Radiotelephony communications for air traffic services 〇〇
1992 17 11 MH/T 4014-2003 DOC4444 RVSM RNAV8.33KHz 1
〇〇 2
1 1 10 2 10 2.1 10 2.2 22 3 26 3.1 26 3.2 26 3.3 27 3.4 28 3.4.1 28 3.4.2 42 3.5 46 3.6 51 3.6.1 51 3.6.2 52 3.7 55 3
3.8 57 3.9 58 3.10 60 4 62 4.1 62 4.2 62 4.2.1 62 4.2.2 TCAS 63 4.2.3 68 4.2.4 70 4.2.5 70 4.2.6 72 4.2.7 74 4.2.8 75 4.2.9 75 4.2.10 78 4.3 79 4.3.1 79 4
4.3.2 80 4.3.3 80 4.3.4 81 4.3.5 82 4.3.6 86 4.3.7 87 4.3.8 88 4.3.9 90 4.3.10 92 4.3.11 93 4.3.12 95 4.3.13 96 4.3.14 97 4.3.15 98 4.3.16 98 4.3.17 99 4.3.18 101 4.4 101 5
4.4.1 101 4.4.2 102 4.4.3 105 4.4.4 108 4.5 108 4.5.1 108 4.5.2 109 4.5.3 110 4.5.4 112 4.5.5 112 4.5.6 / 113 4.5.7 113 4.5.8 114 4.6 114 4.6.1 114 4.6.2 116 4.6.3 117 4.6.4 117 6
4.6.5 118 4.6.6 118 4.6.7 119 4.7 119 4.7.1 119 4.7.1.1 119 4.7.1.2 120 4.7.1.3 120 4.7.1.4 121 4.7.1.5 122 4.7.1.6 123 4.7.1.7 125 4.7.1.8 125 4.7.1.9 128 4.7.1.10 129 4.7.1.11 129 4.7.2 130 4.7.2.1 130 7
4.7.2.2 130 4.7.2.3 132 4.7.3 134 4.7.3.1 SSR 134 4.7.3.2 134 4.7.3.3 134 4.7.3.4 135 4.7.3.5 135 4.7.3.6 135 4.7.3.7 136 4.7.3.8 136 4.7.3.9 136 4.7.3.10 C 136 4.7.3.11 136 4.8 136 4.8.1 137 4.8.2 137 4.9 ADS 137 8
4.10 137 4.10.1 / 137 4.10.2 138 4.11 RVSM 139 4.11.1 139 4.11.2 141 4.12 RNAV 142 4.12.1 RNAV 142 4.12.2 RNAV 142 4.12.3 RNAV 143 4.12.4 143 4.12.5 144 4.13 4.13.1 8.33 144 8.33 144 4.13.2 8.33 145 5 148 A 151 9
1 2 2.1 2.1.1 abeam 90º 2.1.2 aerodrome 10
2.1.3 aerodrome control service 2.1.4 aerodrome control tower 2.1.5 aerodrome movement 2.1.6 aerodrome operating minima 2.1.7 aerodrome traffic 11
2.1.8 aerodrome traffic circuit 2.1.9 aircraft identification 2.1.10 2.1.11 air traffic air traffic control clearance 12
2.1.12 alerting service 2.1.13 altitude 2.1.14 approach control office 2.1.15 approach control service 2.1.16 approach sequence 13
2.1.17 apron 2.1.18 apron management unit 2.1.19 base turn 2.1.20 circling approach 2.1.21 clearance limit 2.1.22 14
control area 2.1.23 control zone 2.1.24 DA /DH decision altitude/height 1DA 2 DH 2.1.25 deviation 2.1.26 distress 15
2.1.27 estimated time of arrival IFR VFR 2.1.28 expected approach time 2.1.29 final approach a) b) 2.1.30 flight level 1013.2hPa 2.1.31 16
heading 2.1.32 height 2.1.33 holding procedure 2.1.34 identification 2.1.35 instrument approach procedure 17
2.1.36 level 1 QNH altitude 2 QFE height 3 1013.2hPa level 2.1.37 manoeuvering area 2.1.38 / minimum descent altitude/height MDA MDH threshold elevation 2m 18
2.1.39 movement area 2.1.40 procedure turn 1 2 3 45 /180 80 /260 2.1.41 race track / 2.1.42 radar contact 19
2.1.43 radar identification 2.1.44 radar vectoring 2.1.45 reverse procedure 2.1.46 runway 2.1. 47 runway movement 20
2.1.48 runway visual range 2.1.49 straight-in approach 30º 2.1.50 terminal control area 2.1.51 touchdown 2.1.52 threshold 21
2.1.53 urgency 2.1.54 visibility 2.1.55 visual approach IFR 2.1.56 visual meteorological conditions 2.2 22
* ADS AFIS AIS AMSL AOR ATC ATD Automatic dependent surveillance) Aerodrome flight information service) Aeronautical information service) Above mean sea level) Area of responsibility) Air traffic control) Actual time of departure) ATIS* information service) Automatic terminal ATS ATZ Air traffic service) Aerodrome traffic zone) CAVOK* Ceiling and Visibility OK, i.e. CPDLC CTR DME EET ETA Visibility, cloud and present weather better than prescribed values or condition) Controller-pilot data link communications) Control zone) Distance measuring equipment) Estimated elapsed time) estimating arrival) Estimated time of arrival or ETD Estimated time of departure or 23
FIC FIR FIS HF H24 IFR ILS IMC estimating departure) Flight information center) Flight information region) Flight information service) High frequency) 24 Continues day and night service) Instrument flight rules) Instrument landing system) condition) Instrument meteorological INFO* INS MET* MLS Information) Inertial navigation system) Meteorological or meteorology) Microwave landing system) MNPS Minimum navigation NDB NOZ NTZ NIL* performance specifications Non-directional radio beacon) Normal operating zone No-transgression zone None or I have nothing to send you) NOTAM* Notice to Airman, i.e. A notice containing information concerning the establishment, condition or change in any aeronautical facility, service procedure or hazard, the timely knowledge of which is essential to personnel concerned with flight operations) 24
PAOAS Parallel approach obstacle assessment surfaces QFE (Atmospheric pressure at aerodrome QNH RCC RNAV* RNP RVSM SELCAL* SID* elevation, or at runway threshold) Altimeter sub-scale setting to obtain elevation when on the ground Rescue co-ordination center Area navigation Required navigation performance Reduced vertical separation minimum A system which permits the selective calling of individual aircraft over radiotelephone channels linking a ground station with the aircraft Standard instrument departure SIGMET* Information concerning en-route weather phenomena which may affect safety of aircraft operations SNOWTAM* SPECIAL* SSR SST STAR* A special series NOTAM notifying the presence or removal of hazardous conditions due to snow, ice, slush or standing water associated with snow, slush and ice on the movement area, by means of a special format Special meteorological report Secondary surveillance radar Supersonic transport Standard terminal arrival route 25
TCAS ACAS* TAF* TMA UHF UIR UTC VASIS* VFR VHF VIP VMC VOLMET* VOR Traffic alert and collision avoidance system/airborne collision avoidance system Aerodrome forecast Terminal control area Ultra-high frequency Upper flight information region Coordinated universal time Visual approach slope indicator system Visual flight rules Very high frequency Very important person Visual meteorological conditions Meteorological information for aircraft in flight VHF omnidirectional radio range 3 3.1 3.2 3.2.1 ++ 26
3.2.2 + 3.2.3 ++ 3.2.4 3.3 3.3.1 3.3.2 3.3.3 3.3.4 3.3.5 3.3.6 3.3.7 3.3.8 27
3.4 3.4.1 3.4.1.1 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 100 1 ZE-RO WUN TOO TREE FOW-er FIFE SIX SEV-en AIT NIN-er DAY-SEE-MAL POINT HUN-dred 28
1000 TOU-SAND 3.4.1.2 2 2 10 75 200 450 3600 2121 9000 33122 WUN ZE-RO SEV-en FIFE TOO HUN-dred FOW-er FIFE ZE-RO TREE TOU-SAND SIX HUN-dred TOO WUN TOO WUN NIN-er TOU-SAND TREE TREE WUN TOO TOO 29
