I

A Study on Traffic of Heavy Trucks as Constrained by Vibration and Noise

I

Abstract The rapid economic and industrial development in Taiwan in recent decades has resulted in a significant increase in population in and near metropolitan cities. Industrial, commercial, and residential areas are mixed and traffic, heavy-duty trucks in particular, is becoming more and more congested on major arteries. The vibration and noise from heavy traffic have been slowly deteriorating the living environment, directly and indirectly affecting public health and public welfare. The ROC Environmental Protection Administration (ROC EPA) has promulgated noise control regulations, but has yet to establish vibration standards. The objective of this study is to develop a credible model for analyzing vibration and noise from heavy-duty trucks, such as tractor trailers. The study is organized in four parts: (1) Collecting data vibration and noise of trucks at various speed and various combinations; (2) reducing uncertainties in data using grey system theory; (3) constructing regression models; and (4) analyzing traffic patterns, both the speed limit and number of trucks allowed. The study selected Chung Erh Road of the Taichung Harbor Boulevard for the vibration and noise data of the tractor trailers heading toward Taichung Harbor. The study derived regression models in second-order equations, but these equations are very nearly linear. Based on the current ROC EPA noise regulations and Japanese vibration standards, the analysis results suggest that traffic noise is the more restricting factor. In many cases, heavy-duty trucks are not able to comply with the current ROC EPA noise regulations at any reasonable speed. The analysis result can provide insight information for the ROC EPA in establishing vibration standards in the future. Keywords: Vibration, noise, grey system theory, regression analysis, attenuation. II

1-1 1.1 1-1 1.2. 1-2. 2-1 2.1. 2-1 2.1.1...... 2-1 2.1.2... 2-2 2.1.3.. 2-2 2.2. 2-3 2.2.1.. 2-4 2.2.2.. 2-7 2.3.... 2-9 2.3.1....... 2-9 2.3.2... 2-16 2.3.3... 2-16 2.4. 2-20 2.4.1... 2-20 2.4.2... 2-20 2.5.. 2-22 III

2.5.1... 2-22 2.5.2... 2-24 2.5.3... 2-27...... 3-1 3.1.... 3-1 3.1.1... 3-1 3.1.2... 3-4 3.1.3.... 3-5 3.1.4.... 3-6 3.2... 3-6 3.2.1... 3-7 3.2.2... 3-7 3.3. 3-8 3.4.. 3-12.. 4-1 4.1.... 4-1 4.2.. 4-3 4.2.1... 4-3 4.2.2... 4-7 4.3.... 4-11. 5-1 5.1.... 5-1 5.2.. 5-4 6-1 6-3 IV

A /.. A-1 B.. B-1 C Mathematica.. C-1 D.... D-1 V

2-1 2-2 2-3 3-1 3-2 4-1 4-2 4-3 4-4. 2-10. 2-11. 2-14. 3-2. 3-3. 4-2. 4-4. 4-12. 4-21 VI

2-1 2-2 2-3 2-4 2-5 2-6 4-1 4-2 4-3 4-4 4-5 4-6 4-7 4-8 4-9. 2-6. 2-8. 2-15. 2-15. 2-21. 2-23.. 4-5. 4-6. 4-8. 4-9. 4-10.. 4-14. 4-15. 4-16. 4-18 4-10. 4-19 4-11. 4-22 4-12. 4-23 VII

1.1 2001 2002 1-1

1.2 2000 19 1998 1985 1-2

1-3

2.1 19 2.1.1 90 db decibel 1 1 (decibel db) 10 bel 2-1

2001 19 2.1.2 1990 1997 1997 2.1.3 2-2

20 Hz 2 (Infrasound or Vibration) 20~20,000 Hz 20,000 Hz (Ultrasound) 1996 500~1000 Hz 2002 (2-1) (2-2) L 0.1L1 0.1Ln = 10 Log [10 +... + 10 ] (2-1) 10 L avg 1 0.1L1 0.1Ln = 10 Log 10[ (10 +... + 10 )] (2-2) n L 1 r 1 L n r n n n 2.2 2 2-3

