- - WORLD ASSOCIATION OF ZOOS AND AQUARIUMS - UNITED FOR CONSERVATION - 為野生動物開創未來世界動物園暨水族館保育方略 Building a Future for Wildlife The World Zoo and Aquarium Conservation Strategy WAZA 2005
原版編輯 :Peter J. S. Olney 原版設計 :Peter Dollinger 原版發行單位 :WAZA 3012 Bern, Switzerland ++41-31-300 20 30 ++41-31-300 20 31 wawa.secretariat@bluewin.ch waza.director@bluewin.ch http://www.waza.org 中文版發行人 : 中文版策劃 : 中文版審訂及編輯 : 中譯 : 中文版發行單位 : 116 30 ++886-2-2938 2300 ++886-2-2938 2316 zoo@zoo.gov.tw http://www.zoo.gov.tw 印刷 : 出版日期 :2006 10 定價 : 250 統一編號 :1009502723 ISBN 978-986-00-6948-8986-00-6948-4 ( 3-033-00427-X) 原版引用 :WAZA (2005): Building a Future for Wildlife The World Zoo and Aquarium Conservation Strategy. WAZA 2005 中文版引用 : (2006) WAZA 2006 封面照片 : 2004 (Equus przewalskii) (WAZA 03002) : www.waza.org 贊助者 : WAZA Christian Walzer, International Takhi Group IUCN 世界自然保育聯盟會員
3 概述 目錄 概述 3 4 5 方略 7 11 14 20 28 35 42 48 55 59 附錄 65 67 69 72
概述 4 前言 (World Association of Zoos and Aquariums, WAZA) (World Zoo and Aquarium Conservation Strategy, WZACS) 1993 (ex situ) (Convention on Biological Diversity) (The World Conservation Union, IUCN) (World Conservation Strategy) WAZA WAZA IUCN IUCN IUCN Achim Steiner IUCN
5 概述 序 (World Association of Zoos and Aquariums, WAZA) (International Union of Directors of Zoological Gardens) 1993 2002 Ulie Seal (The World Conservation Union, IUCN) (Conservation Breeding Specialist Group, CBSG) Bill Conway (Wildlife Conservation Society) Bert de Boer 1993 Gunther Nogge 2002 8 CBSG WAZA WAZA Jo Gipps 2004 11 WAZA WAZA WAZA CBSG WAZA Miranda StevensonPeter OlneyOnnie Byers Peter DollingerChris WestBert de Boer Mark Reed (
概述 6 )Miranda Stevenson Peter Olney WAZA Peter Dollinger CBSG 1993 ( ) WAZA WAZA IUCN Ed McAlister WAZA Jo Gipps WAZA
7 簡介 簡介 (David Attenborough, 2004) (WZACS) WZACS 1 何謂 WAZA? WAZA 的任務及目標 WAZA (World Association of Zoos and Aquariums) (World Zoo Conservation Strategy, WZCS) (IUCN) 1992 (Convention on Biological Diversity, CBD) WZCS WZACS (WAZA) WAZA: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. WZACS ( 1) 2002
簡介 8 環境隱憂及生物多樣性喪失 以目前自然資源被消耗的速度, 人類需要三倍大的地球才能生存下去 (E. O. Wilson 2002) ( 2) ( ) (National Biodiversity Strategy) (Biodiversity Action Plans, BAPs) (hotspots) 動物園及水族館的角色 2 全球環境趨勢概況 1. / 2. 3. 4. (Ebola) (SARS) 3 生物多樣性公約 (The Convention on Biological Diversity, CBD) 第九款-域外保育 (ex situ conservation) (in situ ) (a) (b) (c) (d) (c) (e) (a)(d)
9 簡介 ( 4 5) (ex situ) (in situ) (captive audience) (integrated conservation) WZACS WZACS 4 我們如何知道動物園及水族館的保育工作成功與否? 保育成果的定性指標 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 5 保育的定義 (Cervus nippon) Felix Weber ( )
簡介 WZACS ( 6) 6 所有動物園及水族館未來致力達成的角色及功能 10 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. (Pan troglodytes verus) (Wild Chimpanzee Foundation, WCF) Tai (Tai National Park) WCF WAZA 04020 Peter Dollinger (WAZA) Christophe Boesch ( )
11 保育整合 第一章 保育整合 摘要 願景 WAZA 1.1 前言 1960 WAZA
保育整合 12 (World Zoo and Aquarium Conservation Strategy, WZACS) 1.2 內部及外部的整合式保育 內部整合式保育 ( )
13 保育整合 外部整合式保育 WZACS ( ) ( ) (IUCN) (Species Survival Commission) (Conservation Breeding Specialist Group) (Reintroduction Specialist Group) (Veterinary Specialist Group) 1.3 結論 建議 (WZACS)
野生族群的保育 14 第二章 野生族群的保育 摘要 (Convention on Biological Diversity) (UN Millennium Development Goals) (Biodiversity Action Plans) (Species Recovery Programmes) / / ( ) 願景 2.1 前言
15 野生族群的保育 2.2 國際背景 1993 (World Zoo Conservation Strategy, WZCS) IUCN 1980 (World Conservation Strategy) 1992 (Convention on Biological Diversity, CBD) 180 (www.biodiv.org) ( 3) 1971 (Ramsar Convention on Wetlands, www.ramsar.org)1972 (World Heritage Convention, www. unesco.org/whc)1973 (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora, www.cites.org) 1979 (Convention on Migratory Species, www.cms.int) (Biodiversity Action Plans, BAPs) 2.3 發展 (UN Millennium Development Goals, www.undp.org/mdg) 2015 2.1 2.4 再引入及移置 (Bison bison) (Bison bonasus) ( ) ( )
野生族群的保育 (Oryx leucoryx) (www.iucn.org/themes/ssc/ pubs/policy/reinte.htm) (Leontopithecus rosalia) (Varecia variegata) (Pan troglodytes) 1966-69 17 Rubondo 50 ( Panthera tigris) ( Loxodonta africana) 16 2.1 在保育與經濟發展之間建立橋樑 EAZA 叢林肉運動 (bushmeat) 2 0 0 0 (European Association of Zoos and Aquaria, EAZA) 190 ( ) 皇家奇旺國家公園 (Royal Chitwan National Park) (Zoological Society of London) (UK's Department for International Development) (Kadoorie Charitable Foundation Trust) (Panthera tigris) (Panthera pardus) (zebu cattle) (Bos gaurus) (Bubalus arnee) (Wildlife Conservation Society) (Rhinoceros unicornis)
17 野生族群的保育 2.5 野生動物健康 2.2 (Haliaeetus pelagicus) (diclofenac) 2.2 牛瘟 1840 1890 (Connochaetes taurinus)30 1960150 (Damaliscus hunteri) 2.6 野外保育團隊
野生族群的保育 18 2.7 資金來源 (www.waza.org) 1997-2000 ( ) 25 30 3200 (in situ) 39 (Madagascar Fauna Group, www.madagascarfaunagroup.org) 2003 120 EAZA ( ) EAZA (21st Century Tiger) 2.8 改善動物園及水族館園區內的環境 (Passer domesticus) (Clemmys muhlenbergi) 2.9 訓練課程 (Smithsonian Institution) Front Royal (Conservation and Research Center, www.nationalzoo.si.edu/conservationandscience/crc) (Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust) Trinity (International Training Centre, www.durrellwildlife. org)