3.4.1.3 3.4.1.3.1 3.4.1.3.1.1 3 3 600m 900m 1200m 1500m 1800m 2100m 2400m 2700m 3000m SIX HUN-dred METERS NIN-er HUN-dred METERS WUN TOU-SAND TOO HUN-dred METERS WUN TOU-SAND FIFE HUN-dred METERS WUN TOU-SANDAIT HUN-dred METERS TOO TOU-SAND WUN HUN-dred METERS TOO TOU-SAND FOW-er HUN-dred METERS TOO TOU-SAND SEV-en HUN-dred METERS TREE TOU-SAND METERS 30
3300m 3600m 3900m 4200m 4500m 4800m 5100m 5400m 5700m 6000m 6300m 6600m TREE TOU-SAND TREE HUN-dred METERS TREE TOU-SAND SIX HUN-dred METERS TREE TOU-SAND NIN-er HUN-dred METERS FOW-er TOU-SAND TOO HUN-dred METERS FOW-er TOU-SAND FIFE HUN-dred METERS FOW-er TOU-SANDAIT HUN-dred METERS FIFE TOU-SAND WUN HUN-dred METERS FIFE TOU-SAND FOW-er HUN-dred METERS FIFE TOU-SAND SEV-en HUN-dred METERS SIX TOU-SAND METERS SIX TOU-SAND TREE HUN-dred METERS SIX TOU-SAND SIX HUN-dred METERS 31
6900m 7200m 7500m 7800m 8100m 8400m 9000m 9600m 10200m 10800m 11400m SIX TOU-SAND NIN-er HUN-dred METERS SEV-en TOU-SAND TOO HUN-dred METERS SEV-en TOU-SAND FIFE HUN-dred METERS SEV-en TOU-SANDAIT HUN-dred METERS AIT TOU-SAND WUN HUN-dred METERS AIT TOU-SAND FOW-er HUN-dred METERS NIN-er TOU-SAND METERS NIN-er TOU-SAND SIX HUN-dred METERS TEN TOU-SAND TOO HUN-dred METERS WUN ZE-ROTOU-SAND TOO HUN-dred METERS TEN TOU-SANDAIT HUN-dred METERS WUN ZE-RO TOU-SANDAIT HUN-dred METERS ELEVEN TOU-SAND FOW-er HUN-dred METERS 32
12000m 12600m 13200m WUN WUN TOU-SAND FOW-er HUN-dred METERS WUN TOO TOU-SAND METERS WUN TOO TOU-SAND SIX HUN-dred METERS WUN TREE TOU-SAND TOO HUN-dred METERS 3.4.1.3.1.2 1013.2 hpa 10000ft x FLIGHT LEVEL 4 4 9000ft 29000ft 33000ft FLIGHT LEVELNIN-er ZE-RO FLIGHT LEVELTOO NIN-er ZE-RO FLIGHT LEVELTREE TREE ZE-RO 3.4.1.3.1.3 FLIGHT LEVEL 33
x x x TOU-SAND x HUN-dred METERS x x x 5 5 6600m 9600m 9000ft 29000ft 33000ft SIX TOU-SAND SIX HUN-dred METERS NIN-er TOU-SAND SIX HUN-dred METERS FLIGHT LEVELNIN-er ZE-RO FLIGHT LEVELTOO NIN-er ZE-RO FLIGHT LEVELTREE TREE ZE-RO 3.4.1.3.1.4 1013.2 hpa 34
1013.2hPa ON WUN ZE-RO WUN TREE CLIMB TO SIX TOU-SAND SIX HUN-dred METERS ON WUN ZE-RO WUN TREE (or ON STANDARD ON QNH DESCEND TO WUN TOU-SAND FIFE HUN-dred METERS ON QNH WUN ZE-RO WUN WUN ON QFE DESCEND TO WUN TOU-SAND FIFE HUN-dred METERS ON QFE WUN ZE-RO WUN WUN 3.4.1.3.1.5 3.4.1 6 6 100m/QNH WUN HUN-dred METERS QNH 35
450m/QNE 700m/QNH 1210m/QNE 8000m/QNE 7100m/QNE FOW-er FIFE ZE-RO METERS STANDARD SEV-en HUN-dred METERS QNH WUN TOO WUN ZE-RO METERS STANDARD AIT TOU-SAND METERS STANDARD SEV-en TOU-SAND WUN HUN-dred METERS STANDARD 3.4.1.3.2 / /+ 3.4.1 + + 7 7 / MDH 130m DA 486m MINIMUM DESCENT HEIGHT WUN TREE ZE-RO METERS DECISION ALTITUDE FOW-er AIT SIX METERS 36
3.4.1.3.3 3.4.1 elevation + + 8 8 269 m ELEVATION TOO SIX NIN-er METERS 3.4.1.3.4 3.4.1.1 3.4.1 9 9 12 35 10 00 TREE FIFE or WUN TOO TREE FIFE ZE-RO ZE-RO or WUN ZE-RO ZE-RO ZE-RO 3.4.1.3.5 Q 37
Q 10 10 QFE 1003 QNH 1000 QFE WUN ZE-RO ZE-RO TREE QNH WUN ZE-RO ZE-RO ZE-RO 3.4.1.3.6 11 11 100 005 360 HEADING WUN ZE-RO ZE-RO HEADING ZE-RO ZE-RO FIFE HEADING TREE SIX ZE-RO 3.4.1.3.7 38
3.4.1 0 MACH POINT 12 12 280knots 450km/h M0.85 7m/s 7 TOO AIT ZE-RO KNOTS FOW-er FIFE ZE-RO KILOMETERS PER HOUR MACH NUMBER POINT AIT FIFE SEV-en METERS PER SECOND 3.4.1.3.8 3.4.1 13 13 121.45 MHz 6565 KHz WUN TOO WUN DAY-SEE-MAL FOW-er FIFE SIX FIFE SIX FIFE KILO HERTZ 8.33 4.13 39
3.4.1.3.9 R L CRIGHT LEFT CENTER RIGHT LEFT CENTER 14 14 03 08L RUNWAY ZE-RO TREE RUNWAY ZE-RO AIT LEFT 3.4.1.3.10 3.4.1.2 15 15 18 n mile 486 km WUN AIT MILES FOW-er AIT SIX KILOMETERS 3.4.1.3.11 (number O CLOCK 16 16 40
1 10 11 12 WUN O CLOCK TEN O CLOCK ELEVEN O CLOCK TWELVE O CLOCK 3.4.1.3.12 17 17 3213 SQUAWK TREE TOO WUN TREE 3.4.1.3.13 18 18 B737-300 Boeing SEV-en TREE SEV-en TREE HUN-dred 41
A340 EMB145 Y-7 200 TU-204 D-328 CRJ-200 EMB145 204 328 CRJ Airbus TREE FOW-er ZE-RO EMB WUN FOW-er FIFE Yun SEV-en TOO HUN-dred Tupolev TOO ZE-RO FOW-er Dornier TREE TOO AIT CRJ TOO HUN-dred 3.4.1.3.14 3.4.2 3.4.2.1 19 19 LETTER A B C D E F WORD Alpha Bravo Charlie Delta Echo Foxtrot PRONUNCIATION AL FAH BRAH VOH CHAR LEE DELL TAH ECK OH FOKS TROT 42
G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Golf Hotel India Juliett Kilo Lima Mike November Oscar Papa Quebec Romeo Sierra Tango Uniform Victor Whiskey X-ray Yankee Zulu GOLF HOH TELL IN DEE AH JEW LEE ETT KEY LOH LEE MAH MIKE NO VEM BER OSS CAH PAH PAH KEH BECK ROW ME OH SEE AIR RAH TANG GO YOU NEE FORM VIK TAH WISS KEY ECKS RAY YANG KEY ZOO LOO 43
3.4.2.2 3.4.2.2.1 20 20 RJTY ZBAA ROMEO JULIETT TANGO YANKEE ZULU BRAVO ALPHA ALPHA ROMEO JULIETT TANGO YANKEE ZULU BRAVO ALPHA ALPHA 3.4.2.2.2 VOR NDB VORNDB VOR NDB NDB VORVOR NDB21 21 SIA VYK VM SIERRA INDIA ALPHA VICTOR YANKEE KILO VICTOR MIKE 44
SX SIERRA X-RAY 3.4.2.2.3 P P 22 22 BUBDA ANDIN P23 BUBDA ANDIN P BUBDA ANDIN PAPA TOO TREE 3.4.2.2.4 U K S UPPER KOPTER SUPERSONIC UPPER HELICOPTER SUPERSONIC ARRIVAL DEPARTURE 23 23 45
G595 J325 VYK-01A NHW-2D 3.5 G595/GOLF J325/JULIETT GOLF FIFE NIN-er FIFE JULIETT TREE TOO FIFE VICTOR YANKEE KILO ZE-RO WUN ARRIVAL NOVEMBER HOTEL WHISKEY TOO DEPARTURE 3.5.1 ACKNOWLEDGE Let me know that you have received and understood this message 3.5.2 AFFIRM Yes 3.5.3 APPROVED Permission for proposed action granted 3.5.4 BREAK I hereby indicate the separation between portions of the message, to be used where there is no clear distinction between the text and other portions of the message 46
3.5.5 BREAK BREAK I hereby indicate the separation between messages transmitted to different aircraft in a very busy environment 3.5.6 CANCEL Annul the previously transmitted clearance 3.5.7 CHECK Examine a system or procedure, and no answer is normally expected 3.5.8 CLEARED Authorized to proceed under the conditions specified 3.5.9 CONFIRM Have I correctly received the following? or Did you correctly received this message 3.5.10 CONTACT Establish radio contact with 3.5.11 CORRECT That is correct 3.5.12 CORRECTION An error has been made in this transmission or message indicated. The correct version is 47
3.5.13 DISREGARD Consider that transmission as not sent 3.5.14 GO AHEAD proceed with your message The phrase GO AHEAD is not normally used in surface movement communications GO AHEAD 3.5.15 HOW DO YOU READ? What is the readability of my transmission? 3.5.16 I SAY AGAIN I repeat for clarity or emphasis 3.5.17 MONITOR Listen or on (frequency 3.5.18 NEGATIVE No or Permission not granted or That is not correct 3.5.19 OUT This exchange of transmissions is ended and no response is expected 48
