语法与挑错授课计划

Transcription

1 2011 年凯程辅导精品课程之 英语基础班讲义 凯程教育 2010 年 4 月

2 凯程考研英语辅导特色 凯程考研辅导, 创办于 2005 年 4 月 自创办以来, 我们就一直坚持 注重品质 细致服务 的培训理念, 至今已经成功帮助数千学员实现名校考研梦想, 辅导成功率远高于各高校平均考研录取水平 2008 年, 凯程提炼自己的辅导理念, 与宏途教育联合, 开发考研英语高端小班以及考研英语 1 对 1 课程,3 年来取得了极为优异的教学成绩, 将众多四级都未过的考生提高到考研英语 70 分左右 2010 年 1 月, 凯程决定将此高端英语辅导体系做进一步的网络推广, 以更优惠的价格与更优质的服务相结合, 使得广大考生都能够花普通网授班的钱 (800 元左右 ), 得到高端英语小班的辅导课程 ( 小班面授价格均在 4200 元以上 ) 凯程英语网校辅导课程专门针对英语基础薄弱同学进行辅导 ( 英语六级在 550 分以下或未通过六级的同学 ), 其课程包括极具针对性的词汇语法基础班 真题精讲强化班 模考与作文冲刺押题班等班种, 并提供作文短期特训班 英语高分保障实验班等个性化服务班种 凯程英语辅导五大特点 : 1 专门针对英语基础薄弱同学家进行辅导与其他辅导班针对授课对象泛泛不同, 凯程辅导课程专门为英语基础薄弱同学 ( 英语六级在 550 分以下或未通过六级的同学 ) 量身定做, 在课程内容 课时长度 辅助学习系统 授课风格等多个方面注重从英语基础薄弱同学角度出发进行相关课程设计, 授课异常细致 计划性极强 循环渐进, 可以有效帮助基础薄弱同学在短期内迅速提高英语水平 2 精讲真题, 帮助学员轻松掌握考试精髓真题, 是英语考试的风向标, 是考生复习时必须占领的战略高地 但是, 目前市场上的辅导班由于受 短 平 快 思想的引导, 绝大部分不能够对真题进行长时和详细的讲解 ; 而由于考研真题的难度很高, 同学们要想靠自己攻克真题, 就更是难上加难, 而且费时费力 凯程英语辅导课程采取超长时 ( 仅强化课程就达 180 时课时 ) 讲授方式, 对近 10 年真题都进行了异常详细的讲解, 能够带领同学们轻松攻克历年真题, 真正做到对于真题 没有不认识的单词, 没有不会翻译的常难句, 每个选项没什么选 为什么不选都一清二楚 3 讲练结合, 独家开发英语网校教学系统凯程英语不仅注重高水平的讲授, 更注重学员在课下的自我学习情况 我们认为, 只有老师的教, 而不注重学员课下实际的学习效果, 这种教学必定是不全面的 所有的教学归根结底都要靠促进学员高标准的完成掌握教学内容才能正真起到作用 为此, 凯程第一家推出 英语讲练结合教学系统, 系统涵盖计划设置与监控 课前预习 课后检测与复习 日常联系中心 笔记备注 作文翻译特训等多个自助栏目, 能够将老师的讲授与学员的课前预习 课后复习与检测有机结合, 能够真正保障学员的学习效果 4 顺应趋势, 注重夯实学员英语基础纵观近三年考研真题, 难度越来越大已经是不争的事实 如果学员连基本的文章都看不懂, 无论其所谓的答题技巧掌握多么纯熟, 要想得到一个基本的过线分数都是异常困难的事情 实践一再证明 : 靠短期技巧突击来应付英语考试的年代已经一去不复返了 凯程英语从开始辅导时起, 就注重夯实学员的英语基础, 通过超长课 2

3 时的词汇 语法 精讲真题 作文特训等多个课程步骤, 能够真正提升学员英语实力 5 科学施教, 高效提升学员英语实力凯程英语辅导非常重视英语教学方法的科学性 我们将心理学记忆理论的核心观点 多角度联想法 与 艾宾浩斯回忆法 有机运用于英语学习中, 在教学中非常强调词汇 词组 语法的有机联系与不断重复, 能够使得学员在学习中达到 举一反三 的效果 另外凯程英语所有教授内容都事前经过了整体安排, 学员只要根据凯程学习进度安排进行学习, 即可轻松而高效的提升自身英语实力 2011 年凯程英政全程精品套餐 ( 推荐 ) 适合人群 英语一般, 并希望英语获取高分的同学 自主力较差, 希望能有一定外部监督的同学 英语特色 在老师带领下轻松掌握历年真题, 真正达到 剖析真题 程度 ; 以阅读为核心, 综合提升阅读 翻译 作文 完型做题水平 ; 注重基础, 结合技巧, 讲练结合, 高效提升学员英语考试水平 ; 最后阶段提供仿真模拟考试及其点评, 并提供作文押题特训 政治特色 帮助学员系统掌握考研政治第一权威复习用书 教育部大纲解析 ; 综合讲授与考研相关的经济学 社会学 法学宏观知识框架及其运用 套餐内容 英语基础班 强化班 冲刺模考班 ; 政治强化班 冲刺押题班 主讲老师郭磊, 原新东方考研英语主讲老师之一, 北京宏途英语培训机构创始人兼主讲人之一, 北京大学法学硕士, 长期从事考研英语辅导工作, 授课风趣幽默, 深受同学喜爱, 擅长英语阅读部分的讲授 ; 潘登, 原新东方考研英语讲授老师, 北京大学经济学博士, 英语功底扎实, 长期从事考研英语辅导工作, 擅长考研英语词汇的讲授 ; 人大马克思主义学院权威政治授课团队 课程学费 790 元 (2010 年 5 月 1 日前优惠价格 ) 网址 : 电话 :