19 野生族群的保育 2.10 評估 2.11 結論 / 建議 (World Zoo and Aquarium Conservation Strategy, WZACS) WZACS WAZA / WZACS IUCN/SSC ( ) WZACS WZACS WZACS WZACS WZACS
科學與研究 20 第三章 科學與研究 摘要 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 願景 3.1 前言
21 科學與研究 3.2 研究範疇 (1) (2) 3.1 ( ) ( ) ( ) WAZA 3.1 3.1 美洲動物園暨水族館協會 於動物園研究上的電腦資料庫 (American Zoo and Aquarium Association, AZA) (Annual Report on Conservation and Science, ARCS) AZA ( ) 20002001AZA94 2,230(1,390 610230 )1,450 3.3 建立優先順序 (World Conservation Union, IUCN) (Species Survival Commission, SSC) ( Conservation Breeding Specialist Group, CBSG) (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna, CITES) (Migratory Species Convention, CMS)
科學與研究 22 3.4 資料庫及研究材料庫 600 (Zoological Information Management System, ZIMS) ( 3.2) ( ) 3.2 國際物種資訊系統 (ISIS) 與全球資料庫 (International Species Information System, ISIS) 1973 70 613 180 (CITES) ISIS (Zoological Information Management System, ZIMS)2001 ISIS ZIMS ISIS () ZIMSISISZIMS ISISISIS 3.5 資源效率最佳化 3.3 WAZA /
23 科學與研究 3.3 合作研究 美國動物園暨水族館協會 (AZA) 與 聖路易動物園 (St. Louis Zoo) (Wildlife Contraception Center, WCC) 1989 (American Zoo and Aquarium Association, AZA) (Contraception Advisory Group) AZA 2000 WCC WCC 新南威爾斯動物公園理事會 (Zoological Parks Board of New South Wales) 與 澳洲野生動物健康登錄 (Australian Registry of Wildlife Health) (Dr. Bill Hartley)1985 1998 3.6 鼓勵參與 WAZA 3.1 ( ) (Equus przewalskii) (WAZA 03002) Christian Walzer ( ITG)
科學與研究 24 3.7 募款 3.8 研究成果的宣傳 (International Zoo Yearbook) 3.4 3.4 傳播動物園及水族館研究成果的出版品及組織 Animal Conservation American Zoo and Aquarium Association Conference Proceedings (Annual and Regional) Australasian Regional Association of Zoological Parks and Aquaria (ARAZPA Newsletter, website) Bongo (Journal of Berlin Zoo) CEPA Magazine (Association CEPA, France) Conservation Biology de Harpij (Dutch/Belgian Animal Keepers Association) Der Zoologische Garten (Journal of WAZA and VDZ) Dodo (Journal of the Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust) European Association of Zoos and Aquaria (EAZA Research Committee Newsletter; website) Federation Research Newsletter (BIAZA) Gazella (Journal of Prague Zoo) International Zoo News International Zoo Yearbook IZW Institut für Zoo und Wildtierforschung, Berlin (Conference Proceedings other publications, website) Japanese Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine Oryx: The International Journal of Conservation African Association of Zoological Gardens and Aquaria (PAAZAB News, website) Ratel (Association of British Wild Animal Keepers) South East Asian Zoos Association (scientific papers from conferences available on SEAZA website) Thylacinus (Journal of Australasian Society of Zoo Keeping) Wildlife Information Network World Association of Zoos and Aquariums (WAZA News, Magazine, Facts, Proceedings, and website) Zeitschrift des Kölner Zoo Zoo Biology Zoos' Print Journal (Zoo Outreach Organization) (American Journal of Veterinary Research)(Animal Behaviour)(Journal of Herpetology)(Journal of Mammalogy) (Reproduction)
25 科學與研究 3.9 評估 評估是非常重要的 以確保研究資源投入在既定的優先目 育的科學研究還有哪些不足 也協助區域協會及其他機構 標上 且有充裕經費 並達成所定目標 公正且精確的評 以最佳的方式分配資源 估必須要定期進行 這樣的評估可以幫助我們確認投入保 建議 世界動物園暨水族館保育方略 (World Zoo and Aquarium Conservation Strategy, WZACS) 主張所有區 域及國家層級的協會 持續記錄及整理會員從事的研究 讓這些資訊容易取得 並隨時掌握科學新領域在 保育的潛在應用價值 WZACS 建議 在動物園及水族館導向的研究上 機構須個別及共同地確認 排定優先順序 並持續進行 他們自己的研究 WZACS 呼籲國際動物園及水族館社群建立並推廣資料庫 以促進動物園對保育工作的投入 尤其 要求 WAZA 網路及 國際物種資訊系統 (International Species Information System, ISIS) 保證 動物資訊管 理系統 (Zoological Information Management System, ZIMS) 最後呈現的形式 對所有 WAZA 會員以 及區域 各國協會的會員而言 具有價值 容易入手並且負擔得起 此外 也呼籲所有區域協會廣泛參與 ISIS 的 ZIMS 計畫 WZACS 要求所有動物園及水族館 檢視他們的資源 並且盡其所能以各種方法拓展研究 特別是與保育 相關的部份 另外 他們應該同時以獨立運作及共同合作的方式 雙管齊下 向外界募集研究資金 為此 WAZA 及區域協會應該隨時提供關於資金來源和申辦方法的資訊 WZACS 鼓勵動物園 水族館以及相關的研究機構 在具有專業審查制度的科學期刊發表研究分析成果 並藉由出版品的編輯和流通來推廣這些成果 或是透過相關期刊 通訊及網站的短文及回顧來宣傳 WZACS 呼籲在機構 區域及 / 或全球的共識上 進行動物園相關學科研究之定期評論 這些評論將評估 並記錄他們確認的優先研究項目的進度 同時視需要評估及調整優先順序 朱鷺 (Geronticus eremita) 是非常危急的瀕臨絕種鳥類 他們有傳統的遷 移路徑及度冬地 這需要亞成鳥至少跟隨他們的雙親遷移一次 學習而 得 施阿恩史坦計畫 (Scharnstein Project WAZA 計畫編號 03001) 目 的在於教導一群人工撫育的朱鷺一個全新的遷移傳統 由超輕航機帶領 朱鷺 從上奧地利邦 (Upper Austria) 飛到義大利托斯卡尼 (Tuscany) 南方 適宜的度冬地 在接下來的春季 希望這些鳥可以自行回到奧地利 如 果此一計畫成功 所得知識將可以應用在其他朱鷺原始分布的區域 進 行再引入 這個計畫和朱鷺因為電視的正面報導而廣為人知 攝影 Johannes Fritz ( 奧地利 施阿恩史坦 )
科學與研究 26 動物園提供 大學提供 分類及演化過程 解剖研究 食性及營養 生殖生物學 遺傳及族群管理 病理學及疾病研究 教育及遊客研究 動物行為學及比較心理學研究 圖 3.1
27 科學與研究 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 表 3.1 (WildCare Institute) (Center for Avian Health on GalapagosWAZA 04019) Punta San Juan (Center for Conservation of the Humboldt penguinwaza 04025) (Bosawas Biosphere Reserve) (MesoAmerican Conservation CenterWAZA 04018) (Synallaxis brachyura) Cheryl Asa ( )
族群管理 28 第四章 族群管理 摘要 / (International Species Information System, ISIS) ( ) (metapopulation) (reintroduction) 願景 4.1 前言 /
