Lead Isotope Ratios of Lead Objects Excavated from Kaman-Kalehöyük Junko ENOMOTO and Yoshimitsu HIRAO Tokyo Oita INTRODUCTION In this study, lead isotope analysis was applied to lead artifacts excavated from Kaman-Kalehöyük. The purposes of this study are to understand the nature of these metal products and how they were processed, to determine which mines the raw materials originated from, and to propose trading systems of these materials. Lead isotope analysis has proved to be a useful tool for provenance studies of archaeological copper and lead objects. Lead isotope ratios in copper and lead ores are influenced by the geologic history of each ore deposit, such as ore forming processes or crust forming processes. Therefore, lead isotope ratios of ores from different copper or lead mines will differ from each other according to the different geologic history of each mine. In addition, as lead isotope ratios do not change by heating, oxidation and reduction, the values in processed copper products will suggest the mine from which the raw material originated. The Kaman-Kalehöyük site is divided into four main stratigraphic sequences. In previous studies, copper objects from the different levels were sampled for lead isotope analysis, and a hypothetical diagram was postulated from the results (Fig.1: Hirao and Enomoto 1993). Since that time, as excavation has proceeded and more data of lead isotope ratios has been accumulated (Fig.2), data distribution has become too complicated to understand. Therefore, in order to better understand the data trends, we decided to measure lead isotope ratios of only the lead artifacts from the site, as a precursor to the study of copper products. Analysis of the lead items is somewhat more straightforward than analysis of the copper artifacts: (1) Only a small sample size is required (less than 1mg) for the analysis. (2) There is little risk that the lead isotope value will be changed by contamination from soil and other materials. (3) The different lead isotope ratios reflect different Fig.1 Generalized lead isotope diagram for the distribution of copper objects excavated from Kaman-Kalehöyük ( A type figure). Fig.2 Distribution of lead isotope ratios of copper, bronze, and lead objects excavated from Kaman-Kalehöyük between 1986 and 2002 ( A type figure).
224 J. ENOMOTO and Y. HIRAO AAS XV Map 1 Map 2
2006 Lead Isotope Ratios of Lead Objects 225 mine proveniences. In other words, only the ores that have experienced the same geologic history show similar values. Different geological sites are unlikely to show the same isotope ratios. (4) The lead samples do not require pre-treatment in the chemical analysis process, such as removal of other elements, which takes hours and may cause errors. The present paper includes new results, and the results from previous studies (Enomoto and Hirao 1992; 1999; 2001). ratios were measured with a Thermo-Electron MAT262 surface ionization mass spectrometer equipped with multiple collectors. The rhenium filament with the lead sample was placed in the machine and evacuated to high vacuum. The filament was gradually heated passing current through it. At a temperature of approximately 1200 degrees C, the beam conditions settled, 20 lead isotope ratios were measured three times, and all the ratios were calculated for the averages. The isotope ratios obtained were normalized to the lead standard NBS-SRM-981 for each run (Hirao and Mabuchi 1989). SAMPLES All samples are from lead artifacts excavated at Kaman-Kalehöyük. A small sample was removed from each object and brought to Japan with permission from the Turkish government. Previous analysis includes: 24 samples in 1997 (Enomoto and Hirao 1999), 25 samples in 1998 (Enomoto and Hirao 2001), and 1 sample in 1989 (Hirao et al. 1992). ANALYSIS Measurement of lead isotope ratios Lead isotope ratios of the samples excavated from Kaman-Kalehöyük were measured using a surface ionization mass spectrometer after the lead was purified by the following chemical procedure (Hirao et al. 1992). A small part of each sample was dissolved with 5 to 6 drops of nitric acid and then diluted to 5 to 10 ml. Lead in the solution was separated by an electro-deposition method using 2V and approximately 10 ma of direct current and using platinum electrodes. Lead accumulated on the platinum plate anode as lead peroxide in a few hours, then was dissolved with a few drops of nitric acid and hydrogen peroxide in a different bottle. The lead solution was diluted to 2 to 10 ml and the lead concentration was measured with a graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometer. Then about 0.1 microgram of lead was taken out and placed on a rhenium filament for mass spectrometry with a phosphoric acid - silica gel method. Lead isotope RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Lead isotope ratio values of the 97 new samples and 50 previously published samples are listed in Table 1. The first two numbers of each sample number indicate the year in which the sample was excavated; L signifies a lead product. Maps 1 and 2 show lead ore sample locations. Photos 001 through 096 show the unpublished samples. In this study, the lead isotope ratio values are plotted in A and B type figures: in an A type figure, the horizontal axis is 207 Pb/ 206 Pb and the vertical axis is 208 Pb/ 206 Pb, and in a B type figure, the horizontal axis is 206 Pb/ 204 Pb and the vertical axis is 207 Pb/ 204 Pb. These two types of figures show the relationship between four lead isotopes. All of the lead isotope ratio values of the samples analyzed are plotted in Fig. 3 in an A type figure. In this figure, the samples mainly concentrate in four groups. However, in a B type figure, Fig. 4, five to seven groups can be identified. Therefore, it is proposed that in the Kaman-Kalehöyük sample set there are five to seven distinct lead material types. These seven groups are labeled areas A to G in Fig. 5 and in all the other A type figures, corresponding to areas A to G in Figure 4 and in all the other B type figures in this report. In the first series of figures in this report, areas A (A ) to G (G ) are compared to published values of lead ore (e.g., galena, sphalerite) and slag from Turkey, in order to estimate the sources of the Kaman-Kalehöyük lead materials. Hirao et al. (1995), Enomoto et al. (1999) and Yener et al. (1991) have
226 J. ENOMOTO and Y. HIRAO AAS XV Fig.3 Distribution of lead isotope ratios of lead objects excavated from Kaman-Kalehöyük between 1986 and 2000 ( A type figure). reported on the lead isotope values of slag and ore samples from mines in Turkey. As these mine samples were collected from only a few areas of Turkey, it will be difficult to conclude the origins of the Kaman-Kalehöyük samples with certainty, but some possibilities can be proposed. Lead isotope ratios of the lead ores and slag examined for this study are shown in Fig. 6 (type A) and Fig. 7 (type B). Table 2 indicates how many samples were obtained from each area. In an A type figure plotting lead ore samples, ores from Çanakkale in western Turkey, the North Anatolian Mountains, and the area from Kozan to Tufanbeyli east of the Ala Mountains (Alada lar ) have a 207 Pb/ 206 Pb value higher than 0.85. None of the lead Fig.4 Distribution of lead isotope ratios of lead objects excavated from Kaman-Kalehöyük between 1986 and 2000 ( B type figure). Five to seven groups are indicated (areas A ~G ). Fig.6 Distribution of lead isotope ratios of lead minerals in Turkey ( A type figure). The values of are from Yener et al. (1991). T.B.K. () are obtained by our measurements (1999). Fig.5 Distribution of lead isotope ratios of lead objects excavated from Kaman-Kalehöyük between 1986 and 2000 ( A type figure). Groups A - G correspond to areas A - G in Fig. 4. Fig.7 Distribution of lead isotope ratios of lead minerals in Turkey ( B type figure). The values of are from Yener et al. (1991). T.B.K. () are obtained by our measurements (1999).