4 2011 考研英语基础班 语法部分考研英语语法基础与长难句分析 考研英语语法基本规则体系 句子的基本成分与语法概述谓语动词和系动词及其变化 : 时态 语态 情态动词 虚拟语气非谓语动词短语 : 动词不定式 动名词 分词从句 : 名词性从句 状语从句 定语从句特殊结构 : 强调结构 倒装结构 并列结构 分隔结构 特殊语序 英语词法概述 英语词汇按照词义 词形及其在句子中的功用可分为十大类, 即 : ( 一 ). 名词表示人或事物的名称, 英文缩写 n. ( 二 ). 代词代替名词或数词, 英文缩写 pron. ( 三 ). 形容词表示人或事物的性质和特征, 英文缩写 adj. 或 a. ( 四 ). 副词用来说明动词 形容词或其它副词, 英文缩写 adv. 或 ad. ( 五 ). 数词表示数量或顺序, 英文缩写 num. ( 六 ). 动词表示动作或状态, 英文缩写 v. ( 七 ). 冠词表示名词的泛指或特指, 英文缩写 art. ( 八 ). 介词表示名词或代词与其它词的关系, 英文缩写 prep. ( 九 ). 连词连接词与词 短语与短语或句子与句子, 英文缩写 conj. ( 十 ). 感叹词表示说话时的感情, 英文缩写 interj. 很多英语单词可能属于不同的词类 辨认某一单词的词性通常从看它的含义 词形和句法功能上分析 英语句法概述 句子的基本成分句子成分指构成句子 在其中起着不同语法作用的部分 常见的句子成分有 : ( 一 ) 主语 : 表示句子描述的是 谁 或 什么, 通常由名词 代词或与之相当的短语或句子担任 ( 二 ) 谓语 : 说明主语的动作或所处的状态, 由动词或动词短语担任 ( 三 ) 表语 : 说明主语的性质 特征 状态 名称或身份等, 与连系动词一起使用, 由名词 代词和形容词或与之相当的短语或句子担任 ( 四 ) 宾词 : 表示动作的对象或内容, 或用于介词后构成介词宾语, 由名词 代词或与之相当的短语或句子担任 部分动词, 后跟间接宾语和直接宾语, 其中, 直接宾语一般指动作的对象, 间接宾语一般指动作的内容 4

5 ( 五 ) 补语 : 补充说明主语或宾语, 由形容词 名词或其它相当的短语担任 ( 六 ) 定语 : 修饰或限定名词, 由形容词或与之相当的从句或短语担任 ( 七 ) 状语修饰动词 形容词 副词或整个句子, 由副词或与之相当的短语或从句担任 句子的基本类型 按照句子的主要成分划分, 有两种基本类型 : ( 一 ) 主语 + 连系动词 + 表语 + 其它成分 ( 例如状语和定语 ) 包括 there be 结构和含有被动语 态的简单句 ( 二 ) 主语 + 谓语 + 其它成分 ( 例如状语和定语 ) 时态 谓语和系动词的变化 动词的时态用以表示不同的时间和动作方面的动词形式 共有十六种时态 句子的时态变 化, 主要体现在连系动词或谓语动词上 连系动词的时态变化 过去 现在 将来 过去将来 一般 was/were am/is/are will be would be am/is/are going was/were going to be to be 进行 was/were am/is/are Null Null being being 完成 had been have/has will have been would have been been am/is/are going was/were going to to have been have been 完成进行 null null null null 谓语的时态变化 过去 现在 将来 过去将来 一般 过去式 do/does will do would do am/is/are going was/were going to do to do 进行 was/were am/is/are will be doing would be doing doing doing am/is/are going was/were going to be to be doing doing 完成 had done have/has will have done would have done done am/is/are going was/were going to to have done have done 完成进行 had been have/has will have been would have been doing been doing doing doing am/is/are going was/were going to to have been have been doing doing 特殊的主系表结构 ---- 被动语态英语有主动和语态两种语态 主动语态表示主语是谓语动词动作的执行者, 被动语态表示主语是谓语动词动作的承受者 被动语态中可用 by 短语表示被动语态动作的发出者 情态动词 谓语和系动词的进一步变化情态动词是表示说话人的情绪 态度或语气的动词, 本身有一定的含义, 但不能单独作谓语, 5

6 只能和其它动词原形构成谓语或和 be 构成连系动词 特殊的主系表结构 ---- 被动语态英语有主动和语态两种语态 主动语态表示主语是谓语动词动作的执行者, 被动语态表示主语是谓语动词动作的承受者 被动语态中可用 by 短语表示被动语态动作的发出者 情态动词 谓语和系动词的进一步变化情态动词是表示说话人的情绪 态度或语气的动词, 本身有一定的含义, 但不能单独作谓语, 只能和其它动词原形构成谓语或和 be 构成连系动词 句子的基本类型 : 主语 + 连系动词 + 表语 + 其它成分 包括 there be 结构和含有被动语态的简单句 主语 + 谓语 + 其它成分 经典案例 1. I am a university student. 我是一大学学生 主系表 ( 名词短语 ) 我是一名大学生 2. My home is in the South of China. 我的家是在中国南部 主系表 ( 介词短语 ) 我家在中国的南部 3. There are five people in my family. 那儿是 ( 有 ) 五人在我的家 表系主 ( 名词短语 ) 状 ( 介词短语 ) 我家有五口人 4. Rice is grown in my hometown. 稻米是被种植在我的家乡 主系表 ( 被动 ) 状 ( 介词短语 ) 我的家乡种植稻米 5. My father teaches English at a middle school. 我的父亲教英语在一所中学 主 ( 名词短语 ) 谓宾状 ( 介词短语 ) 我父亲在一所中学教英语 6. My mother also teaches. 我的母亲也教学 主 ( 名词短语 ) 状 我母亲也教学 谓 7. She teaches children to read. 她教孩子们阅读 主谓宾宾补 ( 动词不定式 ) 她教孩子们阅读 8. My brothers go to school. 我的弟弟去上学 主 ( 名词短语 ) 谓 ( 动词短语 ) 6

