPT. A. thinkable B. imaginable C. possible D. observable 63. During the summer holiday season it is difficult to find a(n) room in the hotels here. [A] empty [B] vacant [C] free [D] deserted bare blank bald hollow 60. During the summer holiday season there are no rooms in this seaside hotel. [A] empty [B] blank [C] deserted [D] vacant 62. During the reading lesson, the teacher asked students to read a few from the novel. [A] pieces [B] essays [C] fragments [D] extracts piece = passage chapter 61. The new colleague to have worked in several big corporations before he joined our company. [A] confesses [B] declares [C] claims [D] confirms confirm (that) 65. I think you can take a(n) language course to improve your English. [A] intermediate [B] middle [C] medium [D] mid medium media datum data 63. The tenant left nothing behind except some of paper, cloth, etc. [A] sheets [B] scraps [C] pages [D] slices 74. Do you own your apartment or are you a? A. tenant B. customer C. client D. proprietor 2. 形近词辨析解题技巧纯单词辨析 (1) 固定搭配 (2) 看句意 (3) 词性辨析 (4) vt 与 vi 区别 3. 短语辨析解题方法根据动词及介 副词的含义判断该短语意思 through read through go through

39 look through The doctor had almost lost hope at one point, but the patient finally. A. pulled out B. pulled through C. pulled up D. pulled over 77. Mr. Brown s condition looks very serious and it is doubtful if he will. [A] pull back [B] pull up [C] pull through [D] pull out up 向上全部的 stand up put up build up eat up use up give up=abandon=part with 58. In order to raise money, Aunt Nicola had to with some of her most treasured possessions. [A] divide [B] separate [C] part [D] abandon 70. The football match was because of the heavy rain. A. called over B. called up C. called out D. called off called for = need called in called on 78. He listened hard but still couldn't what they were talking about. A. make over B. make up C. make upon D. make out 67. During the summer vacation, kids are often seen hanging in the street. A. about B. on C. over D. out hang about = hang round x y (yield) z yield n. 产量 vi. + to =give in field j k (keep) q a b c d e i p r s t acc- add- app- att- aff- agg- ass- arraccess to walk assure ensure C con- com- col- coconsistent policy constant temperature consistently = always considerable considerate continual continuous de- 下降加强

40 decline decrease depression debate battle dis- not 分开 disagree distribute contribute give indispensable spend ex- exclude export en- 使之 enrich enlarge entitle sb to sth entitle sb to do enable sb to do in- im- 往里来 not include import inaccurate insufficient informal immature impolite pre- pro- pu- plpre- pro- =before progress walk predict say re- again back review see revisit return recession walk revise st- sub- su- se- (set) sub- 次 亚 下 sub-question sub-health subway submit send tr- te- trans- transmit / mission

41 send transfer transform/transformation transplant/transplantation transport/transportation 记忆单词的方法 1. 艾宾浩斯记忆规律 2. 词根 词缀 词源 3. 不择手段记单词 (1) 加减字母 1-3 gloom room generate rat mouse mice guarantee guard eye (2) 编故事记单词 be innocent of (3) 联想 spot spit spot stain spotted dogs span spin life span (4) 读音 pen 盆 盘 mud curse efficient sentimental ambition (5) 生活中记单词 super supreme supreme court rejoice robust Rejoice Robust Buckle up 词汇部分真题练习 07 年 68. The bar in the club is for the use of its members. [A] extensive [B] exclusive [C] inclusive [D] comprehensive 04 年

42 62. He plays tennis to the of all other sports. [A] eradication [B] exclusion [C] extension [D] inclusion 02 年 58. There has been a lack of communication between the union and the management. [A] regretful [B] regrettable [C] regretting [D] regretted 01 年 63. Although he has become rich, he is still very of his money. [A] economic [B] thrifty [C] frugal [D] careful 08 年 67. On the road motorists should be aware of cyclists and be towards them. A. considerable B. considering C. considerate D. considered be considerate of = be thoughtful of 06 年 80. The couple has donated a not amount of money to the foundation. [A] inconsiderable [B] inconsiderate [C] inaccurate [D] incomparable 11 年 73. It was really of you to remember my birthday. A. grateful B. thoughtful C. considerable D. generous 11 年完形 Although there are some men who like children and may have had (35) experience with them, others do not particularly care for children and spend little time with them. 35. A. considerate B. considerable C. considering D. considered 09 年 66. During the TV interview, the singer announced that he was going to his new album soon. A. release B. renew C. relieve D. rehearse

43 08 年 70. Tim has failed three courses this semester, so he will have to them next semester. A. remake B. repeat C. reapply D. revise 04 年 57. Jimmy earns his living by works of art in the museum. [A] recovering [B] restoring [C] renewing [D] reviving 06 年 78. Share prices on the Stock Exchange plunged sharply in the morning but slightly in the afternoon. [A] regained [B] recovered [C] restored [D] revived 67. A great amount of work has gone into the Cathedral to its previous splendour. [A] refreshing [B] restoring [C] renovating [D] renewing 09 年 73. The scientists have made an study of the viruses that cause the disease. A. exhausted B. exhausting C. exhaustive D. exhaustion 03 年 55. The first two stages in the development of civilized man were probably the invention of weapons and the discovery of fire, although nobody knows exactly when he acquired the use of the. [A] latter [B] latest [C] later [D] last 05 年 79. The priest made the of the cross when he entered the church. [A] mark [B] signal [C] sign [D] gesture 03 年

44 61. Drive straight ahead, and then you will see a to the Shanghai-Nanjing Expressway. [A] sign [B] mark [C] signal [D] board 05 年 78. Since the early nineties, the trend in most businesses has been toward on-demand, always available products and services that suit the customer s rather than the company s. [A] benefit [B] availability [C] suitability [D] convenience 08 年 78. Bus services between Town Centre and Newton Housing Estate will be until the motorway is repaired. A. discontinued B. suspended C. halted D. ceased 09 年 69. Come on, Jack, tell me the story. Don't keep me in. A. suspense B. suspending C. suspension D. suspender 12 年 66. The girl cannot come to school today on account of the flu. The underlined part means. A. concerning B. because of C. as to D. for 76.Mercifully, I was able to complete all I had to do within a few days. The underlined part means. A. efficiently B. surprisingly C. fortunately D. shortly 13 年 67. He is fed up with the same old dreary routine, and wants to quit his job. The underlined part means. A. dull B. boring C. long D. hard 14 年 69.All her cousins and their children have fair hair. The underlined part means. A. fine B. dark C. thick D. light

45 76.His mother retired early on account of poor health. The underlined part means. A. despite B. with C. according to D. because of