The word OUT is not normally used in VHF communications OUT VHF 3.5.20 OVER My transmission is ended and I expect a response from you The word OVER is not normally used in VHF communications OVER VHF 3.5.21 READ BACK Report all, or the specified part, of this message back to me exactly as received 3.5.22 RECLEARED A change has been made to your last clearance and this new clearance supersedes your previous clearance or part thereof 3.5.23 REPORT Pass me the following information 3.5.24 REQUEST I should like to know, or I wish to obtain 3.5.25 ROGER I have received all of your last transmission Under no circumstances to be used in reply to a question requiring READ BACK or a direct answer in the affirmative 49
(AFFIRM) or negative (NEGATIVE) 3.5.26 SAY AGAIN Repeat all, or the following part, of your last transmission 3.5.27 SPEAK SLOWER Reduce your rate of speech 3.5.28 STANDBY Wait and I will call you 3.5.29 VERIFY Check and confirm with originator 3.5.30 WILCO Abbreviation for will comply, I understand your message and will comply with it 3.5.31 WORDS TWICE 3.5.31.1 As a request: Communication is difficult. Please send every word or group of words twice 50
3.5.31.2 As information: Since communication is difficult, every word or group of words in this message will be sent twice 3.6 3.6.1 3.6.1.1 24 24 Area control centre Approach control Approach control radar arrival Approach control radar departure Aerodrome control CONTROL APPROACH ARRIVAL DEPARTURE TOWER 51
Surface movement control Clearance delivery Flight information service / Apron control/management service Company dispatch GROUND DELIVERY INFORMATION APRON DISPATCH 3.6.1.2 25 25 BEIJING CONTROL BEIJING 3.6.2 3.6.2.1 a) 52
1 G-ABCD GOLF ALPHA BRAVO CHARLIE DELTA 2 Cessna G-ABCD GOLF ALPHA BRAVO CHARLIE DELTA Cessna GOLF ALPHA BRAVO CHARLIE DELTA b) 26 26 CCA BHWC BRAVO HOTEL WHISKEY CHARLIE AIR CHINA BRAVO HOTEL WHISKEY CHARLIE 53
c) 27 27 CCA 998A CES72AC CCA1201 ALPHA ALPHA CHARLIE AIR CHINA NIN-er NIN-er AIT ALPHA CHINA EASTERN SEV-en TOO ALPHA CHARLIE AIR CHINA WUN TOO ZE-RO WUN 3.6.2.2 3.6.2.1 a G-CD Cessna G-CD b TWA WC c 2585 54
3.6.2.3 3.6.2.4 3.6.2.5 HEAVY 3.7 3.7.1 3.7.2 3.7.3 3.7.4 ALL STATIONS 3.7.5 ALL STATIONS 3.7.6 28 28 55
SAY AGAIN SAY AGAIN (item) SAY AGAIN ALL BEFORE (the first word satisfactorily received SAY AGAIN ALL AFTER (the last word satisfactorily received SAY AGAIN ALL BETWEEN AND Repeat entire message Repeat specific item Repeat part of message Repeat part of message Repeat part of message 3.7.7 STATION CALLING (UNIT), SAY AGAIN YOUR CALLSIGN 3.7.8 CORRECTION 56
3.7.9 CORRECTION, I SAY AGAIN 3.7.10 12110 BEIJING APPROACH, CHINA EASTERN 2110 MAINTAIN 2700 METERS, I SAY AGAIN, 2700 METERS, ENGINE LOSING POWER, ENGINE LOSING POWER 2 5315 CHINA EASTERN FIFE TREE WUN FIFE, CANCEL TAKE-OFF, I SAY AGAIN, CANCEL TAKE-OFF 3.8 3.8.1 57
3.8.2 STANDBY (frequency) MONITOR frequency FAST AIR 345118.9 APPROACH: FAST AIR TREE FOW-ER FIFE, STANDBY WUN WUN AIT DAY-SEE-MAL NIN-ER FOR TOWER 118.9 FAST AIR 345 PILOT: WUN WUN AIT DAY-SEE-MAL NIN-ER FAST AIR TREE FOW-ER FIFE 3.9 3.9.1 3.9.2 TAKE OFF DEPARTURE AIRBORNE 58
5.9.3 ATC a) b) c) SSR ATIS 3.9.4 3.9.5 3.9.6 NEGATIVE 3.9.7 IF UNABLE ADVISE UNABLE 3.9.8 59
3.9.9 CLEARED VIA FLIGHT PLANNED ROUTE 3.9.10 a) b) c) d) SAS 941, BEHIND DC9 ON SHORT FINAL, LINE UP BEHIND LINE UP BEHIND DC9 SAS 941 BEHIND DC9 ON SHORT FINAL, LINE UP SAS941 3.9.11 IMMEDIATELY [COMMENCING (ACTION) NOW] 3.9.12 CPDLC 60
3.10 3.10.1 a) b) c) d) RADIO CHECK 3.10.2 a) b) c) readability 3.10.3 29 29 Unreadable Readable now and then Readable but with difficulty Readable 1 2 3 4 1 WUN 2 TOO 3 TREE 4 FOW-er 61
Perfectly Readable 5 5 FIFE 3.10.4 1 2 3 4 5 29 4 4.1 4.1.1 4.3 (PROCEED) (TAXI) 1 * 2 [ ] 3 4.2 4.2.1 62
QNH QFE (number) METERS, QNH (or QFE) (number) 4.2.2 TCAS 4.2.2.1 CLIMB (or DESCEND) TO (level) 4.2.2.2 CLIMB (or DESCEND) TO AND MAINTAIN (level) 4.2.2.3 CLIMB (or DESCEND) TO REACH (level) AT (or BY) (time or significant point) 4.2.2.4 REPORT LEAVING (or REACHING, or PASSING) (level) 4.2.2.5 CLIMB (or DESCEND) AT (number) METERS PER SECOND (or FEET PER MINUTE) 4.2.2.6 63
CLIMB (or DESCEND) AT (number) METERS PER SECOND (or FEET PER MINUTE) OR GREATER (or LESS) 4.2.2.7 REPORT STARTING ACCELERATION (or DECELERATION) 4.2.2.8 MAINTAIN AT LEAST (number) METERS ABOVE (or BELOW) (aircraft callsign) 4.2.2.9 REQUEST LEVEL (or FLIGHT LEVEL, or ALTITUDE) CHANGE FROM (name of unit) [AT (time or significant point)] 4.2.2.10 STOP CLIMB (or DESCENT)AT (level) 4.2.2.11 CONTINUE CLIMB (or DESCENT) TO (level) 4.2.2.12 EXPEDITE CLIMB (or DESCENT) [UNTIL PASSING (level)] 64
4.2.2.13 WHEN READY, CLIMB (or DESCENT) TO (level) 4.2.2.14 EXPECT CLIMB (or DESCENT)AT (time or significant point) 4.2.2.15 * *REQUEST DESCENTAT (time) 4.2.2.16 4.2.2.16.1 IMMEDIATELY 4.2.2.16.2 AFTER PASSING (significant point) 4.2.2.16.3 AT (time or significant point) 4.2.2.16.4 WHEN READY (instruction) 4.2.2.17 4.2.2.17.1 65
MAINTAIN OWN SEPARATION AND VMC [FROM (level)] [TO (level)] 4.2.2.17.2 MAINTAIN OWN SEPARATION AND VMC ABOVE (or BELOW) (level) 4.2.2.17.3 MAINTAIN OWN SEPARATIONAND VMC TO (level) 4.2.2.18 4.2.2.18.1 IF UNABLE, (alternative instructions)andadvise 4.2.2.18.2? CAN YOUACCEPT FLIGHT LEVEL(number)? 4.2.2.19 * *UNABLE 4.2.2.20 TCAS 66
4.2.2.20.1 *TCAS *TCAS CLIMB (or DESCENT) 4.2.2.20.2 (acknowledgement) 4.2.2.21 TCAS 4.2.2.21.1 * *RETURNING TO (assigned clearance) 4.2.2.21.2 (acknowledgement) (or alternative instructions) 4.2.2.22 TCAS 4.2.2.22.1 *TCAS *TCAS CLIMB (or DESCENT), RETURNING TO (assigned clearance) 4.2.2.22.2 (acknowledgement) (or alternative instructions) 4.2.2.23 TCAS 67
4.2.2.23.1 *TCAS *TCAS CLIMB (or DESCENT) COMPLETED, (assigned clearance) RESUMED 4.2.2.23.2 (acknowledgement) (or alternative instructions) 4.2.2.24 TCAS *TCAS *UNABLE, TCAS RESOLUTIONADVISORY 4.2.2.25 (acknowledgement) 4.2.2.20 4.2.2.25 the phrase such as ROGER can be used for the acknowledgement instruction 4.2.3 4.2.3.1 CONTACT (unit call sign) (frequency) [NOW] 4.2.3.2 68