7 我的弟弟们在上学 9. My parents find teaching very exciting. 我的父母亲发现教学很令人激动 主 ( 名词短语 ) 谓宾宾补 ( 形容词性短语 ) 我的父母亲发现教学很有意思 10.They often tell my brothers interesting stories in the evening. 他们经常讲述我的弟弟们有趣的故事在晚上 主状谓间接宾语 ( 名短 ) 直接宾语 ( 名短 ) 状 ( 介词短语 ) 在晚上, 他们经常给我的弟弟讲有趣的故事 11.We had some shoes like those a month ago. 我们有一些鞋子象那些一月以前 主谓宾 ( 名短 ) 定语 ( 介短 ) 状 一个月之前, 我们有一些象那样的鞋子 12.They were in fashion last year. 他们是流行的去年 主系表 ( 介短 ) 状 去年, 它们很流行 13.He is going to leave for France tomorrow. 他将要离开前往法国明天 主谓状 ( 介短 ) 状 他明天将要动身去法国 14.He is going to be away for a long time. 他将会是离开长达一长的时间 主系表状 ( 介短 ) 他将会离开很长一段时间 15.We will miss him. 我们将会怀念他 主谓宾 16.There will be only three people in this building. 那儿将会是 ( 有 ) 只三人在 这楼 表系主 ( 名词短语 ) 状 ( 介短 ) 这栋楼里将会只有三个人 17.He has been to America for many times. 他已经是到美国经过很多次 主系表 ( 介短 ) 状 ( 介短 ) 他已经到过美国很多次了 18.He has gone to America. 他已经去美国 主谓 ( 动短 ) 宾 他已经去了美国 19.I had finished my work before supper.` 我曾经完成 我的工作在.. 之前晚饭 主谓宾 ( 名短 ) 状 ( 介短 ) 我已经在吃晚饭之前干完了我的工作 20.She had been a typist before

8 她 曾经是 一打字员在 2001 年前 主 系 表 状 ( 介短 ) 在 2001 年以前, 她曾经是一名打字员 21.I will have been there by 4 o clock. 我将要已经 是 那儿 到四 点钟 主 系 表 状 ( 介短 ) 我将会在四点钟之前到那儿 22.He will have forgotten all about this matter before long. 他 将要已经 忘记 所有有关 这 事 很快 主 谓 宾 定 ( 介短后置 ) 状 不久之后, 他将把这件事忘的一干二净 23.George is reading a book now. 乔治 是 在读 一书 现在 主 谓 宾 状 乔治现在正在读一本书 24.The palace is being built. 这 宫殿 是在是 被修建 主语 系 表 ( 被动 ) 这座宫殿正在建设 25.We were talking about you this morning. 我们是 在谈话 有关 你 今天早上 主 谓 状 状 我们今天早上一直在谈论你的事 26.This problem was being discussed yesterday afternoon. 这 问题 是 在是 被讨论 昨天 下午 主 系 表 ( 被动 ) 状 昨天下午在讨论这个问题 27.I will be visiting my parents this time tomorrow. 我 将要是 在看望我的 父母 这时间 明天 主 谓 宾 状 明天的这时候, 我要去看望我父母 28.Our company will be inspected next week. 我们的 公司 将要是被视察 下一 星期 主 系 表 ( 被动 ) 状 下星期, 将有人来我们公司视察 29.She said she would be setting off on the four o clock train. 她 说 她 将要 是 在出发 在 四点钟 火车 主谓宾从主谓状 ( 介短 名段 ) 她说她打算乘坐四点钟的火车走 30.She told me that she would be greeted at the airport. 她告诉我她将会是被接在机场 主谓间宾宾从直宾主系表 ( 被动 ) 状她告诉我将会有人在机场接她 31.I have been living here for ten years. 我已经是在.. 住这儿经过十年 8

9 主 谓 状 状 我已经在这儿住了十年了 32.This stadium has been built since 这 博物馆 已经是 被建 自从 1998 年 主 系 表 状 这个博物馆从 1998 年起就已经筹建了 33.I had been looking for the book for hours before I found it. 我曾经是 在寻找 这 书 长达 数小时在.. 之前我 找到 它 主 谓 宾 状 状从 主 谓 宾 在找到这本书之前, 我一直找了好几个小时 34.Trees had been planted for years before the flood. 树 曾经 是 被种植 长达 数年在.. 之前这洪水 主 系 表 ( 被动 ) 状 状 ( 介短 ) 在发洪水以前的数年中, 人们一直在种树 35.I will have been working here for twenty years by the end of the year. 我 将会已经是 在工作 在这儿长达二十年 到.. 这末 的这 年 主 谓 状 状 ( 介短 ) 状 ( 介短 ) 到今年年底, 我将在这儿工作 20 年了 被动结构 : 一种特殊的主系表结构 ; 主语和动词之间的被动关系 1. A fire during the night and a large number of houses to ashes. A. broke out, were burnt B. was broke out, were burnt C. broke out, burnt D. set out, were burned 2. English in Australia. A. speaks B. are spoken C. is speaking D. is spoken 3. A new house at the corner of the road. A. is building B. is being built C. been built D. be building 4. His new book next month. A. will be published B. is publishing C. is being published D. has been published 5. Newly-born babies in hospital. A. are taken good care B. are taken good care of C. take good care of D. take good care 情态动词 :can may must could might should will ought to dare 不能单独使用, 用在系动词或谓语动词前, 可以和完成时态连用, 表示对过去发生的事情的推测或其他态度 I can speak English and a little French Could I watch TV? You must eat less meat. You mustn t speak like that You don t have to wear sports shoes for your gym class. You should eat a lot of healthy food. You shouldn t watch TV every day. With all this work on hand, she to the dance party last night. A. oughtn t to go B. hadn t gone 9

10 C. shouldn t have gone D. mustn t have gone You ought the matter to the manager the day before yesterday. A. to report B. to have reported C. to reporting D. have reported 构成句子成分的复杂元素之一 非谓语动词短语非谓语动词指在句子中起名词 形容词或副词作用的动词形式 非谓语动词包括动名词 分词和动词不定式 非谓语动词不能单独作谓语 ; 非谓语动词可以带有自己的宾语 状语或逻辑主语 非谓语动词有语态和时态的变化 Climbing mountain is a good exercise. Do you know the man wearing a white shirt? He gets up early to catch the first bus. 动词不定式主干及其变体 : 主动形式 被动形式 一般式 (not)to make (not)to be made 完成式 (not)to have made (not)to have been made 进行式 (not)to be making (not)to be being made 语法功能 : 在句子中可以充当主语 宾语 表语 定语 状语和补足语 一 动词不定式的基本用法 1) 作主语 : It is not easy to figure out the answer to the difficult math problem. 2) 作宾语 :She wanted to become an actress. They want to explain why we possess certain characteristics and exhibit certain behaviors. 3) 作宾语补足语 : My mother teaches children to read. 动词 + 宾语 + 不带 to 的不定式 (do) 作宾语补足语的情况 : 1. 感官动词 :see, watch, notice, look at,hear, listen to, smell, taste, feel 2. 使役动词 :make, let, have( 使得 ),help( 可带 to, 也可不带 to) The teacher has his students write a composition every other week. 当感官和使役动词后面的不定式变成被动语态时, 必须加上 to Henry is often seen to read English aloud every morning in the classroom. 4) 作状语 : 例 (1): To be a teacher, one must first be a pupil. 例 (2):We hurried to the station only to find ourselves three hours earlier for the train. 5) 作定语 : 通常后置, 放于被修饰词的后面, 与前面被修饰的词有逻辑上的动宾关系 例 :The question to be discussed at the meeting tomorrow is very important. 二 动词不定式的被动式当不定式的逻辑主语是不定式所表示的对象时 ( 或动作的承受者时 ), 不定式一般要用被动式 We shall ask for samples to be sent and then we can make our decision. 本句的意思是 : 我们要求把产品的样品送来, 然后才能做出决定 The ability to be clearly heard is very important for any speaker. 10

