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1. 2. 3. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 1. 2. 3. 4. 1. 2. 29
(Antecedent variables) Sutherland and Cressey Hirschi and Selvin, 1967) 79 1-8 1 12 2 12 13 3 13 14 4 14 15 5 15 16 6 16 17 7 17 18 8 18 1 2 3 4 5 Sutherland and Cressey 1. 2. 30
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 (Exogenous Variables) 31
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(Dependent Variable) pretest 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 34
100% 1. (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) ( ) 2. (3) 3. 4. 10, 35
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SPSS for Win reliability (internal consistency) 38
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1 (0.7%) 8 (5.8%) 3 (2.2%) 4 (2.9%) 137 100 96 (70.1%) 12 (8.8%) 5 (3.6%) 15 (10.9%) 100% 44
70.1% 31.4% 43 31.4% 1 0.7% 8 5.8% 3 2.2% 4 2.9% 137 100% 96 70.1% 12 8.8% 5 3.6% 15 10.9% 45
0 16 12.0% 12.0% 1 13 9.8% 21.8% 2-3 55 41.4% 63.2% 4-5 30 22.6% 85.7% 6-7 18 13.5% 99.2% 1 0.8% 100.0% 133 100% 46
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67 4-6-1 /.3870** -.2475*.4480*** -.3301**.2572** -.2299* -.2419* -.2148* -.3496*** -.2303* -.2248* -.2098*
4-6-2 68
4-6-3 Beta=-.1457 Beta=-.0713 Beta=.1062 Beta=.0723 Beta=-.0077 Beta=-.0749 T=-1.431 T=-.688 T=.953 T=.641 T=-.072 T=-.666 SigT=.1552 SigT=.4928 SigT=.3427 SigT=.5228 SigT=.9430 SigT=.5071 Beta=.4481 Beta=.1924 Beta=.0334 Beta=-.0479 Beta=-.0610 Beta=.1753 T=4.457 T=1.868 T=.297 T=-.428 T=-.579 T=1.527 SigT=.0000 SigT=.0642 SigT=.7674 SigT=.6698 SigT=.5640 SigT=..1299 Beta=.0303 Beta=.0891 Beta=.0670 Beta=.1685 Beta=.1832 Beta=-.0738 T=.300 T=.743 T=.592 T=1.513 T=1.748 T=-.663 SigT=..7646 SigT=.4587 SigT=.5549 SigT=.1332 SigT=..0830 SigT=.5088 Beta=-.2082 Beta=.0891 Beta=-.0020 Beta=.0032 Beta=.0464 Beta=-.1483 T=-1.756 T=.743 T=-.016 T=.024 T=.377 T=-.663 SigT=..0818 SigT=..4587 SigT=.9875 SigT=.9807 SigT=.7070 SigT=.5088 Beta=-.1023 B Beta=-.1345 Beta=-.0816 Beta=-.0402 Beta=.0251 Beta=-.1483 T=-1.030 T=-1.331 T=-.739 T=-.367 T=.242 T=-1.132 SigT=..3054 SigT=.1857 SigT=.4614 SigT=.7144 SigT=.8091 SigT=.2603 R 2 R 2 =.1748 R 2 =.0678 R 2 =.0202 R 2 =.0345 R 2 =.0399 R 2 =.0410 F F=4.7870 F=1.7748 F=.4409 F=.7508 F=.9889 F=.8814 Sig F Sig F=.0005 Sig F=.1230 Sig F=.8190 Sig F=.5873 Sig F=..4276 Sig F=.4965 69