AT (or OVER) (time or place) [or WHEN] [PASSING, or LEAVING, or REACHING] (level), CONTACT (unit call sign) (frequency) 4.2.3.3 IF NOT CONTACT (instructions) 4.2.3.4 STAND BY (frequency) FOR (unit call sign) 4.2.3.5 * *REQUEST CHANGE TO (frequency) 4.2.3.6 FREQUENCY CHANGE APPROVED 4.2.3.7 MONITOR (unit call sign) (frequency) 4.2.3.8 * *MONITORING (frequency) 4.2.3.9 69
WHEN READY CONTACT (unit call sign) (frequency) 4.2.3.10 REMAIN THIS FREQUENCY 4.2.4 4.2.4.1 CHANGE YOUR CALL SIGN TO (new call sign) [UNTIL FURTHERADVISED] 4.2.4.2 REVERT TO FLIGHT PLAN CALL SIGN (call sign) [(AT (significant point)] 4.2.5 4.2.5.1 TRAFFIC (information) 4.2.5.2 70
NO REPORTED TRAFFIC 4.2.5.3 4.2.5.3.1 * *LOOKING OUT 4.2.5.3.2 * *TRAFFIC IN SIGHT 4.2.5.3.3 * *NEGATIVE CONTACT [reasons] 4.2.5.4 [ADDITIONAL] TRAFFIC (direction) BOUND (type of aircraft) (level) ESTIMATED or OVER) (significant point) AT (time) 4.2.5.5 TRAFFIC IS (classification) UNMANNED FREE BALLOON(S) WAS [or ESTIMATED] OVER (place) AT (time), REPORTED (level(s)) [or LEVEL UNKNOWN] MOVING (direction) (other pertinent information, if any) 71
4.2.6 4.2.6.1 [SURFACE] WIND (number) DEGREES (speed) METERS PER SECOND 4.2.6.2 WIND AT (level) (number) DEGREES (number) KILOMETERS PER HOUR (or KNOTS) 4.2.6.3 VISIBILITY (distance) (units) [direction] 4.2.6.4 RVR RUNWAY VISUAL RANGE or RVR) [RUNWAY (number)] (distance) (units) 4.2.6.5 RUNWAY VISUAL RANGE (or RVR) RUNWAY (number) NOTAVAILABLE (or NOT REPORTED) 4.2.6.6 72
RUNWAY VISUAL RANGE (or RVR) [RUNWAY (number)] (first position) (distance) (units), (second position) (distance) (units) (third position) (distance) (units) first position: touchdown, second position: midpoint, third position: stop end 4.2.6.7 RUNWAY VISUAL RANGE (or RVR) [RUNWAY (number)] (first position) (distance) (units), (second position) NOT AVAILABLE, (third position) (distance) (units) 4.2.6.8 PRESENT WEATHER (details) 4.2.6.9 FEW SCT BKN OVC 73
CLOUD (amount, [(type)] and height of base) (units) (or SKY CLEAR) 4.2.6.10 CAVOK (CAV-O-KAY) 4.2.6.11 TEMPERATURE [MINUS] (number), (and/or DEW-POINT [MINUS] (number)) 4.2.6.12 QNH QFE QNH (or QFE) (number) (units) 4.2.6.13 [] (aircraf type) REPORTED (description) ICING (or TURBULENCE) [IN CLOUD] (area) (time) 4.2.6.14 REPORT FLIGHT CONDITIONS 4.2.7 4.2.7.1 NEXT REPORTAT (significant point) 4.2.7.2 74
OMIT POSITION REPORT [UNTIL(specify)] 4.2.7. 3 RESUME POSITION REPORTING 4.2.8 4.2.8.1 REPORT PASSING (significant point) 4.2.8.2 DME DME REPORT (distance) FROM (name of DME station) DME 4.2.8.3 VOR VOR REPORT PASSING (three digits) RADIAL (name of VOR) VOR 4.2.8.4 REPORT DISTANCE FROM (significant point) 4.2.8.5 DME DME REPORT DISTANCE FROM (name of DME station) DME 4.2.9 4.2.9.1 75
[(location)] RUNWAY SURFACE CONDITION RUNWAY (number) (condition) 4.2.9.2 [(location)] RUNWAY SURFACE CONDITION RUNWAY (number) NOT CURRENT 4.2.9.3 LANDING SURFACE (condition) 4.2.9.4 CAUTION CONSTRUCTION WORK (location) 4.2.9.5 CAUTION (specify reason) RIGHT (or LEFT), (or BOTH SIDES) OF RUNWAY [number] 4.2.9.6 CAUTION WORK IN PROGRESS (or OBSTRUCTION) (position and any necessary advice) 4.2.9.7 [] 76
RUNWAY REPORT AT (observation time) RUNWAY (number), (type of precipitation) UP TO (depth of deposit) MILLIMETERS, BRAKING ACTION GOOD (or MEDIUM TO GOOD, or MEDIUM, or MEDIUM TO POOR, or POOR or UNRELIABLE), [and/or BRAKING COEFFICIENT (equipment and number)] 4.2.9.8 BRAKING ACTION REPORTED BY (aircraft type) AT (time) GOOD (or MEDIUM, or POOR) 4.2.9.9 BRAKING ACTION [(location)] (measuring equipment used), RUNWAY (number), TEMPERATURE [MINUS] (number), WAS (reading)at (time) 4.2.9.10 RUNWAY (or TAXIWAY) (number) WET [or DAMP, WATER PATCHES, FLOODED (depth), or SNOW REMOVED (length and 77
width as applicable), or TREATED, or COVERED WITH PATCHES OF DRY SNOW (or WET SNOW, or COMPACTED SNOW, or SLUSH, or FROZEN SLUSH, or ICE, or ICE UNDERNEATH, or ICE AND SNOW, or SNOW DRIFT, or FROZEN RUTSAND RIDGES)] 4.2.9.11 TOWER OBSERVES (weather information) 4.2.9.12 PILOT REPORT (weather information) 4.2.10 4.2.10.1 (specify visual or non-visual aid) RUNWAY (number) (description of deficiency) 4.2.10.2 (type) LIGHTING (unserviceability) 4.2.10.3 MLS ILS MLS (or ILS) CATEGORY (category) (serviceability state) 4.2.10.4 78
TAXIWAY LIGHTING (description of deficiency) 4.2.10.5 (type of visual approach slope indicator) RUNWAY (number) (description of deficiency) 4.3 4.3.1 4.3.1.1 4.3.1.1.1 * * [aircraft location] REQUEST START UP 4.3.1.1.2 *ATIS *[aircraft location] REQUEST START UP, INFORMATION (ATIS identification) 4.3.1.2 4.3.1.2.1 START UPAPPROVED 4.3.1.2.2 START UPAT (time) 79
4.3.1.2.3 EXPECT START UPAT (time) 4.3.1.2.4 START UPAT OWN DISCRETION 4.3.1.2.5 EXPECT DEPARTURE (time), START UP AT OWN DISCRETION 4.3.1.2.6 ARE YOU READY FOR START UP? 4.3.2 4.3.2.1 * *[aircraft location] REQUEST PUSH BACK 4.3.2.2 PUSH BACKAPPROVED 4.3.2.3 STAND BY 4.3.2.4 PUSH BACKAT OWN DISCRETION 80
4.3.2.5 EXPECT (number) MINUTES DELAY DUE (reason) 4.3.3 4.3.3.1 * *REQUEST TOW [company name] (aircraft type) FROM (location) TO (location) 4.3.3.2 HOLD POSITION 4.3.3.3 STAND BY 4.3.3.4 TOWAPPROVED VIA(specific routing to be followed) 4.3.4 4.3.4.1 * ATIS *REQUEST DEPARTURE INFORMATION 4.3.4.2 * *REQUEST TIME CHECK 81
4.3.4.3 TIME (number) 4.3.4.4 QNH QFE RVR RUNWAY (number), WIND (direction and speed) (units), QNH (or QFE) (number) [(units)] TEMPERATURE [MINUS] (number), [VISIBILITY (distance) (units) (or RUNWAY VISUAL RANGE (or RVR) (distance) (units))] [TIME] (time) 4.3.5 4.3.5.1 * heavy *[aircraft type] [wake turbulence category if heavy ] [aircraft location] REQUEST TAXI [intentions] 4.3.5.2 * heavy *[aircraft type] [wake turbulence category if heavy ] [aircraft location] (flight rules) TO (aerodrome of destination) REQUEST TAXI [intentions] 4.3.5.3 82
TAXI TO HOLDING POSITION [number] [RUNWAY (number)] [TIME (minutes)] 4.3.5.4 * heavy *[aircraft type] [wake turbulence category if heavy ] REQUEST DETAILED TAXING INSTRUCTIONS 4.3.5.5 TAXI TO HOLDING POSITION [(number)] [RUNWAY (number)] VIA (specific route to be followed) [TIME (time)] [HOLD SHORT OF RUNWAY (number)] 4.3.5.6 TAXI TO HOLDING POSITION (number) (followed by aerodrome information as applicable) [TIME (time)] 4.3.5.7 TAKE (or TURN) FIRST (or SECOND) LEFT (or RIGHT) 4.3.5.8 TAXI VIA(identification of taxiway) 83