1996 2.2.1 Ouis 2001 A 3 db(a) 2002 2001 3 A B ( ) C ( ) D ( ) 2-4

4 sound pressure level, SPL db 1995 Temporary Threshold Shift TTS Permanent Threshold Shift PTS 40 db 40 db 50 db 70 80 db 80~90 db 2-1 4 2-5

2-1 db(a) 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 1995 2-6

1997 2-2 2.2.2 1997 70 db 2-7

2-2 (db) 90 80 70 60 50 JIS Z8735 2-8

2-1 Neson, 1987 2.3 2.3.1 (r 0 ) (r) 1988 1997 2-2 r L r 0 L Ar Ar 0 L Ar r = L Ar 0 20 Log 10 ( ) (2-3) r 0 L Ar r (db(a)) L r 0 (db(a)) Ar 0 2-9

2-1 2-10

r 0 r 1 2-2 2-11

r 1 L Ar 1 Bornitz 2-4 Bornitz 1988 (db) 2-5 (2-5) Ur α ( r r 0 ) r n = Ur [e /( ) ] (2-4) 0 r 0 Ur Ur 0 N r r o r r o 5 6 r n = L 20 Log ( ) 8.68α (r r ) (2-5) LVr Vr0 10 r0 0 5 6 2-12

Lv r Lv r0 r (db) r 0 (db) r r 0 n 2-3 n 2-3 100m 7 8 20-30m 100m 2-4 = 0 = 0 n ( n= 0.75 ) 7 8 Rayleigh Love 2-13

2-3 2-14

2-3 n=0.5 Lvr=Lvr0-10Log 10 (r/r 0 ) n=0.75 Lvr=Lvr0-15Log 10 (r/r 0 ) n=1 Lvr=Lvr0-20Log 10 (r/r 0 ) 2-4 0.01 0.01~0.02 0.02~0.03 2-15

= 0 2.3.2 (Lmax) 9 (Leq) 10 1997 ANSI S3.19-1983 10 Lv max 5 100 Lv 11 10 2.3.3 9 Lmax: L A max A L Vmax 10 Leq: L A A Lveq 11 : 2-16

Donati 1998 Bendtsen 1996 Alexandre 1975 (<50 km/h) 1950~1960 Campbell, 2000 19 FHWA (Federal Highway Administration) 2-6 2-17

Y ax + b = (2-6) Y X a,b (km/h) 15 db(a) 1984 2-7 = a Log Q b (2-7) Leq 10 + Q Leq a,b ( /15 ) db(a) Suksaard 1999 2-8 2-9 Leq PWL = a Log 10 V + b (2-8) L V = PWL 10 Log (2P 1000) + Ld Lg (2-9) eq 10 + Q PWL a,b P (db(a)) (m) 2-18

V Q Ld Lg (km/h) ( /h) 1998 2-10 VL = ax + b (2-10) VL X a,b db 1988 24 (Multiple Regression) L A max Leq (24hr) 2-11 2-12 L 2 = av + bv c (2-11) A max + L eq A max 10 (24hr ) = L + 10 (Log N ) d (2-12) V (km/hr) 2-19

a, b, c, d 2.4 1996 2.4.1 db(a) Lmax (equivalent level, Leq) 2001 Leq 2-5 2.4.2 2-20

2-5 Leq 69 71 63 70 74 67 73 74 69 75 76 73 1. 05 00~07 00 20 00~22 00 07 00~20 00 00 00~05 00 22 00~24 00 2. db(a) 3. 8 30 6 8 15 2-21

1976 2-6 2.5 2.5.1 1997 2-22

2-6 JIS Z8735 60 65 db 55 60 db 65 70 db 60 65 db 05 00~08 00 19 00~22 00 19 00~22 00 05 00~08 00 2-23

2.5.2 1996 1996 1985 1982 grey system theory 2-24

relational analysis model construction prediction decision Grey Generating a accumulated generating operation b inverse accumulated generating operation c Grey Relational Analysis Grey Model 2-25