11 本句的意思是 : 发言人的一个重要能力就是让大家都听清楚讲话 三 动词不定式的完成式 表示不定式的动作发生在句子谓语所表示的动作之前 因此考生不但要熟练掌握动词的不 定式, 还要理解好句意 例 :Charles Babbage is generally considered to have invented the first computers. 动名词 主干及其变化 : 主动形式 被动形式 一般时 doing being done 完成时 having done having been done 语法功能 : 在句子中可以充当主语 表语 宾语 定语 状语和补语 本节将重点讲解动 名词基本用法, 及其完成式, 和逻辑主语 She apologized for her not being able to attend the meeting. I am considering changing my job as I'm not getting on well with my boss. Do you feel like having something to eat today? 动名词的完成时 : 表示的动作在谓语所表示的动作之前发生时, 用动名词的完成时 I don t remember having ever said that. 分词 I regret having done such a thing. 动名词的逻辑主语 当动名词的逻辑主语是代词时可使用形容词性的物主代词或代词的宾格 Would you mind his playing the computer game in your room? 本句的意思是 : 我在你房间里玩电脑游戏你介意吗? mind 的后面要接动名词做宾语, 动名词的逻辑主语用物主代词 + 动名词 He forgot about my asking him to attend my wife s birthday party. 分词包括现在分词 ( 原形 -ing) 和过去分词 ( 原形 -ed) 分词在句中的作用 : 两者都可在句中担任定语, 表语, 状语, 补语, 和独立主格 I walked out of the cinema, being determined to return to see the wonderful film the next Sunday. 过去分词在这里做伴随状语 Before the guests come, I must get the glasses washed. 过去分词在这里做宾语补足语 John, losing the bet, had to pay for the dinner. 现在分词的完成时在这里做原因状语 现在分词和过去分词的区别 : 主要在于现在分词表示主动, 正在进行 ; 过去分词表示被动, 动作完成 Is there any possibility of getting the price reduced further? Today the police can watch cars running on roads by radar. 在这里, 现在分词表示正在进行的动作, 且为主动 She told me that it was the most delighting gift her daughter had received. 现在分词修饰的是事物, 常译作 令人, 具有主动的意思 过去分词修饰人, 常译作 感到, 具有被动的意思 又如 :the moved audience: 受感动的观众,a moving film: 感人的电影 例 (1)Standing on the bank, the children watched the ship with all kinds of goods. 11

12 A. loading B. being loaded C. to be loaded D. having loaded 例 (2)The interviewer should take down notes at the moment the person answers the questions. A. to be interviewed B. interviewing C. being interviewed D. interviewed 现在分词的被动式, 表示动作正在发生, 且表被动 分词的逻辑主语与主句的主语关系 1. 二者一致时, 分词形式要由动词与主语的关系决定 Feeling tired after a hard work, she fell into bed and went straight to sleep. Arriving at the bus stop, waiting there. A. he found a lot of people B. a lot of people were C. he found a lot of people s D. people were found 分词短语做伴随状语时, 和主句共用一个主语 2. 当分词短语带有自己的逻辑主语时, 则要涉及到分词的独立主格形式 ( 一般由名词担任 ) 当分词短语的主语和主句的主语不一致而且又有自己的主语的时候, 要用分词的独立主格 Classes being over, the students left for home without delay. It being pretty late, we decided to leave at once, as we didn't want to risk missing the bus. It being Sunday, you needn't go to school. Weather permitting, we ll go to the Summer Palace. All things considered, the planned trip had to be called off. All the work done, you can have a rest. With the bridge destroyed, there was nothing for it but to swim With the flowers blooming everywhere, the park looks beautiful. With the old man leading the way, we had no trouble in finding that mysterious cave. 非谓语动词配套练习 1. What did you do in the garden? I watched my father his motorbike. A. to repair B. repaired C. repairing D. repairs 2. We must have an engineer the workers build the house. A. to see B. see C. seeing D. seen 3. I remember to the zoo by my father when I was little. A. being taken B. taking C. have been taken D. to have taken 4. There is something wrong with my TV set; I must have it. A. checking B. check C. to check D. checked 5. from the hill-top the lake scenery is beyond description. A. To see B. Seeing C. Seen D. Having 6. All flights because of the storm, they decided to take the train. A. having cancelled B. were cancelled C. have been cancelled D. cancelled 从句 : 英语中从句包括 : 名词从句 定语从句和状语从句 名词性从句 : 名词从句包括主语从句 表语从句 宾语从句和同位语从句 名词性从句可以由下列连词 连接代词和连接副词引导 : 连词 :that, 无意义, 在从句内部不充当句子成份 引导宾语从句时 that 可以省略 whether, 是否, 在从句内部不充当句子成份 引导宾语从句时可以用 if 替代 连接代词 :which( 哪一个 ),what( 的东西 事情 ),whatever( 无论 的东西 事情 ),who( 谁 ), 12