4.3.5.9 TAXI VIARUNWAY (number) 4.3.5.10 TAXI TO TERMINAL (or other location e.g. GENERAL AVIATIONAREA) [STAND (number)] 4.3.5.11 * *REQUEST AIR-TAXIING FROM (or VIA) TO (location or routing as appropriate) 4.3.5.12 4.3.5.12.1 AIR-TAXI TO (or VIA) (location or routing as appropriate) [CAUTION (dust, blowing snow, loose debris, taxiing light aircraft, personnel, etc.)] 4.3.5.12.2 ) AIR-TAXI VIA (direct, as requested, or specified route) TO 84
(location, heliport, operating area, active or inactive runway). AVOID (aircraft or vehicles or personnel, etc.) 4.3.5.11 4.3.5.12 4.3.5.13 * *REQUEST BACKTRACK 4.3.5.14 BACKTRACKAPPROVED 4.3.5.15 BACKTRACK ON RUNWAY (number) 4.3.5.16 * *[(aircraft location)] REQUEST TAXI TO (destination on aerodrome) 4.3.5.17 TAXI STRAIGHTAHEAD 4.3.5.18 TAXI WITH CAUTION 4.3.5.19 GIVE WAYTO (description and position of other aircraft) 85
4.3.5.20 GIVE WAYTO (traffic) 4.3.5.21 * *TRAFFIC (or type of aircraft) IN SIGHT 4.3.5.22 FOLLOW (description of other aircraft or vehicle) 4.3.5.23 VACATE RUNWAY 4.3.5.24 * *RUNWAYVACATED 4.3.5.25 EXPEDITE TAXI [(reason)] 4.3.5.26 * *EXPEDITING 4.3.5.27 [CAUTION] TAXI SLOWER [reason] 4.3.5.28 * *SLOWING DOWN 86
4.3.6 4.3.6.1 HOLD (direction) OF (position, runway number, etc.) 4.3.6.2 HOLD POSITION 4.3.6.3 HOLD (distance) FROM (position) 4.3.6.4 HOLD SHORT OF (position) 4.3.6.5 * *HOLDING 4.3.6.6 * *HOLDING SHORT 4.3.6.7 4.3.6.1 4.3.6.4 ROGER WILCO HOLD HOLD POSITION HOLD SHORT OF (position) HOLDING HOLDING SHORT 4.3.7 87
4.3.7.1 * *REQUEST CROSSING RUNWAY (number) 4.3.7.2 CROSS RUNWAY (number) [REPORT VACATED] 4.3.7.1.3 EXPEDITE CROSSING RUNWAY (number), TRAFFIC (aircraft type), (distance) KILOMETERS (or MILES) FINAL 4.3.7.1.4 ] TAXI TO HOLDING POSITION [number] [RUNWAY (number)] VIA (specific route to be followed); [HOLD SHORT OF RUNWAY (number)] OR [CROSS RUNWAY (number)] 4.3.7.1.5 * *RUNWAYVACATED RUNWAY VACATED 88
4.3.8 4.3.8.1 UNABLE TO ISSUE (designator) DEPARTURE (reasons) 4.3.8.2 REPORT WHEN READY [FOR DEPARTURE] 4.3.8.3? ARE YOU READY [FOR DEPARTURE]? 4.3.8.4? ARE YOU READY FOR IMMEDIATE DEPARTURE? 4.3.8.5 * *READY 4.3.8.6 WAIT (reason) 4.3.8.7 LINE UP [AND WAIT] (reason) 4.3.8.8 LINE UP RUNWAY (number) 89
4.3.8.9 LINE UP, BE READY FOR IMMEDIATE DEPARTURE 4.3.8.10 (condition) LINE UP 4.3.8.11 * *(condition) LINING UP 4.3.9 4.3.9.1 CLEARED FOR TAKE-OFF [REPORTAIRBORNE] 4.3.9.2 RUNWAY (number) CLEARED FOR TAKE-OFF 4.3.9.3 TAKE OFF IMMEDIATELY OR VACATE RUNWAY [(instructions)] 4.3.9.4 TAKE OFF IMMEDIATELY OR HOLD SHORT OF 90
RUNWAY 4.3.9.5 HOLD POSITION, CANCEL TAKE-OFF I SAY AGAIN CANCELTAKE-OFF (reasons) 4.3.9.6 * *HOLDING 4.3.9.5 4.3.9.7 STOP IMMEDIATELY, [(repeat aircraft call sign) STOP IMMEDIATELY] 4.3.9.8 * *STOPPING 4.3.9.7 4.3.9.9 CLEARED FOR TAKE-OFF [FROM (location)] (present 91
position, taxiway, final approach and take-off area, runway and number) 4.3.9.10 REQUEST DEPARTURE INSTRUCTIONS 4.3.9.11 AFTER DEPARTURE TURN RIGHT (or LEFT, or CLIMB) (instructions as appropriate) 4.3.9.9 4.3.9.11 4.3.10 4.3.10.1 * *REQUEST RIGHT (or LEFT) TURN 4.3.10.2 RIGHT (or LEFT) TURNAPPROVED 4.3.10.3 WILLADVISE LATER FOR RIGHT (or LEFT) TURN 4.3.10.4 REPORTAIRBORNE 4.3.10.5 92
AIRBORNE (time) 4.3.10.6 AFTER PASSING (level) (instructions) 4.3.10.7 CONTINUE RUNWAY HEADING (instructions) 4.3.10.8 TRACK EXTENDED CENTRELINE (instructions) 4.3.10.9 CLIMB STRAIGHTAHEAD (instructions) 4.3.11 4.3.11.1 4.3.11.1.1 * *(position in circuit e.g. DOWNWIND (or FINAL)) 4.3.11.1.2 NUMBER FOLLOW (aircraft type and position) [additional 93
instructions if required] 4.3.11.2 4.3.11.2. 1 * [aircraft type] (position) (level) FOR LANDING 4.3.11.2.2 JOIN (position in circuit) (direction of circuit) (runway number) [SURFACE] WIND (direction and speed) (units) [TEMPERATURE [MINUS] (number)] QNH (or QFE) (number) [(units)] [TRAFFIC (detail)] 4.3.11.2.3 MAKE STRAIGHT-IN APPROACH, RUNWAY (number) [SURFACE] WIND (direction and speed) (units) [TEMPERATURE [MINUS] (number)] QNH (or QFE) (number) [(units)] [TRAFFIC (detail)] 4.3.11.2.4 94
JOIN RIGHT HAND (position in circuit) (runway number) [SURFACE] WIND (direction and speed) (units) [TEMPERATURE [MINUS] (number)] QNH (or QFE) (number) (units) [TRAFFIC (detail)] 4.3.11.2.5 * ATIS *(aircraft type) (position) (level) INFORMATION (ATIS identification) FOR LANDING 4.3.11.2.6 JOIN (position in circuit) [RUNWAY(number)] QNH or QFE) (number)] [(units)] [TRAFFIC (detail)] 4.3.12 7 km 4 NM 15km 8 NM LONG FINAL 7km FINAL 4.3.12.1 MAKE SHORTAPPROACH 95
4.3.12.2 MAKE LONGAPPROACH (or EXTEND DOWNWIND) 4.3.12.3 REPORT BASE (or FINAL, or LONG FINAL) 4.3.12.4 CONTINUE APPROACH, [PREPARE FOR POSSIBLE GO AROUND] 4.3.13 4.3.13.1 CLEARED TO LAND 4.3.13.2 RUNWAY (number) CLEARED TO LAND 4.3.13.3 CLEARED TOUCHAND GO 4.3.13.4 MAKE FULLSTOP 4.3.13.5 96
4.3.13.5.1 * *REQUEST LOW PASS (reason) 4.3.13.5.2 CLEARED LOW PASS, [RUNWAY (number)], [(altitude restriction if required) (go around instructions)] 4.3.13.6 4.3.13.6.1 * *REQUEST LOWAPPROACH (reason) 4.3.13.6.2 CLEARED LOW APPROACH [RUNWAY (number)], [(altitude restriction if required) (go around instruction)] 4.3.14 4.3.14.1 CIRCLE THEAERODROME 4.3.14.2 97
ORBIT RIGHT (or LEFT) [FROM PRESENT POSITION] 4.3.14.3 MAKEANOTHER CIRCUIT 4.3.15 4.3.15.1 GOAROUND 4.3.15.2 * *GOINGAROUND 4.3.16 4.3.16.1 4.3.16.1.1 LANDING GEARAPPEARS DOWN 4.3.16.1.2 RIGHT (or LEFT, or NOSE) WHEEL APPEARS UP (or DOWN) 4.3.16.1.3 WHEELSAPPEAR UP 4.3.16.1.4 98
RIGHT (or LEFT, or NOSE) WHEEL DOES NOT APPEAR UP (or DOWN) 4.3.16.2 CAUTION WAKE TURBULENCE [FROM ARRIVING (or DEPARTING) (type of aircraft)] [additional information as required] 4.3.16.3 CAUTION JET BLAST (or SLIPSTREAM) 4.3.17 4.3.17.1 CONTACT GROUND (frequency) 4.3.17.2 WHEN VACATED CONTACT GROUND (frequency) 4.3.17.3 EXPEDITE VACATING 4.3.17.4 99
YOUR STAND (or GATE) (designation) 4.3.17.5 TAKE (or TURN) FIRST (or SECOND, or CONVENIENT) LEFT (or RIGHT)AND CONTACT GROUND (frequency) 4.3.17.6 AIR-TAXI TO HELICOPTER STAND (or HELICOPTER PARKING POSITION (area) ) 4.3.17.7 AIR-TAXI TO (or VIA) (location or routing as appropriate) [CAUTION (dust, blowing snow, loose debris, taxiing light aircraft, personnel, etc.)] 4.3.17.8 AIR-TAXI VIA (direct, as required, or specified route) TO (location, heliport, operating or movement area, active or inactive runway).avoid (aircraft or vehicles or personnel) 4.3.17.6 4.3.17.8 100