2006 Lead Isotope Ratios of Lead Objects 227 items from Kaman-Kalehöyük have these high values, so it is thought that Kaman-Kalehöyük did not have a deep relationship with the North Anatolian Mountains and areas over the Ala Mountains. The lead samples excavated from Kaman-Kalehöyük are distributed mainly in the range of 0.825 to 0.845 in the 207 Pb/ 206 Pb of a type A figure, so this range was looked at in detail. In the second series of figures, the relationship between lead isotope ratio and date was examined by plotting the samples according to the excavation stratum in which they were found. The site of Kaman-Kalehöyük has four main stratigraphic levels. From the top, Stratum IisOttoman period, Stratum II is Phrygian period, Stratum III is Hittite period and Stratum IV is the period before the Hittites. The number of samples from Stratum I was so small that those samples are excluded from the discussion in this article. In the figures, or indicates ores or slag, indicates samples from Stratum II, indicates samples from Stratum III, indicates samples from Stratum IV and indicates samples whose classification is still unclear. Kaman-Kalehöyük Samples Compared to Ore Samples Area A in Fig. 5 (area A in Fig. 4) Area A in Fig. 5 (area A in Fig. 4) is enlarged in Fig. 8 (Fig. 9). Samples from Kaman-Kalehöyük (solid line) are closely distributed within the range of ore samples from the Bolkar Mountains (Bolkarda lar ) (dotted line) which is called Taurus 1A by Yener. Samples indicated with a black square, gray and white square in Fig. 8 and Fig. 9 include the Taurus 1A group and ores and slag from Ulk flla/madenköy and the Bolkar Mountains (Yener et al. 1991; Hirao et al. 1995). This may indicate that Kaman-Kalehöyük received raw lead materials from an area in the Bolkar Mountains. Yener et al. (1991) reported that four samples in their analysis were slag samples found at ancient metal working sites near Ulk flla. In Fig. 8 and 9, these slag samples are indicated with a white square. Onthe other hand, ores from Ulk flla/madenköy analyzed by TBK (Tokyo Bunkazai Kenkyujo (in Japanese) or Tokyo National Research Institute of Cultural Properties) are indicated with a gray Hirao,Y., J. Enomoto and H.Tachikawa 1995. The isotope ratios of ores near Madenköy coincide with those of slag collected from the metal working sites and of samples excavated from Strata between IIa and IIIb at Kaman-Kalehöyük. Fig.8 Area A of Fig. 5 is enlarged ( A type figure).,, and indicate samples excavated from Stratum II, III, and undecided, respectively. white square indicates minerals obtained from a metalworking site by Yener et al. (1991). (gray square) indicates minerals obtained from Ulk flla by T.B.K. (black square) indicates the other minerals. The dotted line area indicates Taurus 1A reported by Yener et al. (1991). The solid line area indicates excavated samples from Kaman-Kalehöyük. Fig.9 Area A of Fig. 4 is enlarged ( B type figure)., and indicate samples excavated from Stratum II, III, and undecided, respectively. white square indicates minerals obtained from a metalworking site by Yener et al. (1991). (gray square) indicates minerals obtained from Ulk flla by T.B.K. (black square) indicates the other minerals. The dotted line area indicates Taurus 1A reported by Yener et al. (1991). The solid line area indicates samples excavated from Kaman-Kalehöyük.
228 J. ENOMOTO and Y. HIRAO AAS XV Area B in Fig. 5 (area B in Fig. 4) Area B in Fig. 5 (area B in Fig. 4) is enlarged in Fig. 10 (Fig. 11). In Fig. 5, area B is included in a larger unit with areas C, D, and E, but in Fig. 4, area B is clearly different from the other areas. Area B is made up of 27 samples closely clustered together, and as Table 2 shows, 22 of the samples were excavated from early periods, Strata between IV and IIIb. It is not yet clear where these lead materials originated. However a piece of slag obtained from Fig.10 Areas B - E of Fig. 5 are enlarged ( A type figure).,,, indicate samples excavated from Stratum II, III, IV, and undecided, respectively. indicates minerals. The dotted line area indicates Taurus 1B from Yener et al. (1991). Fig.11 Areas B - E of Fig. 4 are enlarged ( B type figure).,,, indicate samples excavated from Stratum II, III, IV and undecided, respectively. indicates minerals. The dotted line area indicates Taurus 1B from Yener et al. (1991). Kültepe included in this area was observed in a report by Hirao,Y., J. Enomoto and H.Tachikawa (1995). This may indicate that the lead of this isotope composition (area B) reached Kaman-Kalehöyük through a relationship with Kültepe, a major site not far from Kaman-Kalehöyük. The Kaman-Kalehöyük samples are mainly between Stratum IV and IIIb. Only a few samples were excavated from the later level, raising the question as to why the supply of this lead material stopped after the Stratum IIIb period. Analysis of more samples from Kültepe may provide further information on the trade relationships between Kaman-Kalehöyük and Kültepe. Area C in Fig. 5 (area C in Fig. 4) Area C in Fig. 5 (area C in Fig. 4) is enlarged in Fig. 10 (Fig. 11). In Fig. 5, it is difficult to delineate area C, because the sample distribution forms a relatively large domain together with areas B, D, and E. However, when Fig. 5 is enlarged to Fig. 10 and area B is excluded, it becomes clear that area C distributes to the left of area B, and in Fig. 11, a clear grouping is apparent. In Fig. 10, area C partially overlaps the area reported as Taurus lb by Yener, while in Fig. 11, area C is distinct from Taurus lb, so the samples are not included in Yener s classification. In other words, none of the analyzed ores match this group of samples. The Kaman-Kalehöyük samples of this group are mainly from Stratum IIa. In general, area C samples are from a later period than area B samples. Area D in Fig. 5 (area D in Fig. 4) Area D in Fig. 5 (area D in Fig. 4) was enlarged in Fig. 10 (Fig. 11). In Fig. 5 (Fig.10), area D is not clear enough to judge it to be a distinct area because it seems to overlap areas B and C. In Fig. 11, area D is to the left of area C. At first sight, it seems that this area partly overlaps with Taurus lb of Yener, but the plotted values of each ore in both Fig. 10 and Fig. 11 (Fig. 4 and Fig. 5) do not coincide with the Kaman-Kalehöyük samples. Two ore samples from Akda madeni fall near the area D samples. Most of the area D samples are from Stratum IIIb and Stratum IV. There was a transportation
