20 80 80 Abstract In 1980s the discussion about the burdens of the intelligentsia gave prominence to the contradiction between brain work office job and manual labour household chores making the issue of household chores a matter of class difference rather than gender difference. By re-reading the much-acclaimed novelette of that period At Middle Age we have come up with the following questions how did household chores become a burden? Why was Lu Wenting viewed as an intellectual and never as a female? Who should have been the ideal and adequate bearer of the household chores? How did the discussion about the burdens of the intelligentsia set the stage for the large influx of maidservants from the rural area? To a small number of families hiring a housekeeper is a means of using class difference as a solution to gender difference in household labour division. How the mainstream society understands defines and deals with household labour reflects the restructuring of the social differences between brain and brawn urban and rural and male and female in the process of modernization in the era of reform. Keywords brain work manual labour gender class housekeeper 90 28 103
35 80 80 2003 ~ 2004 10% 1949 40 ~ 50 / 104
1977 80 20 80 80 1980 80 20 105
20 80 輥輲訛 輥輯訛 80 輥輳訛 輥輱訛 1980 Emily Honig Gail Hershatter 輥輴訛 輥輰訛 106
輥輵訛 40 1943 20 organic 107
50 17 輥輷訛 輥輶訛 40 20 50 108
輦輱訛 / Tomlins oikos / / / Boydston 輦輮訛 輦輲訛 Christine Delphy 輦輯訛 輦輰訛 109
85% 輦輳訛 4.01 2.7 輧輯訛 2001 80 20 輦輴訛 輧輰訛 80 輦輵訛 80 8 輦輶訛 80 4.25 5.43 輦輷訛 2.25 3.75 3.9 輧輲訛 5.2 輧輮訛 輧輱訛 2001 輧輳訛 110
輧輷訛 80 80 輨輮訛 輧輴訛 20 80 輨輯訛 1983 1984 2000 輧輵訛 70% 輨輰訛 輧輶訛 111
輨輱訛 1984 輨輲訛 80 80 1999 80 80 90 sociality / 112
16 1999 3 8 4 5 23 輨輳訛 1 8 11 輨輴訛 113
輨輵訛 輩輯訛 輨輶訛 輨輷訛 10 10 10 輩輰訛 80 輩輱訛 輩輮訛 114
80 80 80! 115
輩輲訛 80 116
1996 434 Wang Shanping 輩輳訛 1982 1988 5 ~ 6 Wang Shanping From Country to the Capital A Study of Wuwei-Beijing Female Migrant Group in China Master s thesis Oxford Polytechnic 1992 1990 2000 2003 8 180 1 1 80 2.7% 3.3% 1999 10 2004 15 500 http // www.southcn.com/ 2004 12 10 2003 2000 260 1 5.7% 2003 12 13 Beijing in Need of Housemaids 2003 8 20 7.6% 10% 2003 10% More Shanghai Families are Em- 1999 No. 1 pp. 5-31. ploying Maids South China Morning Post September 18 2003 A6 1995 Yan Hairong Rurality and Labor Process Autonomy The Question of Subsumption in the Waged Labor of Domestic Service Cultural Dynamics 2006 Vol. 18 117
China After Socialism Berkeley University of California Press 1999 p. 66. 20 and Work in Rural Shaanxi in the 1950s in Barbara En- twisle & Gail E. Henderson eds. Re-drawing Bound- aries Work Households and Gender in China Tani- Berkeley University of California Press 2000 pp. 79 - Barlow Zhishifenzi Chinese Intellectuals and Power Dialectical Anthropology 16 1991 pp. 209-232 Joel Andreas Mass Recommendation of Worker- Peasant Soldier Students during the Chinese Cultural Revolution paper presented at the Association of Asian Studies Conference April 3 2005 Chicago. Shen Rong At Middle-age Chinese Literature Vol. 10 1980 pp. 3-63. 輥輯訛 Gladys Yang A New Woman Writer Shen Rong and Her Story At Middle Age Chinese Literature Vol. 10 1980 p. 70. 輥輰訛 Emily Honig & Gail Hershatter Personal Voices Chinese Women in the 1980 s Stanford Stanford University Press p. 258. 輥輱訛 輦輱訛 Delia Davin Women and the Party in Revolutionary 1986 輥輲訛 Shen Rong At Middle-age p. 40. 輥輳訛 Ibid p. 23. 輥輴訛 Jacques Donzelot The Policing of Families Jeane Boydston Home and Jacques Donzelot The Policing of Families Work Housework Wages and the Ideology of Labor in Baltimore and London The Johns Hopkins University the Early Republic New York Oxford University Press Press 1979 輥輵訛 42 輥輶訛 20 輥輷訛 Tani E. Barlow Theorizing Women Funu Guojia Jiating Chinese Women Chinese State Chinese Family Genders Vol. 10 1991 pp. 132-160. 