GM(n,h) 1989 1988 GM(1,1) GM(1,N) n GM(0,N) n (Grey Prediction) GM(1,1) GM(1,h) (Grey Decision Making) GM(1,1) 2-26

1989 1988 (Grey Control) 2.5.3 2001 Lveq Lv 10 Xianmin 1999 2-27

GM(1,1) 1997 GM(1,1) GM(1,N) ARIMA (Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average) ARIMA 2-28

(Tractor trailer) 3-1 3.1 3.1.1 B-1 CNS-7813 CNS-7130 1986 20 3-2 3-1

Mathematica Matlab 3-1 3-2

r 3 r 2 r 1 3-3

3.1.2 / A (1) RION VM-52A (Vibration Level Meter B-2 ) 1 (VL) 2 (VAL) (JIS) 30 120 db X Y Z (2) RION NL-04 (Integrating Sound Level Meter B-3 ) (CNS) 94 db 1000 HZ 40 100 db A (FAST) 1 3-4

CN74 Transducer-type Calibrator 1000 Hz 94 db PV-83B (Vibration Pickup) X Y Z RION LR-04 RP-01D W312 (Aluminum tripod) 1.2-1.5 m 1 m 3.1.3 CNS- 7130 CNS-7183 1986 A 3-5

(FAST) 1996 (Leq) (Leq) (VL) (Leq) 10sec (Leq) 3.1.4 50 (t) 50( ) 3600( / ) t( ) 1000( / ) (v) 50 50( ) 3600( / ) 3.6 (sec) 3.6( ) 1000( / ) 50 (km/h) B-1 3.2 3-2 3-6

3.2.1 2-3 2-5 n = 0.75, = 0 r2 (1) (L V ) Ln 2 = (L V ) Ln 1 15 Log 10 ( r ) (3-1) 1 2 (2) (L ) = (L ) 20 Log ( ) (3-2) A Ln 2 A Ln 1 10 r r 1 r2 (1) (L V ) Ln 2 = (L V ) Ln 3 15 Log 10 ( r ) (3-3) 3 2 (2) (L A ) Ln 2 = (L A ) Ln 3 20 Log 10 ( ) (3-4) r r 3 3.2.2 Lv L A 3-7

L V1, L V2,. L Vn, L A1, L A2, L An VL L A eq 0.1L1 0.1Ln (1) VL = 10 Log [10 +... + 10 ] (3-5) 10 0.1L1 0.1Ln (2) L eq = 10 Log [10 +... + 10 ] (3-6) A 10 3.3 3.2 (Grey Model, GM) Matlab (Matrix laboratory) 3 3-8

Deng et al., 1988 1996 GM(1,1) (1) (Accumulated Generating Operation) AGO x (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) x = ( x (1), x (2), x (3),...x (n) ) (0) = ( x (k) ; k = 1,2,3...n ) (3-7) x (1) x (0) 1 2 ( ) = ( ) ( ( ) ) ( ( ) ) n 1 0 0 0 x k, x k,..., x ( k ) x (3-8) k = 1 k = 1 k = 1 (2) x (1) 3-9

GM(1,1) ( 1) dx ( ) + ax 1 = b (3-9) dt Shadow Equation Pseduo Differential Equation a, b a, b (3) 1. (1) ( dx dt k) lim x = t 0 (1) (1) (k) x t (k t) (3-10) = 1 (1) dx (0) (k) (1) (1) = x (k) x (k 1) = x (k) (3-11) dt 2. z (1) (k) x (1) (k) (1) (1) z (1) (k) = 0.5 x (k) + x (k 1) (3-12) 3-10

G(1,1) (1) dx (0) ax (1) (k) = x dt (k) = a z (1) (k) (k) 3-9 x (0) (1) (k) + a z (k) = b ( k = 2,...n) (3-13) (4) 3-13 x ( 0 ) ( 1 ( k) a z ) ( k) b = + (3-14) B = (1) z (2) (1) z (3) (1) z (n) 1 1, 1 Y N (0) x (2) (0) x (3) =, (0) x (n) aˆ = a b Y N = Bâ (3-15) B Y N â a b â 3-11