29 族群管理 ( ) 4.2 維持可存續族群 : 設定族群目標 100 90% ( ) ( ) 90% ( ) ( ) 4.3 族群管理的科學 ( ) ( ) ( (mean kinship) )
族群管理 ( DNA DNA) ( ) ( ) 30 ( ) ( ) ( ) IUCN(Veterinary Specialist Group) ( American Association of Zoo Veterinarians European Association of Zoo and Wildlife Veterinarians) 4.4 族群管理工具 : 資料庫 ISIS 血統書及 ZIMS ISIS (Animal Record Keeping System, ARKS)
31 ISIS ( 3.2) ARKS ISIS WAZA ISIS 2003 47 281 903 167 87 1993 (World Zoo Conservation Strategy) 族群管理 REGASPPM2000 MateRx ISIS (Zoological Information Management System, ZIMS) ( 3.2) 4.5 合作繁殖計畫的組織 ( ) REGASP REGASP ISIS IUCN(Species Survival Commission) IUCN (flagship species) (Australasian Regional Association of Zoological Parks and Aquaria) REGASP ( Regional Animal Species Collection Plan) (Species Survival Plan) AZA (Gymnogyps californianus) Mike Wallace ( )
族群管理 32 4.6 全球合作的繁殖計畫 4.7 所有權及族群管理 ( ) ( ) 4.8 被沒收及棄養的動物 ( ) ( ) WAZA IUCN ( WAZA IUCN www.iucn.org )
33 族群管理 4.9 國內及國際準則 CITES ( ) (Convention on Biological Diversity, CBD) 4.10 域內及域外族群的管理 : 關聯族群的管理計畫 4.1 () () A () B ( ) ( )
族群管理 (metapopulation management model) ( 4.1) ( ) ( ) 34 ( ) 建議 (WZACS) WZACS WZACS WZACS WAZA WZACS ( ) ( ) WZACS ISIS WAZA WZACS IUCN WZACS
35 教育與訓練 第五章 教育與訓練 摘要 ( ) (International Zoo Educators Association) ( ) 願景 5.1 前言 1992 www. un.org/esa/sustdev/documents/agenda21/
教育與訓練 36 5.2 不斷學習的動物園及水族館 ( 5.1) / 5.1 教育標準 (European Association of Zoos and Aquaria, EAZA)20019 EAZA 2001
37 教育與訓練 5.3 組織工作網 (International Zoo Educators Association, IZE) 5.4 活體展示 / 5.5 非正式教育及自導式學習 - ( ) ( )
教育與訓練 38 5.6 正式教育 - 5.7 教育主題 5.8 野生動物保育的提倡
39 教育與訓練 5.9 傳播訊息 ( ) ( ) 5.10 域內保育教育 / IZE 5.11 訓練 : 以技術為基礎的教育 在職訓練
教育與訓練 40 訓練夥伴 ( ) (Earthwatch) (Landcare Australia) 與同行分享技能 ( ) ( ) 5.12 評估 IZE 5.13 結論 WZACS
41 教育與訓練 建議 (World Zoo and Aquarium Conservation Strategy, WZACS) WZACS WZACS WZACS WZACS WZACS WZACS (Mesoamerican and Caribbean Conservation Action Partnership, AZA/MACCAP) (Asociación de Mesoamérica y del Caribe de Zoológicos y Acuarios, AMACZOOA) WAZA 1996 CIRCC Cheryl Asa ( )
宣傳 : 行銷與公關 42 第六章 宣傳 : 行銷與公關 摘要 ( ) 願景 6.1 前言
43 宣傳 : 行銷與公關 動物園可以做什麼 ( 10% ) 6.2 當前的認知 (World Zoo Conservation Strategy) (zoo) 6.3 新的目標
宣傳 : 行銷與公關 44 動物園及水族館是大眾化的 動物園及水族館是保育中心 動物園及水族館協助刻版印象的改變 動物園及水族館是鼓舞人心的 (zoo) (aquarium) 動物園及水族館關心他們的動物 動物園及水族館為都市族群帶來好處
45 動物園及水族館有一種倫理態度 動物園及水族館是教育的 宣傳 : 行銷與公關 6.4 樂趣及保育並不會互相衝突 - 6.5 進行宣傳 構思策略 區分對象 整合性宣傳
宣傳 : 行銷與公關整合動物園活動 積極地宣傳 與其他動物園及水族館一起工作 ( ) WAZA 46 提昇專業水準 宣傳的方法 使用什麼語言? 反動物園團體
47 宣傳 : 行銷與公關 6.6 評估成效 (World Association of Zoos and Aquariums, WAZA) (United For Conservation) / 建議 (World Zoo and Aquarium Conservation Strategy, WZACS) WAZA WAZA WAZA (www.waza.org) (Münster Zoo) Na HangCuc Phuong Cat Ba (WAZA 0400704008 04009) (Cologne Zoo) Phong Na-Khe Bang (WAZA 04015)
夥伴關係及保育政策 48 第七章 夥伴關係與保育政策 摘要 (World Association of Zoos and Aquariums, WAZA) (The World Conservation Union, IUCN)WAZA IUCN WAZA WAZA (WAZA Code of Ethics) 願景 7.1 前言
49 夥伴關係及保育政策 7.2 動物園毋須孤軍奮戰 (WAZA) 夥伴關係的形式 : ( ) (WAZA) ( ) ( ) ( ) 7.1 合作繁殖計畫 1900 (Elaphurus davidianus) (Woburn Abbey)1923 (Bison bonasus) 1932 1930 ( ) 1990 ( ) (reintroduce) (AZA) (Species Survival Plans, SSPs) (EAZA) (European Endangered Species Programmes, EEPs) (ARAZPA) (Australasian Species Management Programmes, ASMPs) (PAAZAB) (African Preservation Programmes, APPs) (ex situ)
夥伴關係及保育政策 50 7.1 夥伴關係案例 亞洲 (Rana taipehensis) E(Five E-Values)(economical benefits)(environmental services)(ethical concerns) (esthetics)(educational benefits) 北美 (Brookfield Zoo)13019 (Chicago Wilderness) (Greater Chicago Biosphere Project) 歐洲 Poco das Antas(Leontopithecus rosalia) 2003(Masoala Hall) 80% 17,000 (ANGAP)(Wildlife Conservation Society, WCS) 非洲 (African Association of Zoos and Aquaria, PAAZAB)(South African Crane Working Group, SACWG)(Grus (Bugeranus) carunculatus)sacwg (Endangered Wildlife Trust) PAAZAB 紐澳及太平洋諸島 (Australasian regional zoo association, ARAZPA) (Nature Conservancy) Tenkile(Tenkile Conservation Alliance)Tenkile (Dendrolagus scottae) 1998100TenkileTenkile Tenkile(WAZA04016)
51 野外計畫 夥伴關係及保育政策 ( ) ( ) 7.3 動物園不可一概而論 (in situ) ( )
夥伴關係及保育政策 7.4 特殊連結 52 WAZA WAZA WAZA IUCN (Transport Associations) (CITES) (United Nations Environment Programme)WAZA (International Zoo Educators Association) WAZA WAZA WAZA IUCN IUCN (Species Survival Commission, SSC) (Small Carnivore Conservation) IUCN (Conservation Breeding Specialist Group, CBSG) CBSG (Re-introduction Specialist Group) IUCN (Population and Habitat Viability Assessment, PHVA) (Conservation Assessment and Management Plan, CAMP) IUCN 其他組織
53 (twinning exhibits) 夥伴關係及保育政策 7.5 政策及立法 擔負責任 WAZA WAZA WAZA WAZA ( ) 影響決策者
夥伴關係及保育政策立法 54 7.6 結語 建議 (World Zoo and Aquarium Conservation Strategy, WZACS) WZACS WZACS / WZACS WZACS WZACS
55 永續 第八章 永續 摘要 (sustainability) (environmental footprint) 1992 (Earth Summit) 27 (Agenda 21) ISO 14000 (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) () ISO14001 願景 8.1 前言
