,,,,,,, : 1843 5 3 (), :,,,,,,, :,,, 38, 1986, 1021 34
,,,,, 1914 :, 1927, :, 1962,, :, 1982 1840-1849,,, : 1850,,,,,,, ;, 145915,, ( 2100, 1400 ),,,, ( ),, 13, 1976, 3709 1962 12 1982 2 3 35
, 2000 1983,,,, 1989, :, 2000, 1995,,, 3000,,,,,, 1983,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1983 5 1989 5 36
,,,,, 1982,,,,,, 1995,,,,,,,,,, 1992,,, ;,,,,,,,,,, 37
: (1840 1849 ) (1840 1848 ) ; (1840 1849 ) (1840 1848 ) ; (1840 1842 ) ; (1840 1843 ),,,,,,,, :, 624476017769, 3215011122, 1843 41500, 2800011122,,, 40,,,, 7, 1992 (, ), 587 591 ; 38
, 6924761, 3072933122 ; 112, 357771512 ;, 349200 47800,,,, 988897167, 6292119967, 129, 8,,,,, 20000,, 50, 550 ;,,, 7, 8 10 447 448,, ;,,, 40, 28,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2, 742, 3, 419 39
, 70400 ;, 1, 22,, 4322, ( ),, 4740055, 74805211829,,,,,,,, ;, ;,,,,,,,,,,, :,,,,, ( ) :,,,,, ( ),,,,, 2 2198, 2, 221442 70400, 1500 1, 46933,, 7, 475 478 40
,,,,,,, 373476,,,,,,,, 117, 108590,,,,,, 218230,,,, :,,, ;,,,,,,,, (,,,,,, 213000, 126018, 17420,,,, 236900, 18670, 176959,,,, 6, 499 500,, (,, ) 13 41
1500 1 ),, 8356373,,,,, 1302458179655, 39500,,, 10318131476, 34 13998115,, 2434753, 33847411,,, 230919,, 587247, 10581, 82000,,,,, 6, 209,, 6, 42,, 7, 414 418,,,,,,,,, 6, 413 415 476,,, 6, 653 655 700 702 42
5200, 3119781,, 23140970,,, :,,,,,,,,, 70,, 732478 19051311544267, 127531392, 45214 8950111719853,,,,,,,, 6, 678 679,,,,,, 43
129000,,, 2915937,, 144031097 1841 9 18 ( ), :,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( 2, 676 703 704 ), (, 5, 67 68 ),,, :,,,,,,,,,, ( ) (, 3,, 90 92, ),, ( ), 129000, :,,,, 12,, 129000,,,,,,, 2, 457 545 ; 6, 672 674 696,, 4, 89 91 44
,, 70,,,,, 1841,, 3762818,,, ;,,,, :, 2493591783 ;,, 1999741876,, 449334, 1998231017 ;,,,,,, ( 5, 806 ), 249840,,,, ( ) : ( ), 45
241921662 1107617, 68000,, 224015 79076, 1500 1, 276732, 3335761034, 55530,, 391971833 52881583,,, 317243 5288 1500 1, 320768 16737014861 90720142,, 168752193,, 259473,,, 7, 385,,, 4, 451 452 ; 5, 465 466,, 7, 504 505,,,,,, ;,,,, 46
114851,, :,, 1841 10 3 11 21 12 9 ( ) 7,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,, 7, ; 3 5700, 11 ; 3700,,,, 10 :,,,,,,,, ( 1500 ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 47
, 7,,, 1,, 2800,,, 2500, 2816,,,,,, 500,,,,,, 27706, 2000 647 3500, 20 4756, 6000, 14256,, 1500, 4000, 2000,,,,,,,,,,,,, 48
500,,,, 1810490,, 28714278,,,,, 3000,, 1839 :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 7869 ;, 1366, 980, 420, 18, 88, 49
