0 The Qing History Journal Nov. 0 No. 櫍櫍櫍櫍櫍櫍櫍櫍櫍櫍櫍櫍櫍櫍櫍櫍櫍櫍櫍櫍櫍櫍櫍櫍櫍櫍櫍櫍櫍櫍櫍櫍櫍櫍櫍櫍櫍櫍櫍櫍櫍櫍 K9 A 00-887 0-0 - 00-6 櫍櫍櫍櫍櫍櫍櫍櫍櫍櫍櫍櫍櫍櫍櫍櫍櫍櫍櫍櫍櫍櫍櫍櫍櫍櫍櫍櫍櫍櫍櫍櫍櫍櫍櫍櫍櫍櫍櫍櫍櫍櫍 0-06 - 0 978 000 tianmi@ 6. com 0 CZS0 0 NJSY0 99 09 998 80 00 00

96 0 987 0 0 99 6 7 96 978 697 9 007 006 008 009 0 0 6 8 00 700 89 997 997 0 0 997 7

6 66 90 688 987 6 66 009 7 8 967 0 0 7 009 78

7 7 79 6 7 6 7 6 0 06 0 6 7 986 68 09 98 80 / /6 80 / / 80 / /9 98

6 7 8 9 瑏瑠 6 7 8 9 瑏瑠 80 / /7 98 978 978 00 7 700 89 9 80 / /89 80 / /8 YJW 0 0 7

6 7 7 8 9 瑏瑠 瑏瑡 78 6 7 8 9 瑏瑠 瑏瑡 8 80 / /6 80 / /6 80 / /88 80 / /97 80 / /9 80 / / 00 8 9 006 0 YJW

7 80 / / 80 / / 80 / / JRH 0 80 / / 80 / /6 9

78 0 80 / /8 80 / /6 80 / /8 80 / /9 80 / /7

8 78 80 / /6 80 / /77 80 / /78 80 / /90 80 / /7 80 / / 80 / /6

6 6 80 / /7 80 / /66 80 / /67 80 / /7 80 / /8 80 / /6

80 89 6 90 7 6 7 80 / /08 80 / / 80 / / 80 / / 80 / /6 80 / /88 80 / /9

787 800 780 6 7 8 878 8 6 7 8 80 / /87 80 / / 80 / / 80 / /8 80 / /88 80 / /6 80 / /89 CYG 0

8 80 8 89 6 6 80 / /7 CYG CYG CYG 80 / / CYG

89 88 8 6 80 / /7 CYG CYG CYG 80 / /98

0 7 9 99 6 7 96 987 99 998 00 6 00 7 0 8 00 9 00 0 700 89 997 96 988 0 978 98 6 997 7 006 8 697 9 007 9 008 80 700 89 9 7

0 009 0 0 0 6 The Establishment of Order in Land Contracts in Inner Mongolia during the Qing Dynasty an Example from Guihuacheng Tumet TIAN Mi School of Mongolian Studies Inner Mongolia University tianmi@ 6. com From the mid-ming Dynasty to the early Qing Dynasty Tumet Mongols largely pursued a nomadic life style. Those who had power occupied most of the land while the weak had less. There were no land contracts at that time. In the eighth year of Qianlong 7 the Qing court distributed household land among the Tumet Mongols. Afterwards the Mongols could more freely control their land. With the government s military campaigns in the west and the encouragement of land reclamation a large number of the migrants entered the Guihuacheng Tumet area and trade became more prosperous. These factors made the investment in land considerably more profitable to the people. As awareness of property rights in lands increased the migrants and the Mongols began to determine land ownership by the contracts. The government gave implicit consent to the migrants leasing land from the Mongols in perpetuity and used contracts as the important evidence when they settling lawsuits. As a result contracts had the force of law. From that time the contracts always existed and became popular. In the interactions between Han and Mongol cultures Tumet Mongols learned to use Han land ownership concepts on their own initiative and to their own advantage. Over the course of several hundred years the livelihoods of the Tumet Mongols gradually shifted from pasturing to collecting rents and Guihuacheng Tumet area transformed from vast grassland into a fertile agricultural region. 8