4.3.18 4.3.18.1 SHOW LANDING LIGHTS 4.3.18.2 4.3.18.2.1 ACKNOWLEDGE BY MOVINGAILERONS (or RUDDER) 4.3.18.2.2 ACKNOWLEDGE BY ROCKING WINGS 4.3.18.2.3 ACKNOWLEDGE BY FLASHING LANDING LIGHTS 4.4 4.4.1 4.4.1.1 [AFTER DEPARTURE], TURN RIGHT (or LEFT) HEADING (three digits) (or CONTINUE RUNWAY HEADING) (or TRACK EXTENDED CENTRE LINE) TO (level or significant point) [(other instructions as required)] 101
4.4.1.2 AFTER REACHING (or PASSING) (level or significant point) (instructions) 4.4.1.3 TURN RIGHT (or LEFT) HEADING (three digits) TO (level) [TO INTERCEPT (track, route, airway, etc.)] 4.4.1.4 (standard departure name and number) DEPARTURE 4.4.1.5 TRACK (three digits) DEGREES [MAGNETIC (or TRUE)] TO (or FROM) (significant point) UNTIL (time or REACHING (fix or significant point or level) [BEFORE PROCEEDING ON COURSE] 4.4.1.6 CLEARED (or PROCEED) VIA(designation) 4.4.2 4.4.2.1 102
CLEARED (or PROCEED) VIA(designator) 4.4.2.2 CLEARED TO (clearance limit) VIA(designator) 4.4.2.3 CLEARED (or PROCEED) VIA (details of route to be followed) 4.4.2.4 CLEARED (type of approach) APPROACH [RUNWAY (number)] 4.4.2.5 CLEARED (type of approach) RUNWAY (number) FOLLOWED BY CIRCLING TO RUNWAY (number) ILS ILS 4.4.2.6 COMMENCEAPPROACHAT (time) 4.4.2.7 * 103
*REQUEST STRAIGHT-IN [(type of approach)] APPROACH [RUNWAY (number)] 4.4.2.8 CLEARED STRAIGHT-IN [(type of approach)] APPROACH, [RUNWAY (number)] 4.4.2.9 REPORT VISUAL 4.4.2.10 REPORT RUNWAY [LIGHTS] IN SIGHT 4.4.2.11 * *REQUEST VISUALAPPROACH 4.4.2.12 CLEARED VISUALAPPROACH, RUNWAY (number) 4.4.2.13 REPORT (significant point) [OUTBOUND (or INBOUND)] 4.4.2.14 REPORT COMMENCING PROCEDURE TURN 4.4.2.15 * 104
*REQUEST VMC DESCENT 4.4.2.16 MAINTAIN OWN SEPARATION 4.4.2.17 MAINTAIN VMC 4.4.2.18? ARE YOU FAMILIAR WITH (name) APPROACH PROCEDURE 4.4.2.19 * *REQUEST (type of approach) APPROACH [RUNWAY (number)] 4.4.2.20 * MLS RNAV *REQUEST (MLS (or RNAV) plain language designator) 4.4.2.21 MLS RNAV CLEARED (MLS (or RNAV) plain language designator) 4.4.3 4.4.3.1 105
HOLD VISUAL [OVER] (position) (or BETWEEN (two prominent landmarks)) 4.4.3.2 CLEARED (or PROCEED) TO (significant point, name of facility or fix) [(MAINTAIN (or CLIMB TO, or DESCEND TO) (level))] HOLD [(direction)] AS PUBLISHED EXPECTED APPROACH CLEARANCE (or FURTHER CLEARANCE) AT (time) 4.4.3.3 * *REQUEST HOLDING INSTRUCTIONS 4.4.3.4 4.4.3.4.1 CLEARED (or PROCEED) TO (significant point, name of facility or fix) [MAINTAIN (or CLIMB TO, or DESCEND TO) 106
(level)] HOLD [(direction)] [(specified) RADIAL, COURSE, INBOUND TRACK (three digits) DEGREES] [RIGHT (or LEFT) HAND PATTERN] [OUTBOUND TIME (number) MINUTES] EXPECT APPROACH CLEARANCE (or FURTHER CLEARANCE)AT (time) (additional instructions, if necessary) 4.4.3.4.2 VOR VOR DME CLEARED TO THE (three digits) RADIAL OF THE (name) VOR AT (distance) DME FIX [MAINTAIN (or CLIMB TO, or DESCEND TO) (level)] HOLD [(direction)] [RIGHT (or LEFT) HAND PATTERN] [OUTBOUND TIME (number) MINUTES] EXPECT APPROACH CLEARANCE (or FURTHER CLEARANCE)AT (time) (additional instructions, if necessary) 4.4.3.4.3 VOR VOR DME DME CLEARED TO THE (three digits) RADIAL OF THE (name) VOR AT (distance) DME FIX [MAINTAIN (or CLIMB TO, or DESCEND TO) (level)] HOLD BETWEEN (distance) AND 107
(distance) DME, [RIGHT (or LEFT) HAND PATTERN] EXPECT APPROACH CLEARANCE (or FURTHER CLEARANCE) AT (time) (additional instructions, if necessary) 4.4.4 4.4.4.1 NO DELAY EXPECTED 4.4.4.2 EXPECTEDAPPROACH TIME (time) 4.4.4.3 REVISED EXPECTEDAPPROACH TIME (time) 4.4.4.4 DELAY NOT DETERMINED (reasons) 4.5 4.5.1 4.5.1.1 (name of unit) CLEARS (aircraft call sign) 4.5.1.2 (aircraft call sign) CLEARED TO 108
4.5.1.3 RECLEARED (amended clearance CLEARANCE UNCHANGED] details) [REST OF 4.5.1.4 RECLEARED (amended clearance details) TO (significant point of original route) [REST OF CLEARANCE UNCHANGED] 4.5.1.5 ENTER CONTROLLED AIRSPACE (or CONTROL ZONE) [VIA(significant point or route)]at (level) [AT (time)] 4.5.1.6 LEAVE CONTROLLED AIRSPACE (or CONTROL ZONE) [VIA(significant point or route)]at (level) [AT (time)] 4.5.1.7 JOIN (specify)at (significant point)at (level) [AT (time)] 4.5.2 4.5.2.1 109
FROM (location) TO (location) 4.5.2.2 TO (location) 4.5.2.2.1 DIRECT 4.5.2.2.2 VIA(route and/or significant point) 4.5.2.2.3 VIAFLIGHT PLANNED ROUTE 4.5.2.2.4 DME VIA (distance) DME ARC (direction) OF (name of DME station) 4.5.2.3 (route) NOT AVAILABLE DUE (reason) ALTERNATIVE[S] IS (orare) (routes)advise 4.5.3 110
4.5.3.1 MAINTAIN (level) [TO (significant point)] 4.5.3.2 MAINTAIN (level) UNTILPASSING (significant point) 4.5.3.3 MAINTAIN (level) UNTIL (minutes) AFTER PASSING (significant point) 4.5.3.4 MAINTAIN (level) UNTIL(time) 4.5.3.5 ) MAINTAIN (level) UNTILADVISED BY (name of unit) 4.5.3.6 MAINTAIN (level) UNTILFURTHERADVISED 4.5.3.7 MAINTAIN (level) WHILE IN CONTROLLEDAIRSPACE 4.5.3.8 MAINTAIN BLOCK (level) TO (level) 111
4.5.4 4.5.4.1 CROSS (significant point)at (orabove, or BELOW) (level) 4.5.4.2 CROSS (significant point) AT (time) (or LATER, or BEFORE) AT (level) 4.5.4.3 CRUISE CLIMB BETWEEN (levels) (orabove (level)) 4.5.4.4 DME CROSS (distance) DME [(direction)] OF (name of DME station)at (orabove, or BELOW) (level) 4.5.5 4.5.5.1 * *EMERGENCY DESCENT (intentions) 4.5.5.2 112
ATTENTION ALLAIRCRAFT IN THE VICINITY OF [or AT] (significant point or location), EMERGENCY DESCENT IN PROGRESS FROM (level) (followed as necessary by specify instructions, clearance, traffic information, etc) 4.5.6 EXPECT (type of clearance) CLEARANCEAT (time) 4.5.7 4.5.7.1 CROSS (significant point) AT (time) [OR LATER (or OR BEFORE)] 4.5.7.2 ADVISE IF ABLE TO CROSS (significant point) AT (time or level) 4.5.7.3 MAINTAIN MACH (number) [OR GREATER (or OR LESS)] [UNTIL(significant point)] 113
4.5.7.4 DO NOT EXCEED MACH (number) 4.5.8 4.5.8.1 ADVISE IFABLE TO PROCEED PARALLELOFFSET 4.5.8.2 PROCEED OFFSET (distance) RIGHT (or LEFT) OF (route) (track) [CENTER LINE] [AT (significant point or time)] [UNTIL (significant point or time)] 4.5.8.3 CANCEL OFFSET (instructions to rejoin cleared flight route or other information) 4.6 4.6.1 4.6.1.1 ESTIMATE [direction of flight] (aircraft callsign) 114