T 1 T ( B B) B YN aˆ = (3-16) (5) GM(1,1) ( 1 ) dx ax 1 dt ( ) + = - b a x (1) (t) = c e at + b 1. t=1 k=1 b x (1) (1) = e - a (1) b c + c = [ x (1) ] e a a a 2. t=k x (1) (k) (1) b = x (1) - e - a(k - 1) a + b a a b x (1) (0) (1) = x (1) (3-17) x (0) (k) x (0) b (k + 1) = x (1) - e - ak a (1) ˆ (3-18) + b a 3.4 3-12

3.2 3.3 : VL 2 = av + bv + c (3-19) L 2 eq = a' V + b' V c' (3-20) A + VL db L A eq db(a) a, b, c a ', b ', c ' a, b, c VL a ( 2 v ) + b ( v) + n c = VL 3 2 a ( v ) + b ( v ) + ( v) c = (v VL ) (3-21) 4 3 2 2 a ( v ) + b ( v ) + ( v ) c = (v VL ) VL L A eq a ', b ', c' 3-13

4.1 4.2 4.3 4.1 4-1 38 28 18 2 5 2 6 127 2-3 2-5 4-1

18m 28m 38m 4-1 4-2

C 4.2 4-2 R 2 4.2.1 35~85 km/h / (5 km/h) 35 40 km/h 37.5 km/h 4-1 4-2 4-1 X (0) (k) 2-2 35 40 km/h t 37.5 km/h 2-2 44.6 db (3-15) B Y N Matlab X (1) (k) Z (1) (k) D (3-16) â â 1 2 4-3

60 50 40 30 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 4-2 4-4

4-1 (km/h) X (0) (k) X (1) (k) Z (1) (k) 37.5 44.6 44.6 -- 42.5 45.6 90.2 67.4 47.5 48.0 138.2 114.2 52.5 48.6 186.8 162.5 57.5 48.1 234.9 210.9 62.5 48.3 283.2 259.1 67.5 47.8 331.0 307.1 72.5 47.4 378.4 354.7 77.5 48.2 426.6 402.5 82.5 50.3 476.9 451.8 4-5

4-2 (km/h) X (0) (k) X (1) (k) Z (1) (k) 37.5 71.1 71.1 -- 42.5 72.8 143.9 107.5 47.5 74.8 218.7 181.3 52.5 73.4 292.1 255.4 57.5 75.7 367.8 330.0 62.5 74.8 442.6 405.2 67.5 73.0 515.6 479.1 72.5 73.3 588.9 552.3 77.5 81.3 670.2 629.6 82.5 73.4 743.6 706.9 4-6

0.00579 a 0.00423 a â 1 = =, = = 46.5342 b 73.0064 b â 2 (4-1) 3-18 0.00579 (1) (0) xˆ (k + 1) = ( x (1) + 8037 ) e 8037 1 (k + 1) x (1) e0.00423 k (1) (0) ˆ = ( + 17242.1) 17242. 1 x 2 k 4-3 ˆ 0.00579 1 k= 1 (1+ 1) = ( 44.6 + 8037) e 8037 x (1) 42.5 km/h x ˆ (1) = 1 (0) x ˆ (1) 44.6 46.9 1 (1) = db 4.2.2 4-3 (VL) (L A eq) 3-19 3-20 3-21 6 2 2 VL = 1 10 V + 5.6 10 V + 44. 5 5 2 2 L eq = 7.4 10 V + 7.5 10 V 70. 4 A + (4-2) (4-2) 4-4 4-5 4-7

4-3 k (km/h) VL(dB) L A eq(db(a)) 0 37.5 44.6 71.1 1 42.5 46.9 73.5 2 47.5 47.2 73.8 3 52.5 47.5 74.1 4 57.5 47.8 74.4 5 62.5 48.0 74.7 6 67.5 48.3 75.0 7 72.5 48.6 75.4 8 77.5 48.9 75.7 9 82.5 49.2 76.0 10 87.5 49.4 76.3 4-8