74, 2947,?, :, 1840 1841, 10349975 6786037 7000,,,,?, 3000?,, :,, ( ),,,,,,,,,, 115,, :, 1962 12,,, :,,, ( ), 1965, 810,,,,,,,, 2, 177 50
, 1840 7 3, 7 5,, 7 8, 7 24,, ; 7 15, ; 7 18 ;, ; 8 6, 300,,,,,, ;,,,,,,, 1015, 96128,,,,, 2, 154 192,, 2, 164,, 2, 177,, 2, 207,, 2, 237, 2, 234,, 2, 375 51
,, 9 19 15 10 23,,, 9 29,,, :,?,?: ( ),,,,, 10 30,,, 25, 1219,,,, :,,,,, :,, 2, 382, 2, 432 434, 2, 501 502,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2, 675 677 703 704,,,,, (,, 513 514 ),, 2, 708 709 52
,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,,,, :,,,, :,,,,,, :,,, 1841 2 7, 2 21, 300, 8 ; 20,,, 2, 691 692 :, 1981, 22, 2, 595, 2, 743,,,,,,, 45, 55 (,,,, 5, 111 ; 7, 590 ), 3, 51 52 53
20,, 1841 3 29,,,,,,,,,,,, 150, 50 5 3, :,,,,,,,, 1841 8,, 300,,,, 3, 1 2 86,,,, : 12, 2, 40, 12, 15, 5, 25, 5, 12, 5, 8, 8 40 10,,,,,, 54
10,, 150,, 113,, 400,, ;,, 11 4 :,,, 4, 38 39 88 99, 8, 7, 5 ; 15, 5 ; 15, 10 ; 15 ; 50, 20 ; 20, 15 ; 40, 15, 6 ; 5 ; 15 ; 8 ; 10 ; 5 ; 6 ( ) 70, (,, ;, ) 8 2 5 (,, ), 12, (,, ) 96, 60, 40,, (,, ;, 4, 17 ) 100 (,,, 4, 116 117 157 158 ),,,, 200 (, 4, 215 274 ; 5, 65 ), 100 16, 1117, 311, 11, 40, 119, 319, 1214 ( ) 55
,,,,,,,,,,, 11 18,( ),,,, 12 26, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2400,, 4, 310,,,,, 4, 451 56
,,, 925, 1500,,,,, 50, 33, 100, 200 1842 4 20,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ) 1842 6,,, 100,, 4, 566,, 4, 527,,,, ;,,,,, 3, 502 ; 4, 178,,, 4, 455 477,,,,, 5, 65 66 87 94, 5, 183, 5, 490 502 829 57
,, 50, 48,, 100, 60, 30, 50,, 550,,, 30, :. 962800. 3000000 55. 400000 20. 500000. 1000000. 600000. 3000000 100. 1000000. 2000000. 500000. 500000. 1000000. 2000000 50. 550000,, 5, 463,, 6, 238 239,,, ;, 5, 262 ;, ;, ;, ; ;, ; 5, 360 ; 6, 177 238 239 246 247 283 292 596 ; 7, 107 58
. 500000,. 500000. 1000000. 1000000. 600000. 300000,. () 1886 30,, 1592, 250,,,,,,,,, ;,, 1842 8 29, 1842 59
,, 1347 252 567 70 ; 38 81 ; 120 ; 149, 440 59,, ( ),,,,,, :,,,,,,,, (,, ),, ( ),,,,,,,,, (,, ), 5500,,, (,, ) 60
,,, 28714278, : 6924761 4095183 2425335 280001 124242 4740055 3885375 516055 212783 125842 8356373 7195179 1161194 3119781 1566416 1283465 269900 732478 32478 700000 2915937 1709126 759300 447511 14403 14403 100000 100000 449334 307445 114667 27222 276732 76909 199823 320768 42722 278046 167370 167370 259473 201247 58226 114851 83191 31660 100000 100000 80000 70000 10000 27706 27706 14256 4756 9500 28714278 19219952 6624403 2592617 277306 :,,, 1,,,,,,,,,, 61
