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2005 6,,,,,,,,:,, :,,,,,,,,, 4,,,,,,,,,, ;,, S1 Gamble, Ting Hsien : A North Chinese R ural Com m unity ( New York : Interna2 tional Secretanat, Institute of Pacific Relations,1954), pp1279 2811 4
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2005 6 7 7 8 17 11 19 6 6 4 3 3 8 8 9 13 2 6 19 19 8 4 6 9 12 3 5 5 9 12 30 7 6 7 3 5 20 20 21 16 18 11 11 11 6 6 4 5 6 2 11 4 5 5 8 21 21 9 9 23 9 15 15 11 24 12 19 8
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2005 6 ; ;,, 2 27 27 27 11 8 23 37 20 24 16 22 26 25 12 28 13 20 24 8 15 15 12 15 15 16 16 43 52 53 14 15 17 19 22 20 10 27 10 26 23 10 18 5 13 15 30 33 15 16
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2005 6 9 15 31 31 15 18 71 28 28 33 12 12 11 19 24 13 18 39 7 12 21 26 15 34 17 16, 86, 57,, 30, 262, 328, 422 ; 25, 366 476 676 3 () 817 100 1019 12513 1411 16211 1416 100 1910 13011 2710 18419 1,, 70 61 71,687 700 1060 ; 45 48 46, 677 910 1238 12
4 4 () 9181 100 1115 11713 1419 15210 1510 100 1910 12617 2619 17913 4, 3 ;3,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 7 :,,, 3,74 13
2005 6,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,,, 1 :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,1 4, 1 5 1 6, 1 4,,,, 1980 14
5 (1685) (1786 1791) (1898) 12787464 (3196866) 23219000 25960247 8443892 (2110973) 22971167 37789000 : (1) 24, (2) 86 ( 1912 ),, 4 : 6 100 100 100 100 11713 18116 12617 27210 15210 20310 17913 44715,,,, ;,,, ;,X, X,,,,,, 15
2005 6,, ;29,10, 8, 8,, 12, 8,,,,,,,:,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,, 1781 261421,1910 318184, 21 %, 9 1796 240280,1850 332840, 38 %, 12,1871,,, 16 1807 26,1880 14, 8 5,2001, 332 342, 1,2 2,2 16
,,,,,,,, ( ),,, ;,, 1/ 6,, 18 %, :,,,, :,37, 12 :,37, 12 :,1957,, 3, 1, 1957,423,1915 :,1,423 12 :,, 12 17
2005 6,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 7, :,, 701, 1980 18
,, (),,, 19 20,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,, :,1995,427 428 :,,,,, 8, 2, 1874,,, 7, 50, : 2, 1984, 62 19
2005 6,1867 1361,1876 20894,1886 82413,1894 120609,1906,149500,,, ;,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,? :3, 1962,1461 1462 ;1906,,1995,397 398 :, 1987 6 20
, ;,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,, 12 12,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1983,35,461 21
2005 6,, ;, 3 20, :,,,200,,,,,,100,,,100,,,,,,,: 7 () 200 180 3600 3,,50 108 5400 3,100 108 10800 2,100 72 7200 3,80 108 8640 3,80 108 8640 3,,50 108 5400 2, 2,50 72 3600 2,,100 72 7200 2,50 72 3600 2,50 72 3600 2,80 72 5760 2,10 72 720 2,10 72 720 2 10,10 72 720 22
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2005 6, 10 % ;,, 10 1914 1947,1924 1929 691,1931 1937 563,1938 1947 491 1914 1918,; 1924 1929, 613 ;,1914 1947 58915, 1085177,1914 1947 35815,251,1931 1937 595,,1936 540 ;, 251 230,200,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 26
, ;,,,,,,,,,,,20 19,?, :,,;,, ;,,( ) ;, : - = ;: - = :, 1979,201 :, 1987 2,1,99 27
2005 6 :,,,,,,19 10200,3000,3, 9000,,,,;, 2000, 2000, 3313 %,, 20 %, 20 %,,?,,,,, ;,,, 1883,, 30,; 10 20,,, :,391 392 6 14 :,1997,240 28
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2005 6,,9017 % ;,,,, 1921 1925 6, 5912 %,9417 %,2816 %,2416 %,5117 %,30 %, 1015 %, 1718 %, 13 %, 2411 %, 4311 %, 2616 %,4, 6,12 %,,, ;,,,,,, 1 :,,,,,, ;,,,, 20 20, 20,30,, (150, :, 1989 4 2,229 230 30
),, 16 % 150, 3/ 4, 5 %,95 %,:2116 % 95 %,1/ 4,1/ 5,?,,,300 (Calories), 150 2598 ;, 215, 116,,?,, :,,,,,,,,,, 150,51,1929,124 150,121,46 150,134 31