4-4 (db) * ** (km/h) 30 44.2 46.2 49.1 35 44.5 46.5 49.4 40 44.8 46.8 49.7 45 45.1 47.1 49.9 50 45.3 47.3 50.2 55 45.6 47.6 50.5 60 45.9 47.9 50.8 65 46.2 48.2 51.1 70 46.5 48.5 51.3 75 46.8 48.7 51.6 80 47.0 49.0 51.9 90 47.6 49.6 52.5 100 48.2 50.1 53.0 * 28 ( L V ) Ln 2 = (L V ) Ln 1 15 Log 10 ( ) 38 ** 28 ( L V ) Ln 2 = (L V ) Ln 3 15 Log 10 ( ) 18 4-9

4-5 (km/h) (db(a)) * ** 30 69.9 72.5 76.4 35 70.2 72.9 76.7 40 70.6 73.2 77.1 45 70.9 73.6 77.4 50 71.3 73.9 77.8 55 71.6 74.2 78.1 60 71.9 74.6 78.4 65 72.3 74.9 78.7 70 72.6 75.2 79.1 75 72.9 75.5 79.4 80 73.2 75.9 79.7 90 73.8 76.5 80.3 100 74.4 77.1 80.9 * ( L A ) Ln 2 = ( L A ) Ln 1 20 Log 10 28 ( 38 ) ** ( L A ) Ln 2 ( L A ) Ln 3 20 Log 10 = 28 ( 18 ) 4-10

4.3 1988 VL 4-3 V 2 4-3 a a (10-6 10-5 ) 4.2 10 sec Leq 0.1 Leq1 0.1Leq2 0.1 LeqK n1 10 + n2 10 +... + nk10 10 Log10 [ 10(sec) 60(min/h)] 3600(sec/h) (4-3) 35 km/h 4-2 VL 46.5 db 4-4 (4-3) 67 n=67 44.5 db 55 db 4-6 4-7 4-11

db 2 VL = av + bv + c a, b,c > 0 100 (km/h) db(a) 2 Leq = a' V + b' V + c' a ' < 0, b ', c ' > 0 100 (km/h) 4-3 4-12

0.1 46.5 n 1 10 55 db 10 Log 10 [ 10(sec) 60(min/ h)] 3600 (sec/ h) n 67 n = 4-6 55 60 db 57.5 db 30 km/h 73 db A 4-7 4-6 73 75 76 db(a) 4-8 50 (km/h) 50 km/h 47.3 db 4-4 45.3 db 100 km/h 60 db (60 db) 70 km/h 127 4-13

4-6 ( )** (km/h) (55) (57.5) (60) (db)* (55) (57.5) (60) (55) (57.5) (60) 30 72 128 228 45 80 143 23 41 73 35 67 119 212 42 75 134 21 38 68 40 62 111 198 39 70 125 20 36 64 45 54 104 185 36 65 116 19 34 61 50 55 99 177 35 62 111 18 32 57 55 52 92 165 32 58 104 16 30 53 60 48 86 154 30 54 97 15 28 49 65 45 80 143 28 51 90 14 26 46 70 42 75 134 26 47 84 14 25 44 75 39 70 125 25 45 80 13 23 41 80 37 67 119 23 42 75 12 21 38 90 32 58 104 20 36 65 10 18 33 100 28 51 90 18 32 58 9 16 30 *(55) (60) ** 4-14

4-7 ( )** (km/h) (73) (75) (76) (db(a))* (73) (75) (76) (73) (75) (76) 30 12 19 24 6 10 13 2 4 5 35 11 18 22 6 9 12 2 4 5 40 10 16 20 5 9 11 2 3 4 45 9 15 19 5 8 10 2 3 4 50 8 14 17 4 7 9 1 3 3 55 8 13 16 4 7 9 1 2 3 60 7 12 15 4 6 8 1 2 3 65 7 11 14 3 6 7 1 2 3 70 6 10 13 3 5 7 1 2 2 75 6 9 12 3 5 6 1 2 2 80 5 9 11 3 4 6 1 2 2 90 4 7 9 2 4 5 1 1 2 100 4 6 8 2 3 4 0 1 1 * 8m 2-5 (73) (75) (76) ** 4-15

