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,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2008 2 ( ),,,,,,,,,19,,, ( ) :, 2005 4 :, 2005 3 ; :, 2003 2 ; :, 2002 ; :, (2004 ), 634 640 :, 2004 2 ; :, 2005 1 ; :, 2005 6 ; :, 2004 1 :, 1998 1 :, 2003 3 ;, 2004 12 Mary B. Rankin, Elite Activism and Political Transf ormation in China : Zhejiang Province, 1865 1911 (Stanford : Stan2 ford University Press, 1986), pp. 98 131 ; William T. Rowe, Hankow : Conf lict and Com m unity in a Chinese City, 1796 1895 (Stanford : Stanford University Press, 1989),chapter 3 4, pp. 91 156. 156
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