永續 56 8.2 永續 (World Commission on Environment and Development Brundtland Report) 1992 ( ) (Rio Declaration on the Environment and Development) (Agenda 21) (Statement of Principles for the Sustainable Management of Forests) (Framework Convention on Climate Change) (Convention on Biological Diversity) 27 (International Organization for Standardization, ISO; www.iso.org) ISO 14000 ISO 14001 8.3 永續動物園或水族館的指導原則 遵循污染者付費的原則 採用不會破壞環境的廢棄物管理方式 加強能源效率 ( ) 對公平發展有所貢獻 3R (reduce) (re-use) (recycle) 對自然資源的使用負責 謹慎原則 3R
57 鼓勵大眾的重視及參與 永續 8.4 永續發展的利益 2001 (Aalborg Zoo) 8.5 執行永續政策 環境親善團體 環境管理系統 (environmental management system, EMS) (Eco- Management and Audit Scheme, EMAS) ISO 14001 ISO 14001 ISO 14001 ISO 14001 ISO 14001
永續 ISO 14001 動物大使 ISO 14001 58 (Institute of Responsible Tourism) (Loro Parque) (green tourism) ISO 14001 8.6 環境政策 8.7 環境稽核 2003 ISO 14001 建議 (World Zoo and Aquarium Conservation Strategy, WZACS) WZACS WZACS Peter Dollinger (WAZA )
59 倫理與動物福利 第九章 倫理與動物福利 摘要 WAZA (WAZA Code of Ethics and Animal Welfare) WAZA 願景 9.1 前言 (WAZA) ( 9.1)
倫理與動物福利 WAZA WAZA 60 WAZA 9.1 WAZA 倫理守則與動物福利規範 WAZA (World Zoo Conservation Strategy) WAZA WAZA WAZA: (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi) (vii) (viii) WAZA : www.waza.org 9.2 道德議題 WAZA WAZAIUCN WAZA IUCN (IUCN Guidelines for Re-introduction) 野外動物蒐集
61 動物取得 1993 1993 WAZA (WAZA Guidelines on the acceptance of seized or confiscated animals) (1) (2) 倫理與動物福利 (3) 動物處理 WAZA 族群管理 (1) (2) (3) (4) ( )
倫理與動物福利 62 釋放到野外的計畫 WAZA (WAZA Code of Ethics and Animal Welfare) 1995 IUCN (IUCN Guidelines for Re-introductions) (World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE)/IUCN) ( ) 9.3 動物福利議題 WAZA WAZA (American Zoo and Aquarium Association)
63 倫理與動物福利 9.4 結論 WAZA 建議 (World Zoo and Aquarium Conservation Strategy, WZACS) WZACS WZACS IUCN (IUCN Technical Guidelines on the Management of ex situ Populations for Conservation) WZACS (International Air Transport Association) (Life Animals Regulations) WZACS WZACS WZACS WZACS
倫理與動物福利 64 WZACS WZACS WZACS WZACS / Renaud Fulconis (Zoo d'amnéville)
65 附錄 附錄一 縮寫字對照表與網站 African Association of Zoological Gardens and Aquaria PAAZAB www.paazab.com African Preservation Programme of PAAZAB American Association of Zoo Veterinarians AAZV www.aazv.org American Zoo and Aquarium Association AZA www.aza.org Animal Record Keeping System developed by ISIS Association Nationale Française des Parcs Zoologiques Australasian Species Management Programme of ARAZPA APP ARKS ANPZ ASMP Australian Regional Association of Zoological Parks and Aquaria ARAZPA www.arazpa.org.au Biodiversity Action Plan Botanic Gardens Conservation International BGCI www.bgci.org.uk British and Irish Association of Zoos and Aquariums BIAZA www.biaza.org.uk Central Zoo Authority CZA www.cza.nic.in Colombian Association of Zoos and Aquariums ACOPAZOA www.acopazoa.zoobaq.org Conservation Assessment and Management Plan BAP CAMP Conservation Breeding Specialist Group of the IUCN/SSC CBSG www.cbsg.org Convention on Biological Diversity (1992) CBD www.biodiv.org Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (1973) CITES www.cites.org Convention on Migratory Species (1979) CMS www.cms.int Danish Association of Zoological Gardens DAZA www.daza.dk Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust's International Training Centre DWT-ITC www.durrellwildlife.org Earthwatch Environmental Management System EMS www.earthwatch.org Eurasian Regional Association of Zoos and Aquariums EARAZA www.zoo.ru European Association of Zoo and Wildlife Veterinarians EAZWV www.eazwv.org European Association of Zoos and Aquaria EAZA www.eaza.net European Endangered Species Programmes of EAZA European Union's Eco-Management and Audit Scheme EMAS www.europa.eu.int/comm/environment/emas German Federation of Zoo Directors VDZ www.zoodirektoren.de Global Strategy for Plant Conservation GSPC www.bgci.org.uk/conservation/strategy.htm Iberian Association of Zoos and Aquaria (Asociación Ibérica de Zoos y Acuarios - formerly Asociación Española de Zoos y Acuarios) Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research (Institut für Zoo-und Wildtierforschung, Berlin) EEP AIZA IZW www.aiza.org.es www.izw-berlin.de International Air Transport Association IATA www.iata.org International Organization for Standardization ISO 14000 www.iso.org International Species Information System ISIS www.isis.org International Takhi Group ITG www.takhi.org