4-8 (km/h) (db) (db(a)) 1 50 45.3 71.3 5 100 60.0 87.9 1 55.3* 47.6 74.3 1 70 48.5 75.2 * B 4-16

55.3 km/h 1 55.3 km/h 70 km/h 48.5 db 75.2 db(a) 70 km/h (10 sec) 4-9 C 60 db 22 76 db 2 4-9 4-10 5 55dB 5 10.8 km/h 2 65dB 99.8 km/h 70 1 55.3 km/h 12.5 km/h C 2 1 5 2 3 4-17

4-9 70 km/h (db)* (db(a))** 55 57.5 60 73 75 76 N 1 1 N *** 2 7 17 N 0 0 0 N 2 0 3 9 19 0 0 0 N 2 1 0 6 16 0 0 0 N 3 0 2 7 17 0 0 0 N 4 0 0 6 16 0 0 0 N 5 0 0 4 14 0 0 0 N 6 0 0 3 12 0 0 0 N 0 0 7 12 22 1 1 2 * (55) (60) ** 8m 2-5 (73) (75) (76) ***N 4-18

4-10 (db) (km/h) 55 5 10.8 57.5 5 55.3 60 5 99.8** *(55) (60) ** (70 km/h) 4-19

4-7 4-4 4-11 4-12 50 km/h 47.3 db 4-4 42.6 db 4-12 4-20

4-21 48m 58m 68m

4-11 (db) * ** *** (km/h) 30 42.7 41.5 40.4 35 43.0 41.8 40.7 40 73.3 42.0 41.0 45 43.5 42.3 41.3 50 43.8 42.6 41.6 55 44.1 42.9 41.4 60 44.4 43.2 42.1 65 44.7 43.4 42.4 70 45.0 43.7 42.7 75 45.2 44.0 43.0 80 45.5 44.3 43.2 90 46.1 44.8 43.8 100 46.6 45.4 44.4 * 28 ( L V ) Ln 2 = (L V ' ) Ln 1 15 Log 10 ( ) 48 ** 28 ( L V ) Ln 2 = (L V ' ) Ln 2 15 Log 10 ( ) 58 *** 28 ( L V ) Ln 2 = (L V ' ) Ln 3 15 Log 10 ( ) 68 4-22

4-12 (db(a)) * ** *** (km/h) 30 67.9 66.2 64.8 35 68.2 66.6 65.2 40 68.6 66.9 65.5 45 68.9 67.3 65.9 50 69.2 67.6 66.2 55 69.6 67.9 66.5 60 69.9 68.3 66.9 65 70.2 68.6 67.2 70 70.5 68.9 67.5 75 70.9 69.2 67.8 80 71.2 69.5 68.2 90 71.8 70.2 68.8 100 72.4 70.8 69.4 * 28 ( L A ) Ln 2 = ( L A ' ) Ln 1 20 Log 10 ( ) 48 ** ( L A ) Ln 2 ( L A ' ) Ln 2 20 Log 10 = 28 ( 58 ) *** ( L A ) Ln 2 ( L A ' ) Ln 3 20 Log 10 = ( 28 68 ) 4-23

5.1 5-1

4-7 5-2

6 2 2 VL = 1 10 V + 5. 6 10 V+ 44. 5 5 2 2 Leq = 7. 4 10 V + 7. 5 10 V + 70. 4 18m 28m 38m a b c ' a ' b ' c v VL = av 2 + bv + c Leq = a'v 2 + b'v + c' Log 2-3 2-5 r R VL = av + b Log 10 ( ) + c r R Leq = a'v + b' Log 10 ( ) + c' r R 5-3

5.2 55.3 km/h 5-4

1 12.5 km/h A 2-5 n (Geographical I nformation System, GIS) GIS 1 N (55.25,12.5) 5-5