2006 Lead Isotope Ratios of Lead Objects 229 network from the Akda madeni area to the Kayseri (Kültepe) area during those periods and lead materials from near Akda madeni may have been brought to Kaman-Kalehöyük through Kültepe. Areas C and D are close to each other in Fig. 4 and Fig. 5, and may be from the same system of ores. Area E in Fig. 5 (area E in Fig. 4) Area E in Fig. 5 (area E in Fig. 4) is enlarged in Fig. 10 (Fig. 11). In Fig. 5 (Fig. 10), area E distributes on a straight line somewhat below areas C and D. In Fig. 4 (Fig. 11), it distributes on a straight line above areas C and D. Although none of the ores correspond to this distribution, some ore samples that are distributed on the extension of this line will be explained in the discussion of area G. Area F in Fig. 5 (area F in Fig. 4) Area F in Fig. 5 (area F in Fig. 4) was enlarged in Fig. 12 (Fig. 13)). In Fig. 5, area F centers around a 207 Pb/ 206 Pb value of 0.84 and a 208 Pb/ 206 Pb value of 2.078. In Fig. 12 (Fig. 6), this area corresponds to the lower part of the Taurus 2A field distinguished by Yener et al. (1991). However, in area F and the left of area F there are ore samples from Alada (shown as ) and samples from Kaman-Kalehöyük Stratum IV distribute among these ore samples. Therefore, it is possible that area F extends further to the left. In Fig. 13, the ore samples from Alada and samples from Kaman-Kalehöyük Stratum IV are in the lower part of area F, and it is possible that the lower part of area F should also be wider. This area includes many ores from the Ala Mountains and many excavated samples from Kaman-Kalehöyük Stratum IIIc; this is a characteristic feature of this stratum. These results are discussed in more detail below. Area G in Fig. 5 (area G in Fig. 4) Area G in Fig. 5 (area G in Fig. 4) is enlarged in Fig. 12 (Fig. 13. InFig. 5, area G is a relatively small cluster. An ore sample from Galena mine in Alada /Yahyal analyzed by Yener et al. (1991) corresponds to this area. This ore was collected northeast of Fig.12 Areas F and G of Fig. 5 are enlarged ( A type figure).,,, indicate samples excavated from Stratum II, III, IV and undecided, respectively. indicates minerals obtain from Alada and Yahyal near Alad. indicates the other minerals. The dotted line area indicates Taurus 2A reported by Yener et al. (1991). The solid line area indicates areas F and G. The slender line area may indicate area F in the future. Fig.13 Areas F and G of Fig. 4 are enlarged ( B type figure).,,, indicate samples excavated from Stratum II, III, IV and undecided, respectively. indicates minerals obtained from Alada and Yahyal near Alada. indicates the other minerals. Yahyal, approximately 30 km from the other ores in the Taurus 2A group, which are from the south and southwest of Yahyal. Area G samples are mainly from Kaman-Kalehöyük Stratum III and Stratum IV, with only one sample from Stratum II. As seen in Fig.14, some samples from Kaman-Kalehöyük are on the straight line which connects L9606 (indicated with a black square ), slag obtained at Çamard by Yener (indicated with a black square ) and ore belonging to area G (indicated with
230 J. ENOMOTO and Y. HIRAO AAS XV Fig.14 Distribution of samples on a straight line ( A type figure). indicates samples excavated from Kaman-Kalehöyük. indicates minerals obtained from Alada and Yahyal near Alada. indicates slag obtained form Çamard and L9606 excavated from Kaman-Kalehöyük. Fig.15 Samples excavated from Kaman-Kalehöyük and ores obtained from Yahyal ( B type figure). indicates samples excavated from Kaman-Kalehöyük. indicates minerals obtained from Alada and Yahyal near Alada. indicates slag obtained form Çamard and L9606 excavated from Kaman-Kalehöyük Stratum IV. Fig.16 Distribution of lead isotope ratios of lead objects excavated from Stratum IV ( A type figure). indicates samples excavated from Stratum IV. indicates minerals. Fig.17 Distribution of lead isotope ratios of lead objects excavated from Stratum IV ( B type figure). indicates samples excavated from Stratum IV. indicates minerals. Fig.18 Distribution of lead isotope ratios of lead objects excavated from Stratum III ( A type figure). indicates samples excavated from Stratum IIIc. indicates slag from Çamard. indicates the other minerals. indicates sample L9606 excavated from Stratum IV. Fig.19 Distribution of lead isotope ratios of lead objects excavated from Stratum IIIc. ( type figure). indicates samples excavated from Stratum IIIc. indicates slag from Çamard. indicates the other minerals. indicates sample L9606 excavated from Stratum IV.
2006 Lead Isotope Ratios of Lead Objects 231 a white square ). All ore samples from Alada are indicated with white squares. This straight line is an extension of area/line E mentioned above. The lead isotope ratios of area E, F, and G (E, F and G ) samples are distributed along the lead evolution curve of Dalrymple (1991). Therefore, it is possible that the original source rocks that produced the lead in areas E, F, and G are related to each other through the evolution of a single rock system. Since ores obtained at Alada and Yahyal (indicated with a white square ) coincide with samples from Kaman-Kalehöyük, the relationship between them was investigated. As seen in Fig. 15 (the B type counterpart of Fig. 14), there is a distribution of Kaman-Kalehöyük samples on the solid line which connects black squares and area G, but as the dotted line shows, many of the ores obtained at Yahyal are on a line with a different slope. It is possible to propose that samples in areas C and D (C and D ) also situate on a lead evolution curve, but a different one from that of areas E, F and G. Kaman-Kalehöyük Samples Grouped by Stratum Samples from Stratum IV (19 samples) (Fig. 16 and Fig. 17) Samples from Stratum IV are mainly concentrated in areas B, D and G in Fig. 16 (see Table 2). There is only one sample (L9606) which is apart from others, to the upper right of area A; the lead isotope ratio of this sample agrees with that of a sample from Çamard area (Yener et al. 1991). Ore from a mine in Yahyal is included in area G. Ore samples from mines situated around the Ala Mountains about 200 km southeast of Kaman-Kalehöyük are included in area F. Area D values are similar to those of ores from Akda madeni about 200 km east of Kaman-Kalehöyük. Most of the samples of this period are distributed in area B. It is not yet clear where the ore of area B samples originated, but slag from Kültepe plots in area B. It appears that the people in Kaman-Kalehöyük obtained lead materials from relatively near places, possibly by way of Kültepe or other cities, in this period. Samples from Stratum IIIc (19 samples) (Fig. 18 and Fig. 19) The characteristic of this stratum is that there are no samples in areas A, C, and D. Most of the samples of this period distribute on a line that connects L9606 (indicated with a black diamond ) and slag (indicated with a white square ) toarea G. This straight-line distribution of the samples is not seen in the other periods. As shown in Fig. 18, a group of lead ores (indicated with a black square ) from near Yahyal distributes near this line. However, as Fig. 19 shows, the distribution slopes of the ores and the Kaman-Kalehöyük samples differ from each other, so it is unlikely that the Stratum IIIc samples are from Yahyal. The straight line distribution of the samples can be explained by at Fig.20 Distribution of lead isotope ratios of lead objects excavated from Stratum IIIb ( A type figure) indicates samples excavated from Stratum IIIb. The dotted line area indicates Taurus 1A reported by Yener et al. (1991). Fig.21 Distribution of lead isotope ratios of lead objects from Stratum IIIb ( B type figure).