, 349200, 47800 (95600 ), 444800,,,,, 30,,,,, 124242, 109591, 14651, ; 125842,,, ; 27200,, 2871, 1921, 662, 259,,,,,,, 6 10,,, 1843 5 16,, : " B ritish Parlim entary Papers", Statem ent of the Sum s Paidon A ccount of the W arin Ch ina, 1843., 62
1841 4 30 1842 4 30 1842 4 5 1842 1843, 682507 753184 10 71909 318725 1096416 28541 2879373 3000 16000 180959 441440 224700 90853 338382 9706 1286040 3518 19368 7614 500 31000 4215413 1842 1843 63
109 ( 1842 9 ), 421, 1 6 8, 1 3,, 1263??, 1843 2 13,,, 101,,,,,,,, :,,, ( ), 6 15,, 2816, 20137, : 1, 1957, 14, 1200 ( :1, 1957, 31 ), ( 6, 336 ), 852,,, 64
,, 30 500, 6 10,,,, 500,, 4518,,, 51000,,,,,, :, ; ; 500, 2500,,, :,,,,, 3500, 7300, 4000, 5700, 4000, 7000, 3000, 2500, 2500, 1500, 3700, 500, 2000, 2000, 2000,, 2500,, 2816,, 65
;,,,,, 24,, 4000, :,,,,,, 8 3 ; 9, 115 12,,, :, ; ; ;,,,, 66
:,,,, ;,,,,,,, 3000,, 278306,,,,,,,, :,,,,,, 1000 (,, 4, 145 203 ) 500 1500 (,,, 5, 549 647 742 ) (,,, 6, 292 356 ), 3, 48 323,, 3, 103, 67
,,, 1100,, 16, 1842 :,, 20, 16, 2,,, 256, 22,,, 122 ;,, 900 21823, 117, 108599 :( ),,, 10, 2,,,, 3, 369,, 3, 352,, 6, 397,, 2, 724,, 4, 569 ;,,,, 1 16,, 3370 ; 6,, 953,,,,,, 4, 279 68
, 6,, 1841, 73,,,, 1841 12, 95, 4, 4, 5, 10, 10, 10, 52, 5 85,,,,,,,,,,, 6, 31,,,,,,,, 69
,,,,,,,,,, 40,, 179381 ; 36000 12000,?,, 1905131 ;, 895011, 50507, 332149, 352272, 62211,,, ; (, ),, 5, 39 41,,, 6, 397,, 5, 21 22,, 6, 417,, : 3, 113302 ; 3, 9180 ; 140, 16819 ; 2, 28819 ; 2, 4080 ; 60, 7200,, 70
97833, 6719%, 1115%, 1212%, 1302458, 1006416, 146204, 84810, 65028, 1031813, 509032, 141497, 225120, 147073, 9084, 6419%, 1213%, 916%,,,,,,,,,,,,,,!,?,!,,,,, 3000,,,,,,, 7, 416 417 ;,,,, 71
,,,,,,, 34587,,,,, 5600, 12000!,,, 9000, 10 1200,,, 1,,, :,,,??,,, 3000,, :,,,,, 6, 262 263 583 587 :,3, 1954, 168 169 :, 67 72
? :,,,,, ; ;, 60?,,, : 3000,, ( ),,,, :,, 398780,,,,, ( ),, 7, 476,, 73
,, :,, 426 ( ) ( ) 1.. 500000 2.. 10000 3.. 129000 4.. 20000 5. 300000 6.. 10000 7.. 15000 8.. 1200000 9.. 60000 10.. 400000 11.. 1200000 12.. 100000 13.. 300000 14.. 40000 4000 15.. 124000 16.. 16000 17.. 175500 18.. 407200 19.. 193230 20.. 8000 21.. 128500 22.. 3500 23.. 66500 91400 24.. 83300 25.. 3000 26.. 107600 27.. 316040 28.. 3600 29.. 6000 74