附錄 66 International Zoo Educators Association IZE www.izea.net Italian Union of Zoos and Aquaria IUCN/SSC Guidelines for Re-introductions Japanese Association of Zoos and Aquariums JAZA www.jazga.or.jp/ Landcare Australia Latin-American Zoo and Aquarium Association UIZA ALPZA www.iucn.org/themes/ssc/pubs/policy/reinte.htm www.landcareaustralia.com.au Madagascar Fauna Group MFG www.madagascarfaunagroup.org Malaysian Association of Zoological Parks and Aquaria MAZPA www.mazpa.org.my Mesoamerican & Caribbean Zoo & Aquaria Association AMACZOOA National Foundation of Zoological Parks and Aquaria FUNPZA www.funpza.org.ve Population and Habitat Viability Assessment PHVA Ramsar Convention on Wetlands (1971) RAMSAR www.ramsar.org Re-introduction Specialist Group of the IUCN/SSC RSG www.iucnsscrsg.org/pages/1/index.htm Regional Animal Species Collection Plan Smithsonian Institution's Conservation and Research Center REGASP Sociedade de Zoológicos do Brazil SZB www.szb.org.br South Asian Zoo Association for Regional Cooperation SAZARC www.zooreach.org South East Asian Zoos Association SEAZA www.seaza.org nationalzoo.si.edu/conservationandscience/crc/ Species Survival Commission of the IUCN SSC www.iucn.org/themes/ssc Species Survival Plan of AZA SSP www.aza.org/conscience/consciencesspfact/ Swedish Association of Zoological Parks and Aquaria SAZA (SDF) www.svenska-djurparksforeningen.nu Swiss Association of Scientific Zoos - ZOOSchweiz SASZ www.zoos.ch Syndicat National des Directeurs de Parcs Zoologiques Français SNDPZ www.sndpz.fr The World Conservation Union (formerly called International Union of Nature Conservation) IUCN www.iucn.org The World Organisation for Animal Health OIE www.oie.int UNEP - World Conservation Monitorig Centre WCMC www.unep-wcmc.org Union of Czech and Slovak Zoological Gardens UCSZ www.zoo.cz United Nations UN www.un.org/ United Nations Development Programme UNDP www.undp.org United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization UNESCO www.unesco.org United Nations Environment Programme UNEP www.unep.org United Nations Millennium Development Goals www.undp.org/mdg Veterinary Specialist Group of the IUCN/SSC VSG www.iucn-vsg.org Wild Chimpanzee Foundation WCF www.wildchimps.org Wildlife Conservation Society WCS wcs.org Wildlife Information Network WIN www.wildlifeinformation.org World Association of Zoos and Aquariums WAZA www.waza.org World Heritage Convention (1972) www.unesco.org/whc World Zoo and Aquarium Conservation Strategy WZACS www.waza.org World Zoo Conservation Strategy (1993) WZCS www.waza.org WWF - The Global Conservation Organization WWF www.wwf.org Zoo Outreach Organization Z.O.O. www.zooreach.org Zoological Information Management System ZIMS www.zims.org 3.4 WAZA
67 附錄 附錄二 專有名詞解釋 adaptive management ( 適應性管理 ) Animal Embassy ( 動物大使 ): ISO 14001 (Institute of Responsible Tourism) (Loro Parque) artificial selection ( 人擇 ): biodiversity ( 生物多樣性 ): Biodiversity Action Plan ( 生物多樣性行動方案 ): biosecurity ( 生物安全 ): ( ) buffer zone ( 緩衝區 ): ( ) bushmeat ( 叢林肉 ): ( ) collection planning ( 動物蒐集規劃 ): contraceptive ( 避孕用具 ): demographics ( 族群動態 ): demographic management ( 族群動態管理 ): demographic reservoir ( 族群動態儲備 ): ( ) demographic stability ( 族群動態穩定 ): ecology ( 生態學 ): ecosystem ( 生態系 ): ( ) ecotourism ( 生態旅遊 ): ( ) emerging disease ( 新興疾病 ): endemic ( 特有種 ): environmental audit ( 環境審核 ): environmental footprint ( 環境足跡 ): Environmental Management System ( 環境管理系統 ): environmental responsibility ( 環境責任 ): environmental services ( 環境服務 ): ethology ( 動物行為學 ): euthanasia ( 安樂死 ): ex situ ( 域外 ): ( ) (in situ) formal education ( 正式教育 ):
附錄 68 founder stock ( 創始個體 ): ( ) genetic adaptation ( 遺傳適應 ): genetic reinforcement ( 基因強化 ): genetics ( 遺傳學 ): genome bank ( 基因組銀行 ): ( ) ( ) habitat fragmentation ( 棲地零碎化 ): health screening ( 健康篩選 ): holistic ( 整體的 ): hotspot ( 熱點 ): inbreeding ( 近親繁殖 ): informal education ( 非正式教育 ): ( ) ( ) in situ ( 域內 ): (ex situ) ISO 14001: invasive species ( 入侵種 ): low embodied energy materials ( 低耗能材料 ): mean kinship ( 平均親緣關係 ): metapopulation management ( 關聯族群管理 ): ( ) molecular genetics ( 分子遺傳學 ): ( ) morbidity ( 病態 ): morphology ( 形態學 ): passive heating system ( 被動加熱系統 ): ( ) pathogen ( 病原體 ): pedigree ( 系譜 ): physiology ( 生理學 ): population ecology ( 族群生態學 ): recessive gene ( 隱性基因 ): ( ) reintroduction ( 再引入 ): solar gain ( 吸收日光 ): ( ) Species Recovery Programme ( 物種復原計畫 ): stakeholder ( 利益關係人 ): studbook ( 血統書 ): sustainability ( 永續性 ): systematics ( 系統分類學 ): ( ) taxon ( 分類群 ): taxonomy ( 分類學 ): translocation ( 移置 ): zoonotic disease ( 人畜共通傳染病 ):
69 附錄 附錄三 致謝 ( ) Yoshitake Abe, Fukushima Aquarium, Japan; Jörg Adler, Münster Zoo, Germany; Govindasamy Agoramoorthy, Singapore Zoo, Singapore; Amanda Alabaster, Edinburgh Zoo, UK; Jayanthi Alahakoon, Colombo Zoo, Sri Lanka; Ruth Allard, AZA, USA; Thomas Althaus, CITES, Management Authority of Switzerland and Liechtenstein; Lars Lunding Andersen, Copenhagen Zoo, Denmark; Brad Andrews, Sea World Inc., USA; Tatjana Arjanova, Moscow Zoo, Russia; Beth Armstrong, Brevard Zoo, Florida, USA; Andreas Artmann, Schmiding Zoo, Austria; Cheryl Asa, St. Louis Zoo, USA; Stephane Auffret, Brest Oceanarium, France. Dayton Baker, National Aviary, Pittsburgh, USA; Anne Baker, Rosamond Gifford Zoo at Burnett Park, USA; Haig Balian, Artis Zoo, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Jonathan Ballou, National Zoo, Washington D.C., USA; Andrew Balmford, Cambridge University, UK; Chris Banks, Melbourne Zoo, Australia; Yehuda Bar, Ramat Gan Zoo, Israel; Joseph Barber, Disney's Animal Kingdom, Lake Buena Vista, USA; Laura