(1) (trial and error) (2) (3) 48m 58m 68m 4-11 4-12 5-6

http://www.tchb.gov.tw 2002 http://www.epa.gov.tw 2002 pp.1-6 http://eeweb.gcc.ntu.edu.tw/topic/air/book12.htm 2002 (EPA Forum) http://www.epa.gov.tw/news1/title_n.asp 2001 http://www.ciche.org.tw/semimonth/vol12/12-19.asp 2001 http://www.kmu.edu.tw/~kmcj/data/9003/4669.htm 2001 pp.300-307 2000 http://2g.map.com.tw/ 2000 Mathematica 3.0 1999 1998 1997 1997 6-1

- 26 3 pp.525-556 1997 1997 Matlab 1996 1996 1996 (85) 01467 1996-1995, pp.1-5 19 13 1 pp.51-74 1990 ( ) 1990 5 pp.246 249 1989 11 1 1988 1988 6-2

1988 CNS-7130 1986 CNS-7183 1986 1985 1984 ANSI S3.19-1983 (JIS Z8735) http://www.sam.hi-ho.ne.jp/takeshi-kunimoto/index/sikaku/22.txt 1981 Ouis, D., Annoyance form Road Traffic Noise :A Review, Journal of Environment Psychology, Vol.21, 2001 Campbell Steele, A Critical Review of Some Traffic Noise Prediction Models, Applied Acoustics, 2000 Xianmin W., Zaikang C., Changzhi Y., Youming C., GrayPredicting Theory and Application of Energy Consumption of Bullilding Heat-moisture System, Building and 6-3

Envirronment, 1999 Suksaard, H., Road Traffic Noise Prediction Model in Thailand, Applied Acoustics, Vol.58, 1999 Donati, P., A Procedure for Developing A Vibration Test Method for Specific Categories of Industrial Trucks, Journal of Sound and Vibration,Vol.215,No.4,Aug 1998 Bendtsen, H., Test of Noise Reduction of Road Surfaces, Denmark:Road Directorate, 1996 Mitschke, M., Evaluation of Vehicle Vibration, JSAE Review, Vol.16, April, 1995 Deng, J et al., Essential Topics on Grey System: Theory and Application, Hua-Zhong University of Science and Technology, China Ocean Press,Beijing, 1988 Neson, P. M., Transportation Noise Reference Book, Cambridge:Butterworths, 1987 Neson, P. M.& Abbott, P. G., Low Noise Road Surfaces, Applied Acoustics, Vol.21, 1987 Alexandre, A.,Barde, J. P., C. & Langdon, F. J., Road Traffic Noise, London:Applied Science Publishers, 1975 6-4

A / / ( Primary Standard ) db A-1 / 1.2~1.5 m A-1

A-1 (m/s) 09:00~15:00 2002 / 2 / 5 2002 / 2 / 6 RION NL-04 94dB(1000HZ) 94dB(1000HZ) (05:00~07:00) (07:00~20:00) (07:00~20:00) (20:00~22:00) (22:00~05:00) ( ) (%) -- -- -- -- 4.5 17.1 89 4.2 16.3 87 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1. 94 1 db 0.5 db 2. 0.5 db A-2

B 2 5 2 6 10 127 B-1 (Lane) 2,3,2 126 (t) 50 50( ) 3600 ( / ) t( ) 1000 ( / ) 127 55.3 km/h 12.5 km/h B-1 (Lvmax) (LAmax) B-1 B-1 VL LAeq 55.3 km/h 12.5 B-2 B-4 B-1

B-1 B-2

B-3

No Lane t v VL LAeq 50 = 50 ( ) 3600 ( / ) t ( ) 1000 ( / ) (db) (db(a)) * B-4

B-1 B-2 B-3 B-5

B-2 ( fo V (km/h) fo P ft ft 1 <30 1 0.0217 2.7559 1.1188 2 30~45 23 0.1844 23.4188 0.0075 3 45~60 63 0.4419 56.1213 0.8431 4 60~75 28 0.2949 37.4523 2.3856 5 75~90 11 0.0544 6.9088 2.4227 6 >90 1 0.0027 0.3429 1.2592 127 1 127 8.0369 ft ) 2 H 0 H 1 = 0.05 2 2 2 2 C = { χ χ > χ α (6 1 2) = χ (3) = 11. 35 } ( m = 6, k = 2 ) χ 2 2 ( fo ft) 2 =8.037< χ (3) = 11.35 ft 0.05 0.05 H 0 30 45 60 75 90 km/h 55.25 B-4 B-6