232 J. ENOMOTO and Y. HIRAO AAS XV stratum that 11 of the 31 samples are in area B, similar to the case for Stratum IV; it is supposed that there was a certain relationship with Kültepe. The distribution of the Stratum IIIb samples is wider than that of Stratum IIIc samples, which may indicate that the exchange of materials took place across a wider geographic range in this period. Fig.22 Distribution of lead isotope ratios of lead objects from Stratum IIIa ( A type figure). Fig.23 Distribution of lead isotope ratios of lead objects from Stratum IIIa ( B type figure). least two possible factors. One is that lead isotope ratios of ores in the same mine can have different values due to the different influence of geological diastrophism that formed the ore system. The second is that lead originating from more than one mine may have been mixed together when objects were manufactured. In this case, the lead isotope ratios of the objects would be plotted between those of the constituent ores. Samples from Stratum IIIb (31 samples) (Fig. 20 and Fig. 21) Samples from this layer are plotted in areas A and A in Fig. 20 and Fig. 21. The samples in area A in Fig. 20 are the same as Galena ore minerals from the Bolkar Mountains. The most notable feature of this Samples from Stratum IIIa (9 samples) (Fig. 22 and Fig. 23) In Fig. 22, samples are somewhat concentrated in area G. There are no samples from this period in areas B, C and F. The sample size is too small to provide valuable information. Samples from Stratum IId (9 samples) (Fig. 24 and Fig. 25) There are no Stratum IId samples in areas E, F, and G, and after this period no samples can be observed in areas E and G, but the number of samples from this stratum is too small to provide any conclusions. Of the nine samples, four are outside of our seven main groupings. Some of the samples are near area D, and may belong to that area. Samples from Stratum IIc (8 samples) (Fig. 26 and Fig. 27) There are no Stratum IIc samples in areas A, B, E, F, and G. The number of samples is too small to provide valuable information. Samples from Stratum IIb There are no analyzed samples from Stratum IIb. Samples from Stratum IIa (19 samples) (Fig. 28 and Fig. 29) Samples from this period are mainly distributed in area C in Fig. 28 (Fig. 29). Some are situated between areas B and D in Fig. 29. Ore corresponding to these samples has not been found yet. There are two samples in area B. Many samples from Stratum IV through IIIb belong to area B, and may share a similar origin with these two Stratum IIa samples. In this study, 147 lead samples excavated at Kaman-Kalehöyük were summarized according to the
2006 Lead Isotope Ratios of Lead Objects 233 Fig.24 Distribution of lead isotope ratios of lead objects from Stratum IId ( A type figure). Fig.25 Distribution of lead isotope ratios of lead objects from Stratum IId ( B type figure). Fig.26 Distribution of lead isotope ratios of lead objects from Stratum IIc ( A type figure). Fig.27 Distribution of lead isotope ratios of lead objects from Stratum IIc ( B type figure). Fig.28 Distribution of lead isotope ratios of lead objects from Stratum IIa ( A type figure). Fig.29 Distribution of lead isotope ratios of lead objects from Stratum IIa ( B type figure).
234 J. ENOMOTO and Y. HIRAO AAS XV results of lead isotope ratio analysis. Isotope ratios of lead ore from Turkey were compared with those of the excavated samples in order to determine provenance, but there are too few mine samples analyzed to allow definitive conclusions. Therefore, it will be necessary to analyze much more ore samples from Turkey. With lead isotope ratio measurements from many other sites, it will become possible to better understand the ore sources of the artifacts, and the processing sites, trade routes, and perhaps the movement of people and their technological skills. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Throughout this study, Dr. S. Omura and members of the Kaman-Kalehöyük excavation team and the Middle Eastern Culture Centre in Japan assisted us. Dr. K. Matsumura checked the stratigraphy and Ms. M. Watanabe translated this paper. We would like to express our thanks to them. BIBLIOGRAPHY Brill, R. H. and J. M. Wampler Isotope ratios in archaeological objects of lead, Application of Science in Examination of Works of Art, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, pp.155-165. Brill, R. H. et al. 1979 Lead Isotopes in some Japanese and Chinese glasses, Ars Orientalis 11, pp.87-109. Dalrymple, G. B. 1991 Modern Radiometric Methods: How They Work, The Age of the EARTH, Stanford University Press, pp.79-124. Enomoto, J. and Y. Hirao 1998 Chemical study of copper objects excavated by the 10th (1995) expedition of Kaman-Kalehöyük, AAS VII, pp.251-266 (in Japanese). 1999 Lead isotope ratios of lead objects excavated from the 12th (1997) expedition of Kaman-Kalehöyük, AAS VIII, pp.263-273 (in Japanese). 2001 Lead isotope ratios of excavated lead objects from Kaman-Kalehöyük in Turkey, AAS X, pp.173-179. Hirao, Y. 1999 Provenance study using lead isotope ratios, S. Matsuura, Y. Uesugi and T. Warashina (eds.), Archaeology and Science 4, Doseisha, Tokyo, pp.314-349. Hirao, Y. and J. Enomoto 1993 Chemical study of copper objects excavated by the fifth (1990) excavation expedition of Kaman-Kalehöyük, AAS II, pp.33-50 (in Japanese). 1994 Lead isotope ratio of copper objects excavated by the sixth (1991) and seventh (1992) expeditions of Kaman-Kalehöyük, AAS III, pp. 91-106 (in Japanese). 1997 Chemical study of copper objects excavated in the 8th (1993) and 9th (1994) expeditions of Kaman-Kalehöyk, AAS VI, pp.187-221 (in Japanese). Hirao, Y., J. Enomoto and H. Tachikawa 1995 Lead isotope ratios of copper, zinc and lead minerals in Turkey - In relation to the provenance study of artifacts, BMECCJ VIII, pp.89-114. Hirao, Y. and H. Mabuchi 1989 Fractionation collection factor for the surface ionization mass - spectrometer of VG Sector, Conservation Science 28, pp.17-24. Hirao, Y. et al. 1992 Lead isotope study of copper objects excavated from Kaman-Kalehöyük, AAS I, pp.165-186. Yener, K. A. et al. 1991 Stable Lead Isotope Studies of Central Taurus Ore Sources and Related Artifacts from Eastern Mediterranean Chalcolithic and Bronze Age Sites, Journal of Archaeological Science 18, pp.541-577.