13 whoever( 无论谁 ) 在从句内部做从句的主语或宾语 连接副词 :when( 何时 ),where( 哪里 ),how( 怎样 / 多么 ),why( 为什么 ) 在从句内部做从 句的状语 主语从句含有主语从句的句子中, 经常用用 it 做形式主语 That you don t know the rule won t be a sufficient excuse for your failure. That the earth is round is true. It is true that the earth is round What was once regarded as impossible has now become a reality. What I saw was two men crossing the street. What the press reported was not the way the event happened. When we ll start is not clear. It is not clear when we ll start. 句型 It is desirable(suggested,necessary,requested,ordered,proposed,urgent)+that+ 主 语 +should( 可省略 )+V( 动词原形 ) It is highly desirable that a new president be appointed for this university. 表语从句 This is what he wants. 这就是他想要的东西 The question is whether we can finish our work by tomorrow morning. 问题是我们明天上午能否完成任务 宾语从句 I must tell you how pleased I was to receive a letter from you. A modern city has been set up in what was a wasteland ten years ago. 形式宾语 : 当宾语为一从句, 且后面有形容词或名词做宾补时, 常用形式宾语, 用 it 指代, 将真正宾语放在后面 I don t think it advisable that Tom be assigned to the job since he has no experience. We consider it necessary that the instrument be adjusted each time it is used. 同位语从句常跟在 fact,idea,news 等名词的后面, 通常用连词 that 等词来引导, 从句表示名词的内容 My suggestion that we do the experiment again is accepted by them. The news quickly spread through the village that the war had ended. Evidence came up that specific speech sounds are recognized by babies as young as 6 months old. His proposal that they(should)challenge the other groups to a friendly competition is praised by the teacher. 他提议向别的组挑战, 来一场友谊竞赛 这个提议受到了老师的表扬 同位语从句与后面要讲的定语从句区别 : 语从句的作用是修饰限制先行词 ; 而同位语从句是对其前名词的解释或说明 同时, 在同位语从句中,that 本身没有具体的意义, 只是一个引导词, 而且不充当任何句 子成分 ; 在定语从句中,that 既是引导词, 又在句子中充当成分 The news that he will quit his job is true. 他要辞职的消息是真的 The news that you told me is true. 名词性从句配套练习 你告诉我的消息是真的 1. We don t doubt he can do a good job of it. A. whether B. that C. if D. which 2. I wonder how many years ago. A. did your father retire B. your father retired 13

14 report. C. has your father retired D. your father has retired 3. We all agree with him on he said. A. what B. that C. why D. which 4. I will give this dictionary to wants to have it. A. whomever B. whoever C. whatever D. wherever 5. all the inventions have in common is they have succeeded. A. That, what B. What, that C. That, that D. What, what 6. Three days later, word came our country had sent up another man-made satellite. A. when B. which C. that D. where 7. you didn t know the rules won t be a sufficient excuse for your delaying submitting the A. It is B. That C. Because D. What 8. It worried her a bit her hair was turning grey. A. while B. that C. if D. for 9. I am sure he said is true. A. that B. about that C. of that D. that what 10. Why the explosion occurred was the laboratory attendant had been careless. A. for B. because C. since D. that 11. One of the men held the view the book said was right. A. what that B. that what C. that which D. which that 12. We think it possible the local government will be able to solve the housing problem. A. for B. that C. when D. how 定语从句 起定语作用的从句叫做定语从句 分为两种 : 限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句 关系代词 who,whom,whose,which,that 引导的定语从句, 关系代词指代被定语从句修饰的名词, 在定语从句内部做主语 宾语 定语 The company official who would be fired received a raise. 关系副词 when,where, why, 引导的定语从句, 分别修饰时间 地点和原因, 关系副词在定语从句内部做状语 We live in a time when, more than ever before in history, people are moving. I will never forget the ten years which we both spent in the little village. 关系代词前带介词的定语从句 The tsunami ( 海啸 ) in which over 160,000 people were killed was a terrible disaster for human beings. This is the dictionary on which I depend a lot whenever I have problems with new words. 注 : 介词后面的关系词代词不用 that. 关系代词 as as 也可用来引导定语从句 用作关系代词的 as 通常与 such, the same, as 连用 或者用在句首, 指代后面的一句话, 如 as is known to all, as we all know, as is often the case 等 例如 :I will buy the same shirt as you have. He spoke in such easy English as everybody could understand As is well-known, the environment in China is badly in need of improvement. 非限定性定语从句 14

15 or water. 对被修饰的名词或者整个句子起附加说明, 或进一步描述或补充 He was very rude to the customs officer, which of course made things even worse. 名词 ( 代词 )+ 介词 + 关系代词 The writer has published many books, are well received by the readers. A. none of whom B. all of which C. neither of who D. one of which The United States is composed of fifty states, two of are separated from the others by land A. them B. that C. which D. those 定语从句配套练习 1. I have bought the same dress she is wearing. A. as B. that C. which D. than 2. The letter and the little girl we had discovered disappeared again. A. which B. that C. whom D. who 3. I ll never forget the holidays I worked in the factory. A. which B. when C. that D. where 4. He is a man of great experience, much can be learned. A. who B. that C. from which D. from whom 5. Some of the roads were folded, made our journey more difficult. A. which B. it C. what D. that 6. There are different forms of energy, come from the sun. A. that B. most of that C. most of them D. most of which 7. I don t like you speak to her. A. the way B. the way in that C. the way which D. the way of which 8. The speed light travels is very high. A. which B. at which C. in which D. with which 9. The reason he gives for not coming is unacceptable. A. which B. for which C. in which D. why 10. The reason they died was lack of medical care. A. which B. for which C. in which D. why 状语从句 起状语作用的从句叫状语从句 常见的状语从句有时间 地点 条件 原因 让步 方式 比较 目的 结果 一 时间状语从句常用的连词有 :when( 当 时候 ),whenever( 无论什么时候 ),since( 自从 ),as( 当 时候 ), until( 直到, 在 之前 ),hardly when( 一 就 ),no sooner than( 一 就 ),as soon as( 一 就 ),before( 在 之前 ),after( 在 之后 ),the moment( 一 就 ),the minute( 一 就 ) 从句的引导词或连词在从句内部补充当从句的任何成分 No sooner had they got the goods covered up than it started raining hard. She has wanted to become a nurse since she was a young girl. 二 地点状语从句 15