C Mathematica Mathematica 1999 Mathematica Mathematica Mathematica 1,2 2,2 2,3 2,2,3 C-2 Mathematica 116 B-1 51.1 db 61.4 km/h Mathematica 61.4 km/h 48.1 db Mathematica : 0.1 X 0.1 X Solve [10 Log[10,(10 + 10 )] == 51.1, X ] {{ X 48.0897}} X= 48.1 B-1 113 42.8 km/h 46.7 db Mathematica C-1

: 28 0.1 X 0.1 ( X 15 Log [10,( )]) 18 Solve [10 Log [10, (10 + 10 )] == 46.7, X ] {{ X 44.5715}} X= 44.6 70 km/h 46.5 db 48.5 51.3 db Mathematica : Solve[10 Log[10,(n 10 0.1 46.5 + 1 10 0.1 48.5 + 1 10 0.1 51.3 )] == 55,n] {{ n 2.48532}} N = 2 Solve[10 Log[10,(n 10 0.1 46.5 + 1 10 0.1 48.5 + 1 10 0.1 51.3 )] == 57.5,n] {{ n 7.98441}} N = 7 Solve[10 Log[10,(n 10 0.1 46.5 + 1 10 0.1 48.5 + 1 10 0.1 51.3 )] == 60,n] {{ n 17.8992}} N = 17 C-2

D Matlab 1. X (0) (k) 2. X (1) (k) 3. Z (1) (k) 4. 5. (5 km/h) (2-2) (Y N ) ( (3-15) B aˆ B 1 (3-16) = ( ) N T B B T Y â 1 â 2 Matlab D-2 D-4 Matlab â â 2 1 D-1

Matlab % % Y N =[45.6 48.0 48.6 48.1 48.3 47.8 47.4 48.2 50.3] Y N = 45.60000000000000 48.00000000000000 48.60000000000000 48.10000000000000 48.30000000000000 47.80000000000000 47.40000000000000 48.20000000000000 50.30000000000000 B=[-67.4 1-114.2 1-162.5 1-210.85 1-259.05 1-307.1 1-354.7 1-402.5 1-451.75 1] D-2

B = 1.0e+002 * -0.67400000000000 0.01000000000000-1.14200000000000 0.01000000000000-1.62500000000000 0.01000000000000-2.10850000000000 0.01000000000000-2.59050000000000 0.01000000000000-3.07100000000000 0.01000000000000-3.54700000000000 0.01000000000000-4.02500000000000 0.01000000000000-4.51750000000000 0.01000000000000 % â 1 =[a,b]% â =(B T *B)^-1*(B T *Y N ) 1 â 1 = -0.00579069598693 46.53415431285077 % % Y N =[72.8 74.8 73.4 75.7 74.8 73.0 73.3 81.3 73.4] Y N = 72.80000000000000 74.80000000000000 73.40000000000001 D-3

75.70000000000000 74.80000000000000 73.00000000000000 73.30000000000000 81.30000000000000 73.40000000000001 B=[-107.5 1-181.3 1-255.4 1-329.95 1-405.2 1-479.10 1-552.25 1-629.55 1-706.9 1] B = 1.0e+002 * -1.07500000000000 0.01000000000000-1.81300000000000 0.01000000000000-2.55400000000000 0.01000000000000-3.29950000000000 0.01000000000000-4.05200000000000 0.01000000000000-4.700000000000 0.01000000000000-5.52250000000000 0.01000000000000-6.29550000000000 0.01000000000000-7.06900000000000 0.01000000000000 % â 2 =[a,b]% â =(B T *B)^-1*(B T *Y N ) 2 2 â = -0.00423418732553 73.00636485507545 D-4