Barraza, UNAM, Mexico; Annette Berkovits, Wildlife Conservation Society, New York, USA, and IZE; Brian Bertram, Bristol Zoo Gardens, UK; Laurie Bingaman Lackey, ISIS, USA; Evan Blumer, The Wilds, Ohio, USA; Suzanne Boardman, Twycross Zoo, UK, and WIN; Duncan Bolton, Bristol Zoo Gardens, UK; Jeffrey Bonner, St. Louis Zoo, USA, and ISIS; Jerry Borin, Columbus Zoo, USA; Marcus Borner, Frankfurt Zoological Society, Germany; Paul Boyle, Wildlife Conservation Society, New York, USA; Thomas Brooks, Conservation International, USA; Koen Brouwer, EAZA, Netherlands; Syd Butler, AZA, USA; Onnie, Byers, CBSG, USA. Amy Camacho, Africam Safari, Puebla, Mexico, and CBSG; Frands Carlsen, Copenhagen Zoo, Denmark; Bryan Carroll, Bristol Zoo Gardens, UK; Paolo Cavicchio, Pistoia Zoo, Italy, and EAZWV; Gerardo Ceballos, Mexico; Bor-yeu Chang, Kaohsiun Shoushan Zoo, Taiwan; Ravi Chellam, New Delhi, India; Pao-chung Chen, Taipei Zoo, Taiwan; Wen-haur Cheng, Singapore Zoo, Singapore; Li Yi Cheng, Taipei Zoo, Taiwan; Tch-lung Chiang, Nantou County Bird Park, Taiwan; B.C. Choudhery, Wildlife Institute of India, India; Sarah Christie, Zoological Society of London, UK; Chris Clark, Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust, Jersey, British Isles; William G. Conway, Wildlife Conservation Society, New York, USA; Robert Cook, Wildlife Conservation Society, New York, USA; Mark Craig, Adelaide Zoo, Australia; Hamish Currie, Back to Africa, Cape Town, South Africa. Glyn Davies, Zoological Society of London, UK; Bert de Boer, Apenheul Zoo, Netherlands, and EAZA; Antonio de Freitas, South African Association for Marine Biological Research, South Africa; Bill Dennler, Toledo Zoo, USA, and WAZA; Lesley Dickie, Zoological Society of London, UK; Ellen Dierenfeld, St. Louis Zoo, USA; Peter Dollinger, WAZA Executive Office, Switzerland; Maria Clara Dominguez, ALPZA, Colombia; Holly Dublin, IUCN/SSC, Kenya; Sue Dubois, Disney's Animal Kingdom, USA; Sophon Dumnui, Dusit Zoo Bangkok and Zoological Parks Organization of Thailand; Lee Durrell, Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust, Jersey, British Isles. Brian Easton, Perth Zoo, Australia; Mark Edgerley, Marwell Zoo, UK; Susie Ellis, Conservation International, USA; Amanda Embury, Perth Zoo, Australia; Yeon Eo Kyung, Seoul Zoo, South Korea. John Fa, Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust, Jersey, British Isles; Mauricio Fabry, National Zoo, Santiago de Chile, Chile; Lex Fearnhead, Two Oceans Aquarium, Cape Town, South Africa; Anna Feistner, Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust, Jersey, British Isles; John Fellowes, Kadoorie Farm and Botanic Gardens, Hong Kong, China; David Field, Zoological Society of London, UK; Karen Fifield, Zoos Victoria, Australia; Fiona Fisken, Zoological Society of London, UK; Nate Flesness, ISIS, USA; Tom Foose, International Rhino Foundation, USA; Bill Foster, Birmingham Zoo, USA; Reinhard Frese, Duisburg Zoo, Germany; Yolan Friedmann, CBSG, South Africa; Renaud Fulconis, Chartres, France.
附錄 70 Simon Garrett, Bristol Zoo Gardens, UK; Pierre Gay, Doué-la-Fontaine Zoo, France, and EAZA; Greg Geise, Binder Park Zoo, USA; Suzanne Gendron, Ocean Park, Hong Kong, China; Nico Gerrits, Rotterdam University, Netherlands; Wolfgang Gettmann, Aquazoo Düsseldorf, Germany; David Gibson, The Deep, Hull, UK; Paul Gill, Environmentally Sustainable Systems, UK; Jo Gipps, Bristol Zoo Gardens, UK, and WAZA; Mauvis Gore, UK; Jennifer Gray, Johannesburg Zoo, South Africa; Wolfgang Grummt, Berlin Tierpark, Germany; Rosamira Guillen, ACOPAZOA, Colombia; B.K. Gupta, Central Zoo Authority, India; Sabine Gyger, WAZA Executive Office, Switzerland. Franck Haelewyn, Lille Zoo and SNDPZ, France; David Hancocks, Australia; Bernard Harrison, Bernard Harrison & Friends, Singapore; Jane Hartline, Oregon Zoo, USA; Matthew Hatchwell, Wildlife Conservation Society, New York, USA; Mary Healy, Sacramento Zoo, USA; Jens-Ove Heckel, Landau Zoo, Germany; Bart Hiddinga, EAZA, Netherlands; Charlie Hoessle, St. Louis Zoo, USA; Heribert Hofer, Institut für Zoo- und Wildtierforschung, Berlin, Germany; Glen Holland, Auckland Zoo, New Zealand; Bengt Holst, Copenhagen Zoo, Denmark, and CBSG Europe and EAZA; Heather Holve, Bristol Zoo Gardens, UK; Jesper Hørsted, Danmarks Akvarium, Denmark; Alexander Hoskins, Philadelphia Zoo, USA; Chung-Hsiiung Hsu, Leopard King Safari Zoo, Taiwan; Ming-Shih Hung, Hsinchu Zoo, Taiwan; Michael Hutchins, AZA, USA; Colin Hyde, Perth Zoo, Australia. Walter Jansen, European Zoo Nutrition Centre, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Thierry Jardin, Lisieux Zoo, France; Dieter Jauch, Wilhelma Zoological and Botanical Gardens, Stuttgart, Germany; Thomas Jermann, Basle Zoo, Switzerland; Katherina Jewgenow, Institut für Zoound Wildtierforschung, Berlin, Germany; Vladislav Jirousek, Jihlava Zoo, Czech Republic; David Jones, North Carolina Zoo, Asheboro, USA; Phillippe Jouk, Antwerp Zoo, Belgium; Henning