(SQUAWKING (SSR Code)] (type) ESTIMATED (significant point) (time) (level) (or DESCENDING FROM (level) TO (level)] (SPEED (filed TAS)] (route) [REMARKS] 4.6.1.2 ESTIMATE (significant point) ON (aircraft call sign) 4.6.1.3 4.6.1.3.1 NO DETAILS 4.6.1.3.2 (aircraft type) (destination) 4.6.1.4 SSR [SQUAWK (SSR Code)] [ESTIMATED] (significant point) (time)at (level) 4.6.1.3.1 4.6.1.1 115
4.6.1.5 ESTIMATE UNMANNED FREE BALLOON(S) (identification and classification) ESTIMATED OVER (place) AT (time) REPORTED FLIGHT LEVEL(S) (figure or figures) [or FLIGHT LEVEL UNKNOWN] MOVING (direction) ESTIMATED GROUND SPEED (figure) (other pertinent information, if any) 4.6.1.6 REVISION (aircraft call sign) (details as necessary) 4.6.2 4.6.2.1 REQUEST RELEASE OF (aircraft call sign) 4.6.2.2 (aircraft call sign) RELEASED [AT (time)] [conditions (or restrictions)] 4.6.2.3 IS (aircraft call sign) RELEASED [FOR CLIMB (or DESCENT)] 4.6.2.4 116
(aircraft call sign) NOT RELEASED [UNTIL (time or significant point)] 4.6.2.5 UNABLE (aircraft call sign) [TRAFFIC IS (details)] 4.6.3 4.6.3.1 MAY WE CHANGE CLEARANCE OF (aircraft call sign) TO (details of alteration proposed) 4.6.3.2 AGREED TO (alteration of clearance) OF (aircraft call sign) 4.6.3.3 UNABLE (aircraft call sign) 4.6.3.4 UNABLE (desired route, level, etc) [FOR (aircraft call sign)] [DUE (reason)] (alternative clearance proposed) 4.6.4 4.6.4.1 117
APPROVAL REQUEST (aircraft call sign) ESTIMATED DEPARTURE FROM (significant point)at (time) 4.6.4.2 REQUESTAPPROVED [(restriction if any)] 4.6.4.3 (aircraft call sign) UNABLE (alternative instructions) 4.6.5 4.6.5.1 SSR [INBOUND RELEASE] (aircraft call sign) [SQUAWKING (SSR Code)] (type) FROM (departure point) RELEASED AT (significant point (or time, or level)) CLEARED TO AND ESTIMATING (clearance limit) (time) AT (level) [EXPECTED APPROACH TIME (or NO DELAY EXPECTED)] CONTACT AT (time) 4.6.6 4.6.6.1 SSR 118
RADAR HANDOVER (aircraft call sign) [SQUAWKING (SSR Code) POSITION (aircraft position) (level) 4.6.7 4.6.7.1 EXPEDITE CLEARANCE (aircraft call sign) EXPECTED DEPARTURE FROM (place)at (time) 4.6.7.2 EXPEDITE CLEARANCE (aircraft call sign) [ESTIMATED] OVER (place)at (time) REQUESTS (level or route, etc) 4.7 4.7.1 4.7.1.1 4.7.1.1.1 REPORT HEADING [AND FLIGHT LEVEL(orALTITUDE)] 4.7.1.1.2 FOR IDENTIFICATION, TURN LEFT (or RIGHT) HEADING (three digits) 119
4.7.1.1.3 TRANSMIT FOR IDENTIFICATION AND REPORT HEADING 4.7.1.1.4 RADAR CONTACT [position] 4.7.1.1.5 IDENTIFIED (position) 4.7.1.1.6 NOT IDENTIFIED [reason], [RESUME (or CONTINUE) OWN NAVIGATION] 4.7.1.2 POSITION (distance) (direction) OF (significant point) (or OVER (orabeam) (significant point) 4.7.1.3 4.7.1.3.1 LEAVE (significant point) HEADING (three digits) 4.7.1.3.2 120
CONTINUE HEADING (three digits) 4.7.1.3.3 CONTINUE PRESENT HEADING 4.7.1.3.4 FLY HEADING (three digits) 4.7.1.3.5 TURN LEFT (or RIGHT) HEADING (three digits)] [reason] 4.7.1.3.6 TURN LEFT (or RIGHT) (number of degrees) [reason] 4.7.1.3.7 STOP TURN HEADING (three digits) 4.7.1.3.8 FLY HEADING (three digits), WHEN ABLE PROCEED DIRECT (name) (significant point) 4.7.1.3.9 HEADING IS GOOD 4.7.1.4 4.7.1.4.1 121
RESUME OWN NAVIGATION (position of aircraft) (specific instructions) 4.7.1.4.2 RESUME OWN NAVIGATION [DIRECT] (significant point), [MAGNETIC TRACK (three digits), DISTANCE (number) KILOMETERS (or MILES)] 4.7.1.5 4.7.1.5.1 MAKEATREE SIXTYTURN LEFT (or RIGHT) [reason] 4.7.1.5.2 ORBIT LEFT (or RIGHT) [reason] 4.7.1.5.3 MAKE ALLTURNS RATE ONE (or RATE HALF, or (number) DEGREES PER SECOND START AND STOP ALL TURNS ON THE COMMAND NOW 3 /s 25 4.7.1.5.4 122
TURN LEFT (or RIGHT) NOW 4.7.1.5.5 STOP TURN NOW a) DUE TRAFFIC b) FOR SPACING c) FOR DELAY d) FOR DOWNWIND (or BASE, or FINAL) 4.7.1.6 4.7.1.6.1 REPORT SPEED 4.7.1.6.2 * *SPEED (number) KILOMETERS PER HOUR (or KNOTS) 4.7.1.6.3 123
MAINTAIN (number) KILOMETERS PER HOUR (or KNOTS) [OR GREATER (or LESS)] [UNTIL(significant point)] 4.7.1.6.4 DO NOT EXCEED (number) KILOMETERS PER HOUR (or KNOTS) 4.7.1.6.5 MAINTAIN PRESENT SPEED 4.7.1.6.6 INCREASE (or REDUCE) SPEED TO (number) KILOMETERS PER HOUR (or KNOTS) [GREATER (or LESS)] 4.7.1.6.7 INCREASE (or REDUCE) SPEED BY (number) KILOMETERS PER HOUR (or KNOTS) 4.7.1.6.8 RESUME NORMALSPEED 4.7.1.6.9 REDUCE TO MINIMUMAPPROACH SPEED 124
4.7.1.6.10 REDUCE TO MINIMUM CLEAN SPEED 4.7.1.6.11 ATC NO [ATC] SPEED RESTRICTIONS 4.7.1.7 4.7.1.7.1 OMIT POSITION REPORTS [UNTIL(specify)] 4.7.1.7.2 NEXT REPORTAT (significant point) 4.7.1.7.3 REPORTS REQUIRED ONLYAT (significant point(s)) 4.7.1.7.4 RESUME POSITION REPORTING 4.7.1.8 4.7.1.8.1 TRAFFIC (number) O'CLOCK (distance) (direction of flight) [any pertinent information] 125
4.7.1.8.1.1 UNKNOWN 4.7.1.8.1.2 SLOW MOVING 4.7.1.8.1.3 FAST MOVING 4.7.1.8.1.4 CLOSING 4.7.1.8.1.5 OPPOSITE (or SAME) DIRECTION 4.7.1.8.1.6 OVERTAKING 4.7.1.8.1.7 CROSSING LEFT TO RIGHT (or RIGHT TO LEFT) 4.7.1.8.1.8 (aircraft type) 4.7.1.8.1.9 (level) 126
4.7.1.8.1.10 CLIMBING (or DESCENDING) 4.7.1.8.1.11 CONVERGE 4.7.1.8.1.12 DIVERGE 4.7.1.8.2 * *REQUEST VECTORS 4.7.1.8.3? DO YOU WANT VECTORS? 4.7.1.8.4 CLEAR OF TRAFFIC [appropriate instructions] 4.7.1.8.5 4.7.1.8.5.1 TURN LEFT (or RIGHT) IMMEDIATELY HEADING (three digits) TO AVOID [UNIDENTIFIED] TRAFFIC (bearing by clock-reference and distance) 127
4.7.1.8.5.2 TURN LEFT (or RIGHT) (number of degrees) DEGREES IMMEDIATELY TO AVOID [UNIDENTIFIED] TRAFFIC AT (bearing by clock-reference and distance) 4.7.1.9 4.7.1.9.1 [IF] RADIO CONTACT LOST (instructions) 4.7.1.9.2 IF NO TRANSMISSION RECEIVED FOR (number) MINUTES (or SECONDS) (instructions) 4.7.1.9.3 REPLY NOT RECEIVED (instructions) 4.7.1.9.4 4.7.1.9.4.1 IF YOU READ [manoeuver instructions or SQUAWK code (or IDENT)] 4.7.1.9.4.2 128
(manoeuver (or SQUAWK)) OBSERVED, POSITION (position of aircraft), WILLCONTINUE RADAR CONTROL 4.7.1.10 4.7.1.10.1 RADAR CONTROLTERMINATED [DUE (reason)] 4.7.1.10.2 RADAR SERVICE TERMINATED (instructions) 4.7.1.10.3 WILL SHORTLY LOSE IDENTIFICATION (appropriate instructions or information) 4.7.1.10.4 ] IDENTIFICATION LOST [reasons] (instructions) 4.7.1.11 4.7.1.11.1 SECONDARY RADAR OUT OF SERVICE (appropriate information as necessary) 4.7.1.11.2 129
PRIMARY RADAR OUT OF SERVICE (appropriate information as necessary) 4.7.2 4.7.2.1 4.7.2.1.1 VECTORING FOR (type of pilot-interpreted aid) APPROACH RUNWAY (number) 4.7.2.1.2 VECTORING FOR VISUAL APPROACH RUNWAY (number) REPORT FIELD (or RUNWAY) IN SIGHT 4.7.2.1.3 VECTORING FOR (position in the circuit) 4.7.2.1.4 (type) APPROACH NOT AVAILABLE DUE (reason) (alternative instructions) 4.7.2.2 4.7.2.2.1 130