16 地点状语从句通常由 where, wherever 引导 Where there is a will, there is a way. Where I live there are plenty of trees. 我住的地方树很多 Wherever I am I will be thinking of you. 不管我在哪里我都会想到你 三 条件状语从句常用 if,provided( 如果 ),unless( 除非, 如果不 ),as/so long as 只要,only if( 只有 ) Unless you return those books to the library immediately you will have to pay a fine. 四 原因状语从句常用的连词有 :because( 因为 ),as( 因为 ),since( 既然 / 因为 ),now that( 既然 / 因为 ), in that( 因为 ) He cannot go to school because he is ill. 他因为生病不能上学 Everyone likes you as you are both kind and honest. 人人都喜欢你, 因为你既和气, 又诚实 五 让步状语从句常用 though/although( 尽管 ),as( 尽管 ),even if/though( 即使 ) 来引导, 引导词在从句内 不补充当任何成分 however=no matter how( 无论多么, 用在形容词或副词后, 也可以表示无论如何 ), wherever=no matter where( 无论哪里 ),whenever=no matter when( 无论何时 ) 也可以引导让步状语 从句, 在从句中做状语 whatever=no matter what( 无论什么事情 / 东西 ),whoever =no matter who( 无论是谁 ), 可以 引导让步状语从句, 在从句中做主语或宾语 Busy as he was at Harvard,he began again to write his essay. as 引导让步状语从句时, 被强调的部分放在句子之前, 进行倒装 Whatever he says or does,i won t change my mind at all. However difficult the task is, we can finish it in time. Wherever you go and whoever you are, you can t break the law. 六 方式状语从句常用 as( 像 一样 ), just as( 正如 ), as if/though( 好像, 仿佛 ) 等词 He talks as if he knew everything in the world. Sir Alexander Fleming did not, as legend would have it, look at the mold on a piece of cheese and get the idea for penicillin there and then. 七 目的状语从句常用 so that( 以便 ), in order that( 目的是 ), lest( 以免, 以防 ), in case( 以免, 以防 ) I wrote it down in case I should forget it. I ll give you my phone number, so that you can call me when you arrive here. 八 结果状语从句常用 so that( 如此 以至于 ), such that( 如此 以至于 ),so( 因此, 所以 ) He was sick, so they were quiet. They are such diligent students that they all performed well in the nationwide examinations. 状语从句配套练习 1. Someone called me up in the middle of the night, but he hung up I could answer the phone. A as B since C until D before 2. I shall still go outside. A. As the sun is hot B. Hot as is the sun C. Hot as the sun is D. Though hot is the sun 16

17 3. The thief stole my wallet I knew it. A. before B. until C. while D after 4. a satisfactory answer, so he had to writhe to them again. A. As he hadn t received B. Not having received C. Having not received D. He hadn t received 5. the day went on, the weather got worse. A. With B. Since C. While D. As 6. He sat the sunlight was enough. A. where B. when C. that D. the place where 7. The World s Fair won t be a financial success there are enough visitors. A. lest B. provided C. if D unless 8. We ll have to finish the job,. A. long it takes however B. it takes however long C. long however it takes D. however long it takes 9. We must begin testing the instrument no matter difficult it is. A. what B. when C. how D. however 10. people say, I believe he is as innocent as a baby unborn. A. Whoever B. However C. Whatever D. Whenever 11. I decided to stop and have lunch, I was feeling quite hungry. A. for B. moreover C. consequently D. whereas 强调结构 强调句型的基本形式 It is(was)+ 被强调部分 +that(who) It was while she was sleeping in her bedroom that a thief broke into the house. While she was sleeping in her bedroom, a thief broke into the house. It is from my grandparents that I learned a lot. It was in that small room that they worked hard and dreamed of better days to come. not until 句型的强调 It is/was not until+ 被强调部分 +that+ 其它部分 It was not until dawn that they found their way out of the forest. 倒装结构一 否定词放置句首时, 助动词或 be 动词要放置主语的前面进行倒装 常用的否定词有 : not,scarcely,barely,seldom,not until,little,(in)under no circumstance,by no means,no sooner than 等 In no case should we prevent the students from exploring new ideas. So little did I know about the stock exchange that the lecture was completely beyond me. Not until I reminded him for the third time working and looked up A. that he stopped B. does he stopped C. did he stop D. that he stopped 二 only+ 状语 / adv/ 介词短语放于句首时, 句子要倒装 Only recently has something been done to deal with the environmental problems. Only under such a condition will he make steady progress. Only this morning did I hear the sad news. 三 so 用于句首时, 表示 也, 句子要倒装 If you go to the movie tonight, so will I. 四 虚拟条件句中省略 if 时要倒装 17

18 Had I realized you were busy, I wouldn t have bothered you with my questions. Were they come to us, I should ask them some questions. 配套练习 1. His mother had talked to him for two hours while he was watching TV, but. A. a little did he hear B. little did he hear C. little heard he D. a little heard he 2. She didn t come to the party last Sunday., she must have made the party more exciting. A. If she came B. Would she come C. Had she come D. Did she come 3. I received his mother s telephone call at eleven. that he was badly hurt in an accident yesterday. A. Then did I know B. Only then I knew C. Only then did I know D. Only then knew I 4. The old man wouldn t stay at home for a rest even if it rained.. He would feel sick if he stayed home for one day. A. So would my grandpa B. So wouldn t my grandpa C. Neither would my grandpa D. Nor wouldn t my grandpa 5. By no means to our plan for the trip. A. will she agree B. she will agree C. agrees she D. will agree she The water changes into thick ice covering rivers and lakes in winter in Harbin. --- in Urumqi and children go skating on it then. A. So is it B. So it does C. So it is D. So does it 7. If you don t go to his birthday party next Friday,. A. so do I B. so will I C. nor do I D. nor will I 8. It is the ability to do the job matters, not where you come from or what you are. A. one B. that C. what D. if 9. It was back home after the experiment. A. not until midnight did he go B. until midnight that he didn t go C. not until midnight that he went D. until midnight when he didn t go 虚拟语气 虚拟语气是体现英汉语言习惯区别的一个语法现象 在汉语里表示假设虚拟的情况常用一些虚词来表示, 例如 假设 如果 等等 ; 而英文中表示虚拟的情况不但有虚词的提示, 谓语动词或者系动词也要相应的变化 虚拟语气的基本作用是 :1. 表达假设的情况, 与事实相反 ;2. 表达异想天开很难实现的愿望 ;3. 表达建议 命令 劝告等语气 一 非真实类虚拟语气基本形式和用法非真实虚拟语气中, 主句与从句中谓语动词或系动词的形式可分为下面三类 : 假设类型条件从句谓语动词或系动词形式主句谓语动词或系动词形式 与现在事实相反 动词的过去式 were 而不用 was would( 第一人称可用 should)+ 动词原形 would( 第一人称可用 should)+be 18