2006 Lead Isotope Ratios of Lead Objects 235 Junko Enomoto and Yoshimitsu Hirao Faculty of Humanities Beppu University 82 Kita-ishigaki, Beppu, Ooita 874-8501 Japan yhirao@mc.beppu-u.ac.jp
236 J. ENOMOTO and Y. HIRAO AAS XV Table I Lead isotope ratios of lead objects excavated from Kaman-Kalehöyük Sample No. Sector Grid Stratum Provisional Layer (PL) Note Year No. Date L8601 North (N) III XL-54 IIa1!3 No.6 86000720 860722 L8701 N IV XXXIX-55 IIa t-u P88, No.27 87000675 870819 L8702 N IV XXXIX-55 IIa t-u P68, No.6 87000612 L8703 N IV XXXVIII-55 IIa e-ra!8 No.18 87000619 870827 L8704 N III XL-54 IIa r-u @6 No.42 87000933 870812 L8705 N III XL-55 IIa e@3 No8 87000496 870801 L8706 N V XXXVII-54 IIa y-u!8or@8 No.33 87000752 870729 L8834 N IV XXXVIII-55 IIa e-ra @1 88000452 L8835 N V XXXVI-54 IIc #1 88000453 L8836 N VII XXXII-54 Surface q 88000478 L8924 N IV XXXVIII-54 III $5b 890828 L8938 N VII XXXIII-54 Ib t 89000665 L8939 N VII XXXII-54 Surface q 89000390 L9126 N III XLI-54 IIIc %4 91000655 910731 L9127 N IV XXXIX-54 IIIc %7 R66, No.4 91000664 910820 L9128 N III XL-55 IIIc %5e No.10 91000665 910812 L9129 N IV XXXIX-54 IIIc %7b R76, No.11 91000666 910822 L9130 N IV XXXIX-55 IIIc $8b No.17 91000667 910815 L9131 N III XL-54 IIIc %0a No.14 91000668 910814 L9132 N IX XXVIII-55 Surface w No.1 91000669 910722 L9133 N III XL-54 IIIc %0a kurtz 91000670 910809 L9134 N III XLI-54 IIIc %7 91000671 910903 L9251 N V XXXVI-54 IIIb %2g No.17ring 92000876 920818 L9252 N V XXXVI-55 IIIb $7d No.12 92000875 920818 L9253 N VI XXXV-55 IIIc %9j No.39ring 92000871 920826 L9254 N VII XXXIII-55 IId w!2a No.3 92000870 920805 L9255 N V XXXVI-54 IIIb %2g No.16 92000872 920817 L9256 N VI XXXIV-55 IId q-e %1 No.2 92000874 920716 L9257 N IV XXXIX-55 IIIc %1 No.15P657 92000873 920702 L9258 N V XXXVI-54 IIIb %3g No.13 92000384 920727 L9259 N V XXXVI-55 IIIb $9e No.10 92000386 920722 L9339 N XIII XL-52 I e No.22 93000920 930712 L9340 N II XLIII-54 IIIa(?) @4a No.15 93000921 930902 L9341 N I XLIV-55 IIIc!5 No.28 93000922 930805 L9465 N II XLIII-55 IIIa(?) @5 No.10 94000217 L9466 N II XLII-55 IIIa(?) @5 No.84 94001450 940905 L9467 N VII XXXIII-55 IId t@4b No.44 94001451 940909 L9468 N VII XXXII-54 IId y 94001452 940906 L9469 N VII XXXIII-55 IIIb @3 No.27 94001453 L9470 N VI XXXV-55 IIIb ^0 No.4 94001454 940830 L9471 N II XLII-55 IIIa(?) @4 No.81 94001455 94024 L9472 N V XXXVI-55 IId(?) W2take out, No.1 94001456 940824 L9473 N II XLII-55 IIa(?) @2 94000352 940630 L9474 N VI XXXV-55 IIIb ^1 No.6 94001457 940901 L9475 N VII XXXIII-54 IId e!6 No.9 94000350 940718 L9476 N II XLII-54 IIIb P1071 94000220 940715 L9539 N VI XXXIV-54 IIIb ^2 No.17 95001409 950830 L9540 N VI XXXV-55 IIIb %9 No.4 95001410 950822 L9541 N VI XXXIV-55 IId t^1a 95001411 950815 L9542 N VI XXXV-55 IIIb ^2 No.11 95001412 L9543 N VII XXXIII-55 IIIb @6 95001413 L9544 N VII XXXIII-55 IIIb @6 95001414 950905 L9545 N II XLII-55 IIIb @8 No.48 95000838 950725 L9546 N II XLII-55 IIIb @8 95000830 L9547 N VI XXXIII-55 IId t@5 No3 95000831 L9548 N II XLII-54 IIIb @3b 95000833 L9549 N VI XXXIV-55 IId t^2 No.7 95000835 L9550 N II XLIX-54 IIIb #1 95000840 950810 L9601 N III XL-54 IVa %5 96002268 960903 L9602 N V XXXVI-55 IIIb %3 No.13 96002269 L9603 N III XLI-55 IV &2 No.4 96000829 960830 L9604 N V XXXVI-54 IV %6b R217, No.2 96000830 L9605 N V XXXVII-55 IV @8a No.4 96000831 960823 L9606 N III XL-55 IV %9b 96000832 960821 L9607 N IV XXXVLLL-55 IIIc %2 96000833 960820 L9608 N III XL-55 IV %8a 96000838 L9609 N III XLI-54 IV ^1 No.5 96002271 960731 L9610 N III XL-55 IV %8 No.3, P1513 96002272 960801 L9611 N III XL-54 IV %5 96002273 960904 L9612 N III XLI-54 IV ^2 96002274 960902 L9701 N XXX XLIX-51 IIIa @4 97002027 970821 L9702 N XXX XLVIII-51 IIc @1a R234 97002028 970828 L9703 N XV XXXVI-52 IIa!0 No.5 97000694 970710 L9704 N XIV XXXVIII-52 IIa!4 97002029 970829
2006 Lead Isotope Ratios of Lead Objects 237 207 Pb/ 206 Pb 208 Pb/ 206 Pb 206 Pb/ 204 Pb 207 Pb/ 204 Pb 208 Pb/ 204 Pb Photo No. AASVol. Sample No. Analysis No. 0.8352 2.0696 18.791 15.695 38.891 001 new data KP1766 0.8375 2.0747 18.716 15.675 38.831 002 new data KP1767 0.8270 2.0576 18.998 15.711 39.090 003 new data KP1768 0.8360 2.0725 18.805 15.721 38.973 004 new data KP1769 0.8368 2.0763 18.725 15.669 38.879 005 new data KP1770 0.8341 2.0716 18.833 15.709 39.015 006 new data KP1771 0.8335 2.0695 18.839 15.702 38.986 007 new data KP1772 0.8351 2.0723 18.768 15.673 38.894 008 new data KP1775 0.8322 2.0680 18.869 15.702 39.020 009 new data KP1776 0.8440 2.0817 18.520 15.631 38.553 010 new data KP1777 0.8396 2.0786 18.661 15.669 