輦輮訛 Lisa Rofel Other Modernities Gendered Yearnings in 輦輯訛 Gail Hershatter Local Meanings of Gender 96 50 81 88 輦輰訛 Lisa Rofel Hegemony and Productivity Workers in Post-Mao China Marxism and the Chinese Experience Issues of Socialism in a Third World Socialist Society in Arif Dirlik & Maurice Meisner eds. Armonk N.Y. M. E. Sharpe 1989 pp. 235-252 Tamara Jacka Women s Work in Rural China Change and Continuity in an Era of Reform Cambridge Cambridge University Press 1997 China Oxford Clarendon Press 1976. 輦輲訛 Christopher Tomlins Subordination Authority Law Subjects in Labor History International Labor and Working Class History Vol. 47 1995 p. 47. 1990 輦輳訛 Christine Delphy The Main Enemy in Close to Home translated by Diana Leonard Amherst University of Massachusetts Press 1984 p. 90. 輦輴訛 Delphy 輦輳訛 71 ~ 73 118
輦輵訛 20 70 1986 3 38 ~ 39 輦輷訛 輧輮訛 Emily Honig & Gail Hershatter Personal Voices p. Wally Seccombe The Housewife and Her Labour under Capitalism New Left Review Vol. 83 1974 pp. 3-24 Wally Seccombe Domestic Labour Reply to Critics New Left Review Vol. 94 1975 pp. 85-96 Margaret Coulson Branka Maga 觢 and Hilary Wainwright The Housewife and Her Labor under Capitalism a Critique New Left Review Vol. 89 1975 pp. 59-71 93.1 214.1 86.3 267.4 95.1 Arlie Hochschild & Anne Machung The Second Shift Working Parents and the Revolution at Home New York N.Y. Viking 1989 輧輱訛 Croll Elizabeth Chinese Women since Mao Armonk NY M. E. Sharpe 1983 pp. 62-63 Anderson 輧輲訛 Gladys Yang A New Woman Writer Shen Rong and Her Story At Middle Age Chinese Literature p. 68. Bridget Anderson Servants and Slaves Europe s Domestic Workers Race & Class Vol. 39 No. 1 1997 p. 37 the female sex Tani Barlow Politics and Protocols of Funü unmaking National Woman in Christina K. Gilmartin et al. / / eds. Engendering China Women Culture and the Ehrenreich Hochschild State Cambridge Mass. Harvard University Press 1994. pp. 339-359. 輧輵訛 6 Barbara Ehrenreich 輧輶訛 Emily Honig & Gail Hershatter Personal Voices pp. & Arlie R. Hochschild eds. Global Woman Nannies 167-205. Maids and Sex Workers in the New Economy New York Metropolitan Books 2002 p. 12 輦輶訛 20 80 輨輮訛 Dai Jinhua Rewriting Chinese Women Gender 259. 輧輯訛 http //www.stats.gov.cn/ztxw/fndw/ 200109040054.htm 2005 3 8 19449 45.6% 54.4% 49.5% 50.5% 254.1 輧輰訛 1998 3 4 ~ 8 輧輳訛 Ibid. 輧輴訛 20 80 輧輷訛 1998 11 27 119
Production and Cultural Space in the Eighties and Nineties in Mayfair Mei -Hui Yang eds. Spaces of Their Own Women s Public Sphere in Transnational China Minneapolis and London University of Minnesota Press 1999 pp. 191-208 Lisa Rofel Yearnings Television Love and Melodramatic Politics in Contemporary China American Ethnologist Vol. 21 No. 4 1994 p. 713 輨輯訛 No. 2 2004 pp. 189-208 1996 1 41 輩輮訛輨輳訛 59 1996 4 10 輨輰訛 輩輱訛 1993 42 ~ 45 2004 14 1 ~ 20 輨輱訛 Spivak Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak Speculations on Reading Marx After Reading Derrida in Berek Attridge Geoff Bennington & Robert Young eds. Post- Structuralism and the Question of History Cambridge and New York Cambridge University Press 1987 p. 52 proper 輨輲訛 1994 18 輨輳訛 1983 1 55 ~ 62 輨輴訛 56 輨輵訛 55 輨輶訛 57 輨輷訛 57 Lisa Hoffman Guiding College Graduates to Work Social Constructions of Labor Markets in Dalian in Nancy Chen et al. eds. China Urban Ethnographies of Contemporary Culture Durham Duke University Press 1994 pp. 43-66 Ann Anagnost The Corporeal Politics of Quality Public Culture Vol. 16 輩輯訛 輩輰訛 輩輲訛 輨輳訛 62 輩輳訛 George Bernard Shaw Pygmalion Liza gentleman s gentleman 120
1993 102