4-6-4 Beta=.0423 Beta=-.0214 Beta=.2573 Beta=.0823 Beta=.0506 Beta=-.2148 T=.430 T=-.214 T=2.627 T=.823 T=.520 T=-2.253 SigT=.6678 SigT=.8306 SigT=.0099 SigT=.4127 SigT=.6041 SigT=.0265 Beta=-.0783 Beta=-.0299 Beta=-.0204 Beta=.0806 Beta=.0924 Beta=.0866 T=-.767 T=-.293 T=-.202 T=.783 T=.924 T=.858 SigT=.4447 SigT=.7702 SigT=.8407 SigT=.4356 SigT=.3578 SigT=.3931 Beta=-.0340 Beta=-.0083 Beta=.0253 Beta=.0494 Beta=.0344 Beta=-.0688 T=-.322 T=-.078 T=.242 T=.463 T=.333 T=-.679 SigT=.7483 SigT=.9378 SigT=.8092 SigT=.6446 SigT=.7396 SigT=.4990 Beta=-.3301 Beta=-.0083 Beta=-.1527 Beta=-.2299 Beta=-.2419 Beta=.0414 T=-3.248 T=-.078 T=-1.498 T=-2.197 T=-2.378 T=.422 SigT=.0016 SigT=.9378 SigT=.1372 SigT=.0303 SigT=.0193 SigT=.6737 Beta=.0919 Beta=-.1710 Beta=.0118 Beta=.0549 Beta=-.1080 Beta=-.3496 T=.868 T=-1.612 T=.112 T=.508 T=-1.029 T=-3.443 SigT=.3875 SigT=.1100 SigT=.9108 SigT=.6124 SigT=.3058 SigT=.0009 R 2 R 2 =.1021 R 2 =.0501 R 2 =.0834 R 2 =.0666 R 2 =.0973 R 2 =.1720 F F=2.2957 F=1.1095 F=1.8734 F=1.4416 F=2.2213 F=4.0295 Sig F Sig F=.0508 Sig F=.3599 Sig F=.1054 Sig F=.2159 Sig F =.0577 Sig F =.0023 70
4-6-4 Beta=.1630 Beta=-.1211 Beta=.0107 Beta=-.0004 Beta=.1979 T=1.675 T=-1.133 T=.107 T=-.007 T=1.975 SigT=.0968 SigT=.2603 SigT=.9150 SigT=.9941 SigT=.0512 Beta=-.0823 Beta=-.0861 Beta=-.2248 Beta=.01816 Beta=-.2098 T=-.819 T=-.776 T=-2.165 T=.172 T=-2.024 SigT=.4145 SigT=.4397 SigT=.0329 SigT=.8639 SigT=.0457 Beta=.0212 Beta=.0540 Beta=.1439 Beta=.0205 Beta=-.0944 T=.203 T=.469 T=1.337 T=.188 T=-.876 SigT=.8392 SigT=.6400 SigT=.1843 SigT=.8513 SigT=.3832 Beta=-.0020 Beta=.0034 Beta=-.0013 Beta=-.0301 Beta=-.0546 T=-.019 T=.031 T=-.012 T=-.280 T=-.515 SigT=9845 SigT=.9756 SigT=.9901 SigT=.7801 SigT=.6079 Beta=-.2303 Beta=-.1543 Beta=-.1523 Beta=-.1325 Beta=-.0161 T=-2.198 T=-1.352 T=-1.377 T=-1.193 T=-.145 SigT=.0301 SigT=.1796 SigT=.1716 SigT=.2356 SigT=.8850 R 2 R 2 =.0793 R 2 =.0495 R 2 =.0727 R 2 =.0201 R 2 =.0902 F F=1.8089 F=.9479 F=1.5211 F=.4104 F=1.8846 Sig F Sig F=.1174 Sig F=.4542 Sig F=.1903 Sig F=.8406 Sig F =.1042 4-6-1 (P>.05) 71
Beta=.3870, P<.015.3870 (Beta=-.2299, P<.05) 4-6-1 4-6-5 Beta=-.3301, P<.01 Beta=.2572, Beta=-.2419, P<.05 Beta=-.2475, P<.05.2475 (Beta=-.2148, P<.05) 72
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100% 70.1% 31.4% 13 37 (27.2) 14 32 (23.5%) 2-3 44 (41.4%) 4-5 30 (22.6%) 92 (67.2%) 40 (29.2%) 75
(31.0%) 84.8%(112 ) 7.6%(10 ) 137 (100%) 97 (70.8%) (r=.239, p<.001) (r=.466, p<.01) (r=.283, p<.01) (Beta=.402, P<.01) R.3068 (30.68%).2169(21.69%) r=.253, P<.05 / r=..388, P<.001 / 76
r=.346, P<.001 r=.331, P<.01 (r=.468, P<.001) (Beta=.259, P<.05) R.379(37.9%) R.219(21.9%) R.054(5.4%) R.307(30.7%) R.37937.9 (Beta=.387, P<.01) (Beta=.-.248, P<.05) R.531(53.1%) R.273(27.3%) R.095(9.5%) R.055(5.5%) 77
(27.3%) 80 82 82 86 78
Arneklev al.(1991) Teevan et al.(1993)polakowski(1994)arneklev et al.(1993) (82) 85 85 85 85 85 Reed Yeager(1996) 85 Akers(1979) Akers (1) (2) (3) (4) (Beta=.259, P<.05) 79
Akers et al.(1979)pruitt(1991) 70 79 81 ( ) Hirschi, 1989Thornberry, 1989 R.307(30.7%) R.379 37.9 R.531(53.1%) 80
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