POSITION (number) KILOMETERS (or MILES) from (fix) TURN LEFT (or RIGHT) HEADING (three digits) 4.7.2.2.2 YOU WILL INTERCEPT (radio aid or track) (distance) FROM (significant point or TOUCHDOWN) 4.7.2.2.3 * *REQUEST (distance) FINAL 4.7.2.2.4 CLEARED FOR (type)approach RUNWAY (number) 4.7.2.2.5 MLS ILS REPORT ESTABLISHED [ON MLS APPROACH TRACK] or [ON ILS LOCALIZER (or GLIDE PATH)] 4.7.2.2.6 CLOSING FROM LEFT (or RIGHT) [REPORT ESTABLISHED] 4.7.2.2.7 131
TURN LEFT (or RIGHT) (three digits) [TO INTERCEPT (or REPORT ESTABLISHED)] 4.7.2.2.8 EXPECT VECTOR ACROSS (localizer course or radio aid) (reason) 4.7.2.2.9 THIS TURN WILL TAKE YOU THROUGH (localizer course or radio aid) [reason] 4.7.2.2.10 TAKING YOU THROUGH (localizer course or radio aid) [reason] 4.7.2.2.11 MAINTAIN (altitude) UNTILGLIDE PATH INTERCEPTION 4.7.2.2.12 REPORT ESTABLISHED ON GLIDE PATH 4.7.2.2.13 INTERCEPT (localizer course or radio aid) [REPORT ESTABLISHED] 4.7.2.3 132
4.7.2.3.1 ILS MLS CLEARED FOR ILS (or MLS) APPROACH RUNWAY (number) LEFT (or RIGHT) 4.7.2.3.2 MLS MLS YOU HAVE CROSSED THE LOCALIZER (or MLS FINAL APPROACH TRACK).TURN LEFT (or RIGHT) IMMEDIATELY AND RETURN TO THE LOCALIZER (or MLS FINAL APPROACH TRACK) 4.7.2.3.3 ILS MLS MLS ILS (or MLS) RUNWAY (number) LEFT (or LOCALIZER (or MLS) FREQUENCY IS (frequency) RIGHT) 4.7.2.3.4 NTZ TURN LEFT (or RIGHT) (number) DEGREES (or HEADING) (three digits) IMMEDIATELY TO AVOID TRAFFIC [DEVIATING FROMADJACENTAPPROACH], CLIMB TO (altitude) 4.7.2.3.5 133
CLIMB TO (altitude) IMMEDIATELY TO AVOID TRAFFIC [DEVIATING FROM ADJACENT APPROACH], (further instructions) 120m 400ft PAOAS 4.7.3 4.7.3.1 SSR 4.7.3.1.1 ADVISE TRANSPONDER CAPABILITY 4.7.3.1.2 * *TRANSPONDER (as shown in the flight plan) 4.7.3.1.3 * *NEGATIVE TRANSPONDER 4.7.3.2 4.7.3.2.1 SQUAWK (code) (or FOR DEPARTURE SQUAWK (code)) 4.7.3.3 134
4.7.3.3.1 RESET SQUAWK [(mode)] (code) 4.7.3.3.2 * *RESETTING (mode) (code) 4.7.3.4 4.7.3.4.1 S RESET MODE S IDENTIFICATION 4.7.3.5 4.7.3.5.1 CONFIRM SQUAWK (code) 4.7.3.5.2 * *SQUAWKING (code) 4.7.3.6 4.7.3.6.1 SQUAWK [(code)] [AND] IDENT 4.7.3.6.2 SQUAWK STANDBY 4.7.3.6.3 135
SQUAWK NORMAL 4.7.3.6.2 4.7.3.6.3 4.7.3.7 4.7.3.7.1 MAYDAY 7700 SQUAWK MAYDAY [CODE SEV-en-SEV-en-ZE-RO ZE-RO] 4.7.3.8 4.7.3.8.81 STOP SQUAWK 4.7.3.9 4.7.3.9.1 C SQUAWK CHARLIE 4.7.3.10 C 4.7.3.10.1 C STOP SQUAWK CHARLIE, WRONG INDICATION 4.7.3.11 CONFIRM (level) 136
4.8 4.8.1 4.8.1.1 QNH (aircraft call sign) LOW ALTITUDE WARNING, CHECK YOUR ALTITUDE IMMEDIATELY, QNH IS (number) [(units)], [THE MINIMUM FLIGHTALTITUDE IS (altitude)] 4.8.2 4.8.2.1 (aircraft call sign) TERRAIN ALERT (suggested pilot action, if possible) 4.9 ADS 4.9.1ADS ADS (or AUTOMATIC DEPENDENT SURVEILLANCE) OUT OF SERVICE (appropriate information as necessary) 4.9.2 CPDLC ALLSTATIONS, CPDLC FAILURE 4.10 137
4.10.1 4.10.1.1 [ARE YOU] READYTO START UP 4.10.1.2 * *STARTING NUMBER (engine number(s)) 4.10.2 4.10.2.1 ARE YOU READY FOR PUSHBACK 4.10.2.2 * *READY FOR PUSHBACK 4.10.2.3 CONFIRM BRAKES RELEASED 4.10.2.4 * *BRAKES RELEASED 4.10.2.5 COMMENCING PUSHBACK 4.10.2.6 138
PUSHBACK COMPLETED 4.10.2.7 * *STOP PUSHBACK 4.10.2.8 CONFIRM BRAKES SET 4.10.2.9 * BRAKES SET 4.10.2.10 * DISCONNECT 4.10.2.11 DISCONNECTING STAND BY FOR VISUAL AT YOUR LEFT (or RIGHT) 4.11 RVSM 4.11.1 4.11.1.1 RVSM (aircraft call sign) CONFIRM RVSMAPPROVED 139
RVSM 4.11.1.2 * RVSM *NEGATIVE RVSM RVSM a RVSM b RVSM c RVSM FL290 FL410 4.11.1.3 * RVSM *AFFIRM RVSM 4.11.1.4 * RVSM *NEGATIVE RVSM STATEAIRCRAFT RVSM (aircraft call sign) CONFIRM RVSM APPROVED RVSM 4.11.1.5 RVSM 140
(aircraft call sign) UNABLE CLEARANCE INTO RVSM AIRSPACE, MAINTAIN [or DESCEND TO, or CLIMB TO] FLIGHT LEVEL(number) 4.11.1.6 * RVSM *UNABLE RVSM DUE [TURBULENCE] 4.11.1.7 * RVSM *UNABLE RVSM DUE EQUIPMENT RVSM MASPS Minimum Aircraft System Performance Specification MASPS RVSM RVSM 4.11.1.8 RVSM REPORTABLE TO RESUME RVSM RVSM RVSM 4.11.2 4.11.2.1 RVSM RVSM NEGATIVE RVSM or NEGATIVE RVSM STATEAIRCRAFT 141
1 18 2 RVSM 4.11.2.2 RVSM UNABLE RVSM DUE TURBULENCE [or EQUIPMENT] RVSM 4.12 RNAV 4.12.1 RNAV 4.12.1.1 RNAV (aircraft callsign) CONFIRM RNAV (APPROVED) 4.12.1.2 RNAV (aircraft callsign)advise RNAV CAPABILITY 4.12.2 RNAV 4.12.2.1 * RNAV *NEGATIVE RNAV 4.12.2.2 * RNAV *AFFIRM RNAV 142
4.12.3 RNAV 4.12.3.1 * RNAV *(aircraft callsign) REQUEST RNAV 4.12.3.2 RNAV (aircraft callsign) RNAVAPPROVED 4.12.3.3 RNAV (aircraft call sign) UNABLE RNAV, (alternative instructions) 4.12.3.4 * RNAV *UNABLE RNAV DUE EQUIPMENT 4.12.3.5 RNAV REPORTABLE TO RESUME RNAV RNAV 4.12.4 4.12.4.1 (aircraft callsign) CLEARED [STAR]ARRIVAL 4.12.4.2 143
(aircraft callsign) CLEARED [STAR] ARRIVAL AND PROFILE 4.12.4.3 (aircraft callsign) CLEARED [STAR] ARRIVAL DIRECT TO [way point] 4.12.5 4.12.5.1 RNAV (aircraft callsign) CLEARED RNAV APPROACH [RUNWAY (runway number)] 4.12.5.2RNAV RNAV (aircraft callsign) [RNAV departure route designator] RNAV DEPARTURE, [further instruction if necessary] 4.13 8.33 4.13.1 8.33 4.13.1.1 25 khz 8.33 khz 8.33 channel 144
As an interim solution to severe VHF spectrum congestion, ICAO has split the VHF communications band from 25 khz to 8.33 khz channel spacing. 8.33 khz frequencies are referred to as channels. There is a sixth digit at the end of the channel designation and when transferring between channels all six digits must be used. CHANNEL 132.010 CHANNELONE TREE TWO DECIMALZERO ONE ZERO 4.13.2 8.33 The following phraseology shall only be used when referring to 8.33 khz channels 4.13.2.1 8.33 4.13.2.1.1 8.33 (aircraft callsign) ADVISE EIGHT POINT TREE TREE EQUIPPED 8.33 EIGHT POINT TREE TREE EIGHT DECIMALTREE TREE 4.13.2.1.2 * 8.33 *AFFIRM EIGHT POINT TREE TREE 4.13.2.1.3 * 8.33 145
*NEGATIVE EIGHT POINT TREE TREE 4.13.2.1.4 8.33 (aircraft call sign) ADVISE EIGHT POINT TREE TREE EXEMPTION STATUS 4.13.2.1.5 * 8.33 *(aircraft call sign) EXEMPTED EIGHT POINT TREE TREE 4.13.2.2 8.33 4.13.2.2.1 8.33 (aircraft call sign) CONFIRM EIGHT POINT TREE TREE CHANNEL 4.13.2.2.2 * 8.33 *(aircraft call sign) AFFIRM EIGHT POINT TREE TREE CHANNEL 4.13.2.3 8.33 8.33 4.13.2.3.1 8.33 (clearance (or instruction)) DUE EIGHT POINT TREE TREE REQUIREMENT 4.13.2.4 146