38.789 Vol.1, 8924 CP123 0.8319 2.0658 18.866 15.695 38.974 011 new data KP1778 0.8318 2.0647 18.843 15.674 38.905 012 new data KP1779 0.8396 2.0770 18.715 15.713 38.872 013 new data KP1780 0.8373 2.0730 18.774 15.719 38.917 014 new data KP1781 0.8367 2.0723 18.792 15.723 38.943 015 new data KP1782 0.8426 2.0827 18.652 15.716 38.846 016 new data KP1783 0.8348 2.0680 18.834 15.722 38.948 017 new data KP1784 0.8339 2.0666 18.861 15.729 38.979 018 new data KP1785 0.8207 2.0500 19.138 15.706 39.233 019 new data KP1786 0.8408 2.0791 18.689 15.714 38.857 020 new data KP1787 0.8443 2.0858 18.612 15.714 38.821 021 new data KP1788 0.8356 2.0729 18.704 15.629 38.772 022 new data KP1789 0.8345 2.0723 18.831 15.714 39.023 023 new data KP1790 0.8437 2.0845 18.616 15.710 38.805 024 new data KP1791 0.8280 2.0608 18.954 15.694 39.061 025 new data KP1792 0.8363 2.0766 18.778 15.704 38.995 026 new data KP1793 0.8303 2.0704 18.906 15.697 39.143 027 new data KP1794 0.8401 2.0788 18.701 15.711 38.876 028 new data KP1795 0.8359 2.0742 18.714 15.643 38.816 029 new data KP1796 0.8365 2.0716 18.799 15.724 38.944 030 new data KP1797 0.8314 2.0650 18.899 15.713 39.027 031 new data KP1906 0.8319 2.0618 18.871 15.699 38.908 032 new data KP1907 0.8357 2.0737 18.710 15.636 38.800 033 new data KP1908 0.8439 2.0853 18.626 15.718 38.840 034 new data KP1909 0.8431 2.0838 18.640 15.715 38.842 035 new data KP1910 0.8365 2.0750 18.777 15.707 38.961 036 new data KP1911 0.8355 2.0722 18.777 15.689 38.911 037 new data KP1912 0.8437 2.0845 18.620 15.710 38.814 038 new data KP1913 0.8353 2.0743 18.805 15.708 39.008 039 new data KP1914 0.8355 2.0732 18.710 15.632 38.790 040 new data KP1915 0.8354 2.0727 18.780 15.689 38.926 041 new data KP1916 0.8371 2.0738 18.745 15.691 38.873 042 new data KP1917 0.8445 2.0848 18.593 15.710 38.763 043 new data KP1918 0.8342 2.0738 18.832 15.710 39.054 044 new data KP1919 0.8348 2.0730 18.823 15.713 39.020 045 new data KP1920 0.8423 2.0808 18.651 15.710 38.810 046 new data KP1921 0.8354 2.0744 18.800 15.705 38.999 047 new data KP1922 0.8356 2.0735 18.708 15.632 38.791 048 new data KP1923 0.8356 2.0731 18.703 15.628 38.774 049 new data KP1924 0.8345 2.0727 18.827 15.711 39.022 050 new data KP1925 0.8356 2.0734 18.707 15.631 38.786 051 new data KP1926 0.8320 2.0718 18.920 15.741 39.198 052 new data KP1927 0.8356 2.0731 18.703 15.628 38.773 053 new data KP1928 0.8364 2.0740 18.762 15.692 38.911 054 new data KP1929 0.8389 2.0776 18.693 15.682 38.837 055 new data KP1930 0.8352 2.0725 18.728 15.642 38.815 056 new data KP1931 0.8254 2.0447 19.037 15.713 38.926 new data KP1932 0.8356 2.0732 18.703 15.628 38.774 057 new data KP1948 0.8356 2.0730 18.703 15.628 38.772 058 new data KP1949 0.8439 2.0849 18.614 15.709 38.809 059 new data KP1950 0.8438 2.0844 18.611 15.704 38.792 060 new data KP1951 0.8372 2.0730 18.780 15.723 38.932 061 new data KP1952 0.8309 2.0618 18.934 15.732 39.038 062 new data KP1953 0.8357 2.0735 18.705 15.632 38.785 063 new data KP1954 0.8355 2.0730 18.706 15.629 38.777 064 new data KP1955 0.8438 2.0848 18.619 15.711 38.818 065 new data KP1956 0.8355 2.0732 18.708 15.631 38.785 066 new data KP1957 0.8340 2.0731 18.829 15.703 39.034 067 new data KP1958 0.8355 2.0743 18.798 15.706 38.994 068 new data KP1959 0.8376 2.0739 18.763 15.716 38.913 Vol.8, L9701 KP1111 0.8346 2.0729 18.834 15.719 39.041 Vol.8, L9702 KP1112 0.8345 2.0721 18.819 15.704 38.995 Vol.8, L9703 KP1113 0.8364 2.0744 18.806 15.730 39.011 Vol.8, L9704 KP1114
238 J. ENOMOTO and Y. HIRAO AAS XV Table I Lead isotope ratios of lead objects excavated from Kaman-Kalehöyük Sample No. Sector Grid Stratum PL Note Year No. Date L9705 N XIV XXXVIII-52!3 W10 97002030 970808 L9706 N XIV XXXIX-53 IIa i No.9 97000950 970721 L9707 N XIV XXXVIII-53 IIc oa 97000969 970729 L9708 N V XXXVII-54 IIIb< ^1 97002031 970731 L9709 N V XXXVII-54 IIIc ^1 97000887 970728 L9710 N V XXXVII-54 IIIb< ^1 97002032 970731 L9711 N VII XXXII-54 IIIb< @4 97002033 970813 L9712 N IV XXXVIII-54 IVa %4a 97000697 970717 L9713 N III XL-54 IV %6 97002034 970818 L9714 N III XLI-54 IV ^3 97002035 970815 L9715 N III XLI-54 IV ^3b 97002036 970819 L9716 N XIV XXXVIII-53 IIa ob No.11 97000952 970724 L9717 N III XL-55 IId P1829No.10 97002037 970827 L9718 N XV XXXVI-53 IIa i No.20 97002038 970819 L9719 N XV XXXVI-52 IIc>!0 10 97000695 970710 L9720 N XIV XXXVIII-53 IIa y No.3 97000696 970710 L9721 N XIII XLI-52 IIa<!8 97002039 970820 L9722 N XIII XLI-52!5 97000951 970724 L9723 N XV XXXVI-53 IIa i No.18 97002040 970801 L9724 N XXVI XLVII-53 W4 97002041 970808 L9725 N XXX XLIX-50 @7a 