19 had+- 过去分词与过去事实相反 Had + been were to+ 动词原形或 should+ 动词原形与将来事实可能相反 were to+be should+be If Bob had come with us, he would have had a good time. I would ask George to lend us the money if I knew him. would( 第一人称可用 should)+have+- 过去分词 would( 第一人称可用 should)+have +been would( 第一人称可用 should)+ 动词原形 would( 第一人称可用 should)+be 略 if 二 省略 if 的虚拟形式在虚拟条件句中, 如谓语包含 were,had,should 等词, 则可以把这些词放到主语前面, 省 business. Had he taken the advice of his friends, he would not have suffered such a heavy loss in his Had I seen your bag, I would have returned it to you. Were they come to us, I should ask them some questions. you were busy, I wouldn't have bothered you with my questions. A. If I realized B. Had I realized C. Did I have realized that D. As I realized 三 非真实句 ( 不含从句 ) 有时一个假设的情况不用条件从句表示, 而用其它方式来表示, 这样的句子叫含蓄条件句 常用 with,without,but for Without heat and sunlight, plants on the earth would not grow well. But for my classmates' help, I would not have finished the work in time. But for the rain, we would have had a nice holiday. 四 特殊词或结构中的虚拟语气 : 1 以 wish(that) 引导的表示 愿望 的宾语从句 wish 后的宾语从句中要用虚拟语气, 而在虚拟语气中时态的应用类似在非真实条件中从句 时态的应用 I didn t go to the party, but I do wish I had been there. Peter wishes that he had studied law instead of literature when he was in college. 2 if only + 句子 ( 过去时 / 过去完成时 ) 要是 就好了 If only 后面的句子如果是对现在或将来情况的虚拟, 用过去时 did ; 如果是对过去情况的 虚拟, 用过去完成时 had done. If only the alarm clock had rung. 当时闹钟响就好了 ( 对过去虚拟 ) If only I were rich. 要是我富有就好了 ( 对现在虚拟 ) 3 would rather+ 句子 ( 过去时 ) 表示宁愿 宁可的意愿, 语气比较婉转 后接过去的某种时态 I d rather you didn t touch that, if you don t mind. 4 it is time(that),it is high time (that) 句型中, 谓语动词用过去时, 表示早该做而未做 的事, 意思是该 了 早该 了. 19

20 Let's finish our homework in a few seconds; it's time we played football. It is time you gave up smoking. 5 以 as if,as though 引导的从句 在 as if,as though 引导的从句中, 如果谈论的是不可能或不真实的情况时, 它们所引用的 状语从句要用虚拟语气, 动词形式和 wish 后面的从句动词形式变化相同 He talks as if he knew everything in the world. 五 建议类虚拟语气 should+ 动词原形及 should 的省略 (1) 一些表示建议 要求 命令等的动词本身隐含说话者主观的意见 因此这些动词 ( 或 其变形, 如名词, 形容词, 分词等 ) 后面的从句应使用虚拟语气, 即 should do 结构, 其中 的 should 常被省略 如 : 表 提议 建议 的动词 :suggest,advise, propose, recommend, move( 提议 ); 表 要求 主张 的动词 :insist, require, request, demand, desire ; 表 命令 的动词 :order, command. I don t think it advisable that Tom be assigned to the job since he has no experience. His mother insisted that he put on the coat when going out. It is necessary/important/essential/ vital/urgent / surprising/ amazing that 引导的主语从句中, 从句的 谓语动词要用 should+ 原形动词,should 也可以省略 此类形容词的特点是表示重要性 It is vital that enough money be collected to get the project started. It s urgent that a meeting be arranged before the final decision is made. (3) 以 in case, lest, for fear that 引起的状语从句, 表示 以防, 以免 其形式为 should+ 动词原形 如 : He took his raincoat with him in case it should rain. 他把雨衣带在身上以防下雨 考研英语长难句分析技巧 长难句在考研阅读 完型填空和翻译中的出现频率很高, 无论句子有多长 结构有多复杂, 它都由一些基本的成分组成的 从结构来说, 英语句子中, 除了谓语之外, 其它的成分均可以由从句或者非谓语动词来充当 从句子本身是一个完整的句子, 因此, 从句与从句之间的关系可能包孕 套嵌, 也可能并列, 平行 从功能来说, 英语有三大复合句, 即 :1 名词性从句, 包括主语从句 宾语从句 表语从句和同位语从句 ;2 形容词性从句, 即我们平常所说的定语从句 ; 3 状语从句 非谓语动词可以有自己的时态和语态 ( 过去分词除外 ), 也可以跟自己的逻辑主语 宾语 状语等成分, 构成一个非谓语动词结构 由于非谓语动词和从句的这些特点, 使英语句子从理论上讲可以无限延长 英语长句的分析方法 : 去枝叶, 留主干 1) 划出句子中的定语从句和状语从句 ; 2) 划出所有介词短语 ( 位于 be 动词后的除外 ); 3) 名词性从句看作一个整体, 找出句中所有的谓语结构 非谓语结构 介词短语和从句的引导词 ; 4) 非谓语动词结构看作一个整体 ; 5) 找出全句的主语 谓语和宾语, 即句子的主干 ; 6) 分析从句的结构和非谓语动词的内部结构 1. A lateral move that hurt my pride and blocked my professional progress prompted me to abandon my relatively high profile career although, in the manner of a disgraced government minister, I covered my exit by claiming.i wanted to spend more time with my family. 20