2005 6,,, (), 500,,,,,,,,;,, 46, 62122, 5417 % 47,1922 150 5417 %, 19 100 5618 % Engle 6619 % 5417 %,,,,,,,,, 150,128 129 150,168 32
,,,,,,,,,,,, 9102, 115, 6 ; 19, 4,, 2175, 1812 2187,1851 2147,1912 2177, 693046 ;5, 25960247 216 693046, 5, 37789000, 118, 1821 1830 100,1831 1850 92,1871 1890 80,1891 1911 78 ;1851 109 :, :, 1936,493 :, :,1997,20 :, 1, 1979 :, 1 33
2005 6 130,215, 27215 325,, :,,, 150,,,,,,19,,, ;,, 1922 4 9, 150, 80 %,, 1922 55 %,,,, : (1368 1968),31 20,304, 2,471 473 34
,,,,,,,,,, ;, 19,,,,2 5 20,19,, ;,: ( ) 1,,20,, 13,,,2002,31 :1870 1911,, : (1800 1911 ), 1985,53 56,101,,1999,220 35
2005 6 ;, :,14, 7, 2,, 6,,,,, ;,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,, ;,, 2/ 10,,, ; Alexander Williamson, Journey in North China ( London : Smith & Co1, 1870 ), p12031 16 5 36
,,,,,,,,,,8,5, ;,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,, ;, ;,,,,,,,,,,20 130 40, 7, 700 ; 4,50,200,,,19, 100 160,160, 700,200,340 :,36, 2,159 163 37
2005 6,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 100006 :,1873 216 %,1893 1516 %,1903 2618 %,1910 3911 %1,2, 424 38
Modern Chinese History Studies No. 6, 2005 The Increase in the Number of Regular Markets in North China in t he Late Qing Period and An Interpretation of It s Significance W ang Qi ngcheng (1) The article suggests that the increase in the number of markets was related first to population, but not completely in a positive correlation. In many a cases, one market could serve for X people, but could also serve for 2X or 3X people. The increase in the number of markets indicates the commercialization of rural products and an increase in the circulation of commodities, a picture of economic prosperity. However, in the late Qing, the area of cultivated farmland per capita decreased, and the degree of peasant poverty increased. In order to support their families, peasants became more and more deeply involved in the commodity econ2 omy, and devoted more surplus labor to sideline production and to developing var2 ious low2cost household handicrafts. All these played roles in the increase in the number of markets and in the volume of trade. Therefore, poverty was one of reasons for the increase in the circulation of commodities in North China in the late Qing period. The Hankou2Daye2Pingxiang Company s Steel Sales and China s Modern Steel Market (1908 1927) Dai L u (39) After the reorganization of the Hankou2Daye2Pingxiang company, the sales mechanism for its products and its rules and regulations were gradually improved, and it expanded its sales activities on many fronts. Income from steel sales domi2 nated its sales of steel, coke and ore products, and made up the main source of the company s operating expenses for many years. The domestic market was very small at the time, the foreign powers worked to depress steel sales, and the government constrained steel sales as well (mainly sales of steel rails). Overseas, the company was the target of all manner of exploitation, particularly in sales to Japan. As a result, China s sole integrated steel and coking enterprise was re2 duced under pressure to a simple mining operation supplying iron ore. The Chinese Communist Party s Policy of Rent and Interest Reduc2 tion during the Resistance War against Japan, and Changes of Land Ownership : A Case Study of J unan County in the Shan2 dong Base Area W ang Youm i ng (75) 1