97002042 970903 L9726 N XXX XLIX-50 IIIa @8a No.36 97002043 970908 L9727 N XXX XLIX-50 IIa @8a No.36 97002044 970908 L9728 N XXX XLVIII-51!9b 97002045 L9729 N XXX XLVIII-51 IIIa!9b 97002046 970911 L9730 N XXX XLVIII-51 IIIc!9b No.30 97002047 L9731 N XXX XLVIII-51!9b No.31 97002048 L9801 N IV XXXVIII-55 IVa %8 P1964 98000534 980812 L9802 N VI XXXIV-55 IIIb &0a 1989 98000535 980825 L9803 N VI XXXIV-55 IIIb ^8 98000562 980818 L9804 N VI XXXV-55 IIIc &1b 98000563 980721 L9805 N VII XXXII-54 IIIb @7a 98000564 980715 L9806 N VII XXXII-55 IIIb @4 No.1 98000565 980731 L9807 N XXI XLVII-56 IIIc @9a 98000566 980818 L9808 N XXIV XLVIII-57 IIIc @4 No.3 98000567 980827 L9809 N XXV XLIII-52 IIc?!3b 98000569 980821 L9810 N XXVI XLIV-52!1a No.2 98000570 980630 L9811 N XXVI XLVII-53 @2 98000573 980629 L9812 N XXVI XLVII-53 @2 98000573 980629 L9813 N XXX XLIX-50 IIIa #2 98000574 980818 L9814 N XXX XLIX-50 IIIa #2 98000575 980820 L9815 N XXX XLIX-50 IIIa #4 98000576 980825 L9816 N XXX XLIX-51 #2 98000577 980825 L9817 N XXX XLIX-51 IIIa #0 No.3 98000578 980731 L9818 N XXX XLIX-51 IIIa @9 No.2 98000579 980728 L9901 N VII XXXII-55 IIIb #1b No.3 99000105 L9902 N XVII XLI-56 IIIb-c @1a 99000106 L9903 N VII XXXII-55 IIIb #5 35 99000107 L9904 N I,XXII XLV-55,56 border u No.2 99000108 L9905 N XV XXXVI-52 IIc!4 P2100, No.1 99000109 L9906 N XLIII-52,53 unknown kuzey kesit temizleme 99000799 L9907 N III XL-55 IV &5 99000800 L9908 N XIV XXXIX-52 IIa @7 99000801 L9910 N XXIV XLIV-53 IIc-IId @2 99000803 L9912 N VII XXXIII-54 IIIc ^2 99000805 L9913 N XXVI XLV-53 IIa!6 99000806 970803 L9914 N VII XXXIII-54 IIIb $6 No.7 99000807 L9915 N XXVII XLVI-52 IIIb #0 99000808 990714 L9916 N XXIII XLIII-56 IIIb t 99000809 990722 L9917 N XXIII,XLIV-57 IIIa!3a 99000810 L9918 N III XLI-54 IV ^8a 99000811 L9919 N XVIII XXXVIII-56 IIa @0 99000812 L9920 N XXVI XLV-52 IId-IIIb @3 No.22 99000813 L9921 N VII XXXIII-54 IIIb ^1 P2201,No.18 99000817 L9922 N XV XXXVII-52 IIc @6 P2192,No.13 99000818 L9924 N VII XXXIII-54 IIIb ^1 P2201,No.19 99000820 L9925 N XXVII XLVI-52 IIIb< #1 No.9 99000821 L9926 N XXVIII XLIX-52 IIIc $7 No.15 99001097 990817 L9927 N XVI XXXV-52 IIa!8 99001098 990910 L9928 N XV XXXVI-53 IIc @8 99001099 990910 L9929 N XV XXXVII-52 IIc #8 No.37 99001100 990910 L9930 N III XL-54 IV 99001101 990901 L0005 N III XL-54 IV &0 No.17 000918
2006 Lead Isotope Ratios of Lead Objects 239 207 Pb/ 206 Pb 208 Pb/ 206 Pb 206 Pb/ 204 Pb 207 Pb/ 204 Pb 208 Pb/ 204 Pb Photo No. AASVol. Sample No. Analysis No. 0.8367 2.0761 18.729 15.671 38.883 Vol.8, L9705 KP1115 0.8344 2.0721 18.827 15.709 39.011 Vol.8, L9706 KP1116 0.8354 2.0733 18.734 16.650 38.841 Vol.8, L9707 KP1117 0.8342 2.0696 18.806 15.804 38.921 Vol.8, L9708 KP1118 0.8345 2.0680 18.846 15.727 38.974 Vol.8, L9709 KP1119 0.8337 2.0688 18.813 15.684 38.920 Vol.8, L9710 KP1120 0.8291 2.0708 19.007 15.759 39.360 Vol.8, L9711 KP1121 0.8359 2.0741 18.704 15.634 38.794 Vol.8, L9712 KP1122 0.8352 2.0738 18.798 15.700 38.983 Vol.8, L9713 KP1123 0.8352 2.0736 18.800 15.700 38.984 Vol.8, L9714 KP1124 0.8357 2.0734 18.707 15.632 38.787 Vol.8, L9715 KP1125 0.8345 2.0724 18.822 15.707 39.007 Vol.8, L9716 KP1126 0.8356 2.0735 18.708 15.632 38.791 Vol.8, L9717 KP1127 0.8255 2.0499 19.032 15.709 39.014 Vol.8, L9718 KP1128 0.8359 2.0760 18.786 15.704 39.000 Vol.8, L9719 KP1129 0.8345 2.0722 18.810 15.697 38.978 Vol.8, L9720 KP1130 0.8294 2.0670 18.927 15.698 39.122 Vol.8, L9721 KP1131 0.8338 2.0722 18.830 15.700 39.020 Vol.8, L9722 KP1132 0.8356 2.0735 18.706 15.631 38.787 Vol.8, L9723 KP1133 0.8332 2.0722 18.863 15.717 39.088 Vol.8, L9724 KP1134 0.8356 2.0735 18.708 15.632 38.791 Vol.10, L9725 KP1381 0.8355 2.0744 18.797 15.705 38.992 Vol.10, L9726 KP1382 0.8412 2.0803 18.687 15.719 38.874 Vol.10, L9727 KP1383 0.8359 2.0736 18.792 15.708 38.968 Vol.10, L9728 KP1384 0.8439 2.0842 18.609 15.704 38.784 Vol.10, L9729 KP1385 0.8352 2.0691 18.828 15.725 38.956 Vol.10, L9730 KP1386 0.8291 2.0710 19.013 15.763 39.376 Vol.10, L9731 KP1387 0.8406 2.0786 18.685 15.707 38.838 Vol.10, L9801 KP1418 0.8268 2.0569 18.984 15.696 39.048 Vol.10, L9802 KP1419 0.8356 2.0730 18.704 15.629 38.774 Vol.10, L9803 KP1420 0.8356 2.0732 18.707 15.631 38.783 Vol.10, L9804 KP1421 0.8266 2.0548 19.015 15.718 39.072 Vol.10, L9805 KP1422 0.8357 2.0735 18.706 15.633 38.787 Vol.10, L9806 KP1423 0.8434 2.0843 18.629 15.712 38.829 Vol.10, L9807 KP1424 0.8356 2.0734 18.708 15.632 38.789 Vol.10, L9808 KP1425 0.8343 2.0719 18.834 15.714 39.022 Vol.10, L9809 KP1427 0.8336 2.0721 18.838 15.703 39.033 Vol.10, L9810 KP1428 0.8376 2.0771 18.714 15.675 