Julin, Aalborg Zoo, Denmark, and WAZA; Jörg Junhold, Leipzig Zoo, Germany. Mati Kaal, Tallinn Zoo, Estonia; Rainer Kaiser, Berlin Zoo Aquarium, Germany; William Karesh, Wildlife Conservation Society, New York, USA; Werner Kaumans, Cologne Zoo, Germany; Ken Kawata, Staten Island Zoo, USA; Takami Kazutoshi, Ueno Zoo and JAZA, Japan; Itoh Kazuyoshi, Ueno Zoo and JAZA, Japan; Uzma Khan, WWF, Pakistan; Cathy King, Rotterdam Zoo, Netherlands; James Kirkwood, Universities Federation for Animal Welfare, UK; Vernon Kisling, Marston Science Library, USA; Bjarne Klausen, Odense Zoo, Denmark; Devra Kleiman, USA; Isobel Koch, Stuttgart Zoo, Germany; Heather Koldewey, Zoological Society of London, UK; N. Krishna Kumar, Indian Forest Service, Madras, India; Yeun Zo Kyung, Seoul Grand Park Zoo, South Korea. Willie Labuschagne, National Zoo, Pretoria, South Africa; Bob Lacy, Brookfield Zoo, USA, and CBSG; Fanny Lai, Singapore Zoo, Singapore; Jürgen Lange, Berlin Zoo, Germany, and EUAC; Chris Larcombe, Australia; Hans-Ove Larsson, Skansen Foundation, Stockholm and SAZA, Sweden; Alison Lash, Wellington Zoo, New Zealand; Richard Lattis, Wildlife Conservation Society, New York, USA; Frédéric Launay, IUCN/SSC/Re-Introduction Specialist Group, UAE; Nigel Leader-Williams, Durrell Institute of Conservation Ecology, University of Kent, UK; Hang Lee, Seoul National University, South Korea; Caroline Lees, ARAZPA, Australia; Nicholas Leroux, Amnéville Zoo, France; Kristin Leus, Antwerp Zoo, Belgium; John Lewis, International Zoo Veterinary Group, UK; John Lewis, Los Angeles Zoo, USA; Carmen Linares, Africam Safari, Mexico; Don Lindburg, San Diego Zoo, USA; Lena M. Lindén, Nordens Ark, Sweden; Kristen Lukas, Cleveland Metroparks Zoo, USA; Peter Luptak, Bojnice Zoo, Slovakia; Jörg Luy, Erna-Graff Foundation for Animal Welfare, Berlin, Germany. Alastair Macdonald, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Edinburgh, UK, and EAZA; Georgina Mace, Zoological Society of London, UK; Neil Maddison, Bristol Zoo Gardens, UK; Alexis Maillot, Amnéville Zoo, France; Francis Maina, William Holden Conservation Foundation, Kenya; Sue Mainka, IUCN/SSC, Switzerland; Jeremy Mallinson, Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust, Jersey, British Isles; Jansen Manansang, Taman Safari, Indonesia; Judy Mann-Lang, South African Association for Marine Biological Research, South Africa; Maria Martinez, Guadalajara Zoo, Mexico; Michael Martys, Alpenzoo, Innsbruck, Austria; Georgia Mason, Oxford University, UK; Mitsuko Masui, Yokohama Zoological Garden, Japan; Yolanda Matamoros, AMACZOOA, Costa Rica, and WAZA; Sue Mathews, Canberra, Australia; Mike Maunder, Fairchild Tropical Gardens, USA; Ed McAlister, Royal Zoological Society of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia, and WAZA; Gordon McGregor Reid, Chester Zoo, UK, and WAZA; Stephen, McKeown, Chester Zoo, UK; Jeff McNeely, IUCN/SSC, Switzerland; Abdul Qadeer Mehal, SAZARC, Pakistan; Jill Mellen, Disney's Animal Kingdom, Lake Buena Vista, USA; Dennis Merritt, USA; Phil Miller, CBSG, USA; Brian Miller, Denver Zoo, USA; Eric Miller, St. Louis Zoo, USA, and AAZV; Russ Mittermeier, Conservation International, USA; Thembi Mogoai, Johannesburg Zoo, South Africa; Manuel Mollinedo, San Francisco Zoo, USA; David Morgan, PAAZAB, South Africa; Xola Mphahlele, National Zoo, Pretoria, South Africa; Ludwig Müller, Primate Center, Costa Rica; Laura Mumaw, Melbourne Zoo and WAZA, Australia; Koichi Murata, Nihon University, Japan. Tom Naiman, Wildlife Conservation Society, New York, USA; Akemi Narita, Yokohama Zoological Garden, Japan; Ruben Ngwenya, National Zoo, Pretoria, South Africa; Gunther Nogge, Cologne Zoo, Germany; Shane Noyes, Hamilton Zoo, New Zealand. Peter Olney, UK; Steve Olson, AZA, USA. Olivier Pagan, Basle Zoo, Switzerland; Paul Pearce-Kelly, Zoological Society of London, UK; Shaun Peng, Taipei Zoo, Taiwan; Hant Perera, National Zoo, Dehiwala, Sri Lanka, and SAZARC; Elsie Perez, Havana Zoo, Cuba; Miklos Persanyi, Budapest Zoo, Hungary; Wolfgang Peter,
71 附錄 Straubing Zoo, Germany; Chris Peters, Rotterdam Zoo, Netherlands, and IZE; Graham Phipps, Australia; Mark Pilgrim, Chester Zoo, UK; Vijay Kumar Pillai, Singapore Zoo, Singapore; Frank Princee, Netherlands. George Rabb, Brookfield Zoo, USA; Greg Rasmussen, Painted Dog Research Trust, Zimbabwe; Parntep Ratanakorn, Mahidol University, Thailand; Richard Reading, Denver Zoo, USA; Mark Reed, Sedgwick County Zoo, Wichita, USA, and WAZA; Roman Rehak, Decin Zoo, Czech Republic; Ivan Rehak, Prague Zoo, Czech Republic; Jan Reimbiszewski, Warsaw Zoo, Poland; Barbara Revard, Columbus Zoo, USA; Frank Rietkerk, Apenheul Zoo, Netherlands; Vinod Rishi, Government of India, India; Klaus Robin, Robin Habitat AG, Uznach, Switzerland; John Robinson, Wildlife Conservation Society, New York, USA; Alex Rübel, Zurich Zoo, Switzerland, and WAZA; Anthony Rylands, Conservation International, Brazil and USA. Kanchai