21 2. At the same time these computers record which hours are busiest and which employers are the most efficient, allowing personnel and staffing assignments to be made accordingly. And they also identify preferred customers for promotional campaigns. 3. In the American economy, the concept of private property embraces not only the ownership of productive resources but also certain rights, including the right to determine the price of a product or to make a free contract with another private individual. 4. If, on the other hand, producing more of a commodity results in reducing its cost, this will tend to increase the supply offered by seller-producers, which in turn will lower the price and permit more consumers to buy the product. 5. Thus, in the American economic system it is the demand of individual consumers, coupled with the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes, that together determine what shall be produced and how resources are used to produce it. 6. The American economic system is organized around a basically private-enterprise, market-oriented economy in which consumers largely determine what shall be produced by spending their money in the marketplace for those goods and services that they want most. 7. Researchers discovered that plants infected with a virus give off a gas that activates disease resistance in neighboring plants. 8. When all these shaping forces---schools, open attitudes, the premium system, a genius for spatial thinking---interacted with one another on the rich U.S. mainland, they produced that American characteristic, emulation. 9. The innovator will search for alternate courses, which may prove easier in the long run and are bound to be more interesting and challenging even if they lead to dead ends. 10. There exists a social and cultural disconnect between journalists and their readers, which helps explain why the standard templates of the newsroom seem alien to many readers. 11. The attacks on ambition are many and come from various angles; its public defenders are few and unimpressive, where they are not extremely unattractive. 12. A survey of news stories in 1996 reveals that the anti-science tag has been attached to many other groups as well, including authorities who advocated the elimination of the last remaining stocks of smallpox virus. 13. On another level, many in the medical community acknowledge the assisted-suicide debate has been fueled in part by the despair of patients for whom modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying. 14. The great interest in exceptional children shown in public education over the past three decades indicates the strong feeling in our society that all citizens, whatever their special conditions, deserve the opportunity to fully develop their capabilities. 15. The change met the technical requirements of the new age by engaging a large professional element and prevented the decline in efficiency that so commonly spoiled the fortunes of family firms in the second and third generation after the energetic founders. 16. Towns like Bournemouth and Westbourne sprang up to house large comfortable classes who had retired on their incomes, and who had no relation to the rest of the community except that of drawing dividends and occasionally attending a shareholders meeting to dictate their orders to the management. 21

22 17. As Eugene Ferguson has pointed out, A technologist thinks about objects that can not be reduced to unambiguous verbal descriptions: they are dealt with in his mind by a visual, nonverbal process. The designer and the inventor., are able to assemble and manipulate in their minds devices that as yet do not exist. 18. Apart from the fact that twenty-seven acts of parliament govern the terms of advertising, no regular advertiser dare promote a product that fails to live up to the promise of his advertisements. 19. Changing from solid to liquid, water takes in heat from all substances near it, and this absorption produces artificial cold surrounding it. 20. Some have breathed sights of relief; others, including churches, right-to-life groups and the Australian medical Association bitterly attacked the bill and the haste of its passage. But the tide is unlikely to turn back. 21. The test of any democratic society, he wrote in a Wall street Journal column, lies not in how well it can control expression but in whether it gives freedom of thought and expression the widest possible latitude, however disputable or irritating the results may sometimes be 22. Economists have been particularly surprised by favorable inflation figures in Britain and the United States, since conventional measures suggest that both economies, and especially America s, have little productive slack. 23. The renaissance of the feminist movement begun during the 1950 s led to the Stasist School, which sidestepped the good bad dichotomy and argued that frontier women lived lives similar to the lives of women in the East. 24. The most thrilling explanation is, unfortunately, a little defective. Some economists argue that powerful structural changes in the world have upended the old economic models that were based upon the historical link between growth and inflation. 25. New ways of organizing the work place---all that re-engineering and downsizing --- are only one contribution to the overall productivity of an economy, which is driven by many other factors such as joint investment in equipment and machinery, new technology, and investment in education and training. 26. Defenders of science have also voiced their concerns at meetings such as The flight from science and reason, held in New York City in 1995, and science in the Age of information, which assembled last June Buffalo. 27. The true enemies of science, argues Paul Ehrllch of Stanford University, a pioneer of environmental studies, are those who question the evidence supporting global warming, the depletion of the ozone layer and other consequences of industrial growth. 28. Unlike most of the world s volcanoes, they are not always found at the boundaries of the great drifting plates that make up the earth s surface; on the contrary, many of them lie deep in the interior of a plate. 29. At the same time, the American Law Institute a group of judges, lawyers, and academics whose recommendations carry substantial weight---issued new guidelines for tort law stating that companies need not warn customers of obvious dangers or bombard them with a lengthy list of possible ones. 30. Rather, we have a certain conception of the American citizen, a character who is incomplete if he cannot competently assess how his livelihood and happiness are affected by things outside of himself. 22

23 31. It is entirely reasonable for auditors to believe that scientists who know exactly where they are going and how they will get there should not be distracted by the necessity of keeping one eye on the cash register while the other eye is on the microscope. 32. Nor, if regularity and conformity to a standard pattern are as desirable to the scientist as the writing of his papers would appear to reflect, is management to be blamed for discriminating against the odd balls among researchers in favor of more conventional thinkers who work well with the team. 33. The coming of age of the postwar baby boom and an entry of women into the male-dominated job market have limited the opportunities of teenagers who are already questioning the heavy personal sacrifices involved in climbing Japan s rigid social ladder to good schools and jobs. 34. Much of the language used to describe monetary policy, such as steering the economy to a soft landing of a touch on the brakes, makes it sound like a precise science. Nothing could be further from the truth. 35. During the discussion of rock singing verses at last month s stockholders meeting, Levin asserted that music is not the cause of society s ills and even cited his son, a teacher in the Bronx, New York, who uses rap to communicate with students. 36. Such large, impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased the numbers and importance of shareholders as a class, an element in national life representing irresponsible wealth detached from the land and the duties of the landowners; and almost equally detached from the responsible management of business. 37.The trouble is that part of the recent acceleration is due to the usual rebound that occurs at this point in a business cycle, and so is not conclusive evidence of a revival in the underlying trend. 38.His colleague, Michael Beer, says that far too many companies have applied re engineering in a mechanistic fashion, chopping out costs without giving sufficient thought to long term profitability. 39.But he talked as well about the balanced struggle between creative freedom and social responsibility, and he announced that the company would launch a drive to develop standards for distribution and labeling of potentially objectionable music. 40.Instead of having one province or a series of hospitals within a province negotiate a price for a given drug on the provincial list, the national agency would negotiate on behalf of all provinces. 23