30.. 73000 33900 31.. 332580 32.. 8000 33.. 1000000 34.. 80000 35.. 355875 36.. 40200 125400 37.. 203000 29200 70200 26100 38.. 30120 39.. 70400 40.. 54700 41.. 600000 42.. 24400 43.. 22000 44.. 30800 24500 45.. 22000 46200 46.. 1800000 47.. 212490 209990 48.. 464705 49.. 98000 10000 50.. 150600 4000 51.. 104670 52.. 33530 68200 53.. 140460 41500 54.. 450000 55.. 45000 56.. 5200 57.. 188800 58.. 2000 10500 59.. 272000 60.. 821179 61.. 111900 42200 62.. 203166 84400 63.. 12200 46000 64.. 46300 283674 65.. 27500 87000 66.. 24700 67.. 156860 68.. 19700 27500 75
69.. 90000 201000 64000 58400 70.. 19200 71.. 208000 72.. 280000 73.. 249840 74.. 34000 75.. 97990 76.. 11000 10000 77.. 8000 78.. 7000 117100 79.. 57080 80.. 622688 81.. 10100 82.. 3000 57430 83.. 300000 84.. 225950 85.. 310446 226303 86 109069 67350 87.. 4322 88.. 2800 93856 89 60317 90.. 32478 91.. 114000 92.. 13100 93.. 1494 112310 94.. 8728 9800 95.. 38040 50240 96.. 298000 97.. 8000 35000 98.. 134702 8400 99.. 10435 91100 100.. 236900 101.. 4400 110963 102.. 360000 103.. 373475 104.. 213000 105.. 300000 113383 76
:,,,,,,,, (),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 46 11 13 17 42 43,,,, : (80,,, ); ( ); (11 ); ( ),, 40 ( 71 72 );,,, ( 7, 9 447 590 ), 48000 (71 ) 93 101,, 2479229 223273 2425335, 53894, 77
223273 4 16 32 39 52 68 87 88, 88352 279575 24322 70400 ; 64030, 209175, 444800, 2 8 47 78 83 91 100 103 104, 2102965 890990, 8 83 150,,,, 8 ( 2 ) ( ) 142 47,, 212490, 5643212 ; 209990, 9329512, 212490, 5664512 ; 167990, 5129512 ( ), 13, 42000,,, 42000, 682965, 848990,, 83 103 637897334884 ; 10000 11400 ; 5664512 5129512 ( ) 704542 500180 213000,, 595965 713180 87000 135810 30, 33 100, 63000 (,, ) 41 60, 134240,,,,, (2 5 ); ( 7 ); ( ) 15,,,, 25 34 56 5200 83000,, 78
82000,,,, 120 24 53 229760,, 58 97 1 45500,, ; 92 105 226463,,, 2990412 369963 1400652 98000 ; 1200000 ; 10000 271963 ; 379760 36 62 79 85,, 85, ; 90, 342924 226302 32478 ; 170446 226302 ; 140000 3 10 37 45 61, 936100 143900,, 37 45 61,,, 1032000 759300, 55500, 217200 9 20 30 44 65, 131300 213400 24192 79076 ; 107108 134324 69 86 94 95, 310463 346790 39197 5228 ; 35625 43605 ; 90000 211000 ; 29300 49500 116341 37457 73 89, 310157, 307445 ; 2712 22 28 29, 13100, 9500, 3600 21 59 96, 698500, 60 75 81, 929275, 79
800000, 129275 57 77, 196800,, : 2093430 ( 18 19 27 31 35 48 66 ); 256070 ( 38 84 ); 261530 ( 51 67 ); 184600 4000 ( 50 74 ); 101200 10000 ( 47 70, 117200 10000, 10000 6000,, ); 370700 4000 ( 14 15 26 40 55 ), 13473007 2526293 5660318 587584 ; 1 114000 ; 1200000 ; 382137 816438 ; 1498500 ; 90000 211000 ; 29300 49500 ; 196800 ; 4405952 593168 :,,, ( : ) (, 1954, ) 80