38.871 Vol.10, L9811 KP1431 0.8433 2.0878 18.584 15.672 38.800 Vol.10, L9812 KP1431B 0.8368 2.0721 18.790 15.723 38.934 Vol.10, L9813 KP1432 0.8438 2.0849 18.623 15.714 38.827 Vol.10, L9814 KP1433 0.8441 2.0855 18.618 15.715 38.827 Vol.10, L9815 KP1434 0.8336 2.0670 18.888 15.745 39.042 Vol.10, L9816 KP1435 0.8271 2.0574 18.985 15.703 39.060 Vol.10, L9817 KP1436 0.8376 2.0737 18.769 15.721 38.921 Vol.10, L9818 KP1437 0.8440 2.0854 18.626 15.720 38.842 069 new data KP1983 0.8371 2.0753 18.707 15.659 38.822 070 new data KP1984 0.8356 2.0749 18.803 15.712 39.014 071 new data KP1985 0.8276 2.0616 18.969 15.698 39.106 072 new data KP1986 0.8338 2.0707 18.838 15.707 39.008 073 new data KP1987 0.8347 2.0729 18.827 15.715 39.027 074 new data KP1988 0.8357 2.0736 18.708 15.634 38.793 075 new data KP1989 0.8358 2.0736 18.710 15.638 38.796 076 new data KP1990 0.8364 2.0716 18.796 15.721 38.937 077 new data KP1992 0.8403 2.0794 18.714 15.725 38.913 078 new data KP1994 0.8346 2.0725 18.829 15.715 39.024 079 new data KP1995 0.8326 2.0642 18.892 15.729 38.997 080 new data KP1996 0.8353 2.0724 18.710 15.628 38.774 081 new data KP1997 0.8401 2.0781 18.705 15.714 38.870 082 new data KP1998 0.8273 2.0582 18.990 15.710 39.085 083 new data KP1999 0.8353 2.0743 18.810 15.712 39.017 084 new data KP2000 0.8267 2.0567 18.998 15.705 39.072 085 new data KP2001 0.8357 2.0750 18.794 15.706 38.998 086 new data KP2002 0.8436 2.0842 18.623 15.710 38.813 087 new data KP2003 0.8351 2.0743 18.801 15.701 38.999 088 new data KP2004 0.8355 2.0729 18.702 15.626 38.768 089 new data KP2006 0.8352 2.0725 18.762 15.670 38.883 090 new data KP2007 0.8409 2.0796 18.690 15.716 38.867 091 new data KP2008 0.8368 2.0743 18.732 15.675 38.856 092 new data KP2009 0.8296 2.0666 18.915 15.692 39.090 093 new data KP2010 0.8369 2.0761 18.758 15.699 38.944 094 new data KP2011 0.8357 2.0734 18.703 15.630 38.779 095 new data KP2012 0.8391 2.0772 18.707 15.697 38.857 096 new data KP2214
240 J. ENOMOTO and Y. HIRAO AAS XV Table II Numbers of samples excavated from each stratum and area in Kaman-Kalehöyük Stratum Area A and A' B and B' C and C' D and D' E and E' F and F' G and G' Subtotal Outlier Total IV 0 7 1 4 1 1 3 17 2 19 IIIc 0 4 0 0 6 5 3 18 1 19 IIIb 2 11 3 4 1 1 4 26 6 32 IIIa 2 0 0 1 3 0 3 9 0 9 IId 1 2 1 1 0 0 0 5 4 9 IIc 0 0 3 1 0 0 0 4 4 8 IIa 2 2 7 1 0 1 0 13 8 21 Surface or I 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 5 Undecided 1 1 3 2 1 0 1 9 16 25 Total 8 27 18 14 12 8 14 101 46 147
2006 Lead Isotope Ratios of Lead Objects 241 Photo 1 L8601 Photo 2 L8701 Photo 3 L8702 Photo 4 L8703 Photo 5 L8704 Photo 6 L8705 Photo 7 L8706 Photo 8 L8834 Photo 9 L8835 Photo 10 L8836 Photo 11 L8938 Photo 12 L8939 Photo 13 L9126 Photo 14 L9127 Photo 15 L9128 *Photo 1-96 The smallest scale in the photos is 1 mm
242 J. ENOMOTO and Y. HIRAO AAS XV Photo 16 L9129 Photo 17 L9130 Photo 18 L9131 Photo 19 L9132 Photo 20 L9133 Photo 21 L9134 Photo 22 L9251 Photo 23 L9252 Photo 24 L9253 Photo 25 L9254 Photo 26 L9255 Photo 27 L9256 Photo 28 L9257 Photo 29 L9258 Photo 30 L9259 *Photo 1-96 The smallest scale in the photos is 1 mm
2006 Lead Isotope Ratios of Lead Objects 243 Photo 31 L9339 Photo 32 L9340 Photo 33 L9341 Photo 34 L9465 Photo 35 L9466 Photo 36 L9467 Photo 37 L9468 Photo 38 L9469 Photo 39 L9470 Photo 40 L9471 Photo 41 L9472 Photo 42 L9473 Photo 43 L9474 Photo 44 L9475 Photo 45 L9476 *Photo 1-96 The smallest scale in the photos is 1 mm
244 J. ENOMOTO and Y. HIRAO AAS XV Photo 46 L9539 Photo 47 L9540 Photo 48 L9541 Photo 49 L9542 Photo 50 L9543 Photo 51 L9544 Photo 52 L9545 Photo 53 L9546 Photo 54 L9547 Photo 55 L9548 Photo 56 L9549 Photo 57 L9601 Photo 58 L9602 Photo 59 L9603 Photo 60 L9604 *Photo 1-96 The smallest scale in the photos is 1 mm
2006 Lead Isotope Ratios of Lead Objects 245 Photo 61 L9605 Photo 62 L9606 Photo 63 L9607 Photo 64 L9608 Photo 65 L9609 Photo 66 L9610 Photo 67 L9611 Photo 68 L9612 Photo 69 L9901 Photo 70 L9902 Photo 71 L9903 Photo 72 L9904 Photo 73 L9905 Photo 74 L99067 Photo 75 L9907 *Photo 1-96 The smallest scale in the photos is 1 mm
246 J. ENOMOTO and Y. HIRAO AAS XV Photo 76 L9908 Photo 77 L9910 Photo 78 L9912 Photo 79 L9913 Photo 80 L9914 Photo 81 L9915 Photo 82 L9916 Photo 83 L9917 Photo 84 L9918 Photo 85 L9919 Photo 86 L9920 Photo 87 L9921 Photo 88 L9922 Photo 89 L9924 Photo 90 L9925 *Photo 1-96 The smallest scale in the photos is 1 mm
2006 Lead Isotope Ratios of Lead Objects 247 Photo 91 L9926 Photo 92 L9927 Photo 93 L9928 Photo 94 L9929 Photo 95 L9930 Photo 96 L0005 *Photo 1-96 The smallest scale in the photos is 1 mm