Sanwong, Chiangmai Zoo, Thailand; Karen Sausman, The Living Desert, Palm Desert CA, USA, and WAZA; Anne Savage, Disney's Animal Kingdom, Lake Buena Vista, USA; Nan Schaffer, SOS Rhino, USA; Christian Schmidt, Frankfurt Zoo, Germany; Dagmar Schratter, Vienna Zoo, Austria; Arndt Schreiber, Heidelberg University, Germany; Harald Schwammer, Vienna Zoo, Austria; Ulie Seal, CBSG, USA; S.C. Sharma, Central Zoo Authority, India; Brij Raj Sharma, Central Zoo Authority, India; Asad Shirez, Singapore Zoo, Singapore; R.K. Shreshta, Kathmandu Zoo, Nepal; Lee Simmons, Omaha Zoo, USA; P.R. Sinha, Central Zoo Authority, India; Brandie Smith, AZA, USA; Lucy Spelman, National Zoo, Washington DC, USA; Vladimir Spitsin, Moscow Zoo, Russia, and EARAZA; Stephen Standley, ARAZPA, Australia; Mark Stanley Price, Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust, Jersey, British Isles; Christian Stauffer, Langenberg Wildlife Park, Switzerland, and ITG; Beth Stevens, Disney's Animal Kingdom, Lake Buena Vista, USA; Miranda Stevenson, BIAZA, UK; Hiroshi Sugaya, Ueno Zoo, Japan; Gloria Svampa, UIZA, Italy. Kazu Takami, Osaka Municipal Tennoji Zoo, Japan; Kit Sun Tan, Singapore Zoo, Singapore; Kevin Tanner, Oceanis Australia Group, Australia; Richard Tenaza, Indonesia; Sue Thornton, International Zoo Veterinary Group, UK; Esteve Tomàs, Barcelona Zoo, Spain, AIZA and WAZA; Simon Tonge, Paignton Zoo, UK; Arshad Toosey, National Avian Research Centre, UAE; Kathy Traylor-Holzer, CBSG, USA; Eric Tsao, Taipei Zoo, Taiwan; Seppo Turunen, Helsinki Zoo, Finland. Endang Budi Utami, Djakarta Bird Park, Indonesia. Paul van den Sande, Antwerp Zoo, Belgium and EUAC; Linda, van Elsacker, Antwerp Zoo, Belgium; Rudy van Eysendeyk, Antwerp Zoo, Belgium; Robert van Herk, Rotterdam Zoo, Netherlands; Hans van Weerd, Artis Zoo, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Mark Vincent, ARAZPA, Australia; Gerald Visser, Rotterdam Zoo, Netherlands; Paul Vogt, Krefeld Zoo, Germany. Jonas Wahlström, Skansen Akvariet, Sweden; Sally Walker, Zoo Outreach Organization, India, and SAZARC; Olivia Walter, BIAZA, UK; Chris Walzer, Salzburg Zoo, Austria, and ITG; David Waugh, Loro Parque, Spain; Felix Weber, ZOOSchweiz, Switzerland; Stephanie Wehnelt, Chester Zoo, UK; Chris Wemmer, Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC, USA; Chris West, Zoological Society of London, UK; Dan Wharton, Wildlife Conservation Society, New York, USA; Malcolm Whitehead, Wildfowl and Wetlands Trust, UK; Jonathan Wilcken, ARAZPA, Australia; David Wildt, Smithsonian Institution, USA; Roger Wilkinson, Chester Zoo, UK; Ekkhard Wolff, Schönbrunn Aquarium, Austria; Hon Mun Wong, Jurong Bird Park, Singapore; Stephen Woollard, Dudley Zoo, UK, and IZE; Rob Young, Universidade Catholica de Minas Gerais, Brazil. Xie Zhong, Chinese Association of Zoological Gardens, China. Kevin Tanner ( )
附錄 72 附錄四 圖說 3 (Sphenodon punctatus) Orana Wildlife Park, New Zealand Peter Dollinger, WAZA 4 IUCN (Diceros bicornis) Kenya Renaud Fulconis, Chartres 5 (Ailurus fulgens) Singhalila National Park, India PNH Zoological Park, India 7 (Marmota marmota) Argelès Wildlife Park, France Peter Dollinger, WAZA Underwater World, Australia Kevin Tanner, Mooloolaba 9 (Cervus nippon) Goldau Landscape and Animal Park Felix Weber, Goldau 10 (Pan troglodytes verus) Leipzig Zoo, Germany Peter Dollinger, WAZA WAZA 04020Tai Village near Tai NP, Ivory Coast Christophe Boesch WCF 11 (Masoala Hall) Zurich Zoo, Switzerland Peter Dollinger, WAZA 14 WAZA 04024 (Equus grevyi) Northern Kenya Jeffrey Bonner, St. Louis 20 WAZA 04004 Jerez, Spain Miguel A. Quevedo, Jerez 23 WAZA 03002 (Equus przewalskii) Gobi B, Mongolia Chris Walzer, Salzburg 25 WAZA 03001 Scharnstein, Austria Johannes Fritz, Scharnstein 27 WAZA 04018 Bosawas Reserve, Nicaragua Cheryl Asa, St. Louis (Meso-American Conservation Center) 28 (Leptodactylus fallax) DWCT Jersey Zoo, British Isles Peter Dollinger, WAZA 31 (Gymnogyps californianus) California, USA Mike Wallce, San Diego 35 (Madagascar Fauna Group) Ivoloina, Madagascar Priska Ketterer, Luzern 41 WAZA AZA/MACCAP Workshop Cheryl Asa, St. Louis 42 (Køb ikke deres liv) CITES Aalborg Zoo, Denmark Peter Dollinger, WAZA 47 www.waza.org Peter Dollinger, WAZA 48 North Luangwa NP, Zambia Christian Schmidt, Frankfurt 55 Johannesburg Zoo, South Africa Peter Dollinger, WAZA 58 Johannesburg Zoo, South Africa Peter Dollinger, WAZA 59 (Lycaon pictus) Madikwe Game Reserve, South Africa Peter Dollinger, WAZA (Tragelaphus strepsiceros) 64 (Panthera leo) Zoo d'amnéville, France Renaud Fulconis Chartres 65 WAZA 04016 (Dendrolagus goodfellowi Wewak, Papua New Guinea Jean Thomas, TCA, Wewak pulcherrimus) 67 (Helarctos malayanus) Melaka Zoo, Malaysia Peter Dollinger, WAZA 69 (EEP) (SSP) The Living Desert, Palm Desert The Living Desert (Felis margarita harrisoni) 71 Underwater World, Australia Kevin Tanner, Mooloolaba 72 (Carcharius taurus) Two Oceans Aquarium, South Africa Pat Garrat, Cape Town