Ξ :,,, ;,,,,, : :, 1, (institutionalized evasion of institutions) 2,,, :, ( ), Ξ,,, 1,:,,2003,354 2,, : ;,;,,,;,,,,,,;() :,, 2001,86 37
2005 3, ; 3, 4,( ) : ( ), (), :() ; (),( ), ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, (law enforcement discount) 5 :,,, (),,, :, ;, (),,,,,, 6 3,,, 4,,: 5,, 6,, 38,:, ;,,, 1996 3,, (over inclusive),,,,,,,,william M. Landes and R. Posner,The Private Enforcement of Law, Journal of Legal S t udies, vol. 4, 1975, p. 1 ;,K. C. Davis, Discretionary J us2 tice : A Preli minary Inquiry, University of Illinois Press(1971),,,,,: (,),,,,,
,, 7,,,,, :,,, :,, ( ),:,,,1993,282 ; 8,,,, ;,, ;,,,,,,,,,, 1993,, 9, 2000 500 10,,,,,, 7,,,,,,, (selective law enforcement),k. C. Davis, Discretionary J ustice : A Preliminary Inquiry, University of Illinois Press(1971), p. 3. 8,,, 282,,,, 106 http :/ / www. morningpost. com. cn/ ArticleView/ 2005-2 - 9/ Article- View-14980. Htm,2005 3 14 9,1993 10 12, 1993 12 1 10,,,,, 39
2005 3,80,1000 11,,1993 1994, 12,,,, (2004), 13, 13,,,, 2004 14,106,, :, ( ) ;, ( ) ;, ( non - conforming), 15, () ;,( ),, :,,(),,,,, :,,?, : 16,,:,? 11,http :/ / jpkc. ecnu. edu. cn/ ggzcgl/ shoukejiaoan/ jueceanli/ d5. doc,2005 3 14 12 1994,http :/ / jpkc. ecnu. edu. cn/ ggzcgl/ shoukejiaoan/ jueceanli/ d5. doc,2005 3 14 13,2004,13, 14980. Htm,2005 3 14 14:,http :/ / news. sina. com. cn/ c/ 2004-06 - 23/ 16533501869. 15 (non - conforming behavior) (aberrant behavior), 16 :http :/ / jpkc. ecnu. edu. cn/ ggzcgl/ shouke2 40 http :/ / www. morningpost. com. cn/ ArticleView/ 2005-2 - 9/ Article- View- shtml, 2005 3 15, ;, ;,;, 2,,82,(civil disobedience),,, jiaoan/ jueceanli/ d5. doc,2005 3 14
,?,?,,,100,, ( ),,,?,, :,,?, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,( ),,,,,,,,, 17,,, () 18,,,,,,19 20,, :, 19,1919 18,,,,18,, 17,,,,,: 18, :,,,,,,, http :/ / jpkc. ecnu. edu. cn/ ggzcgl/ shoukejiaoan/ jueceanli/ d5. doc, 2005 3 14 19 20 :,1977,120 41
2005 3 20, 106,, :,?,,,,: ( ),?,,?,,,, 21,,,,,,1993 45,, 200, ;8 36,52 21 29 83985, 95. 9 %,84. 6 %,166,1993 10,, 22,:,, :,,?,,,,,,,,,,200??,,??, 21,,, 22 : http :/ / jpkc. ecnu. edu. cn/ ggzcgl/ shoukejiaoan/ jueceanli/ d5. doc,2005 3 14 42,,,
, :,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,, :,,, (),,,, 23,,,,, 24, 25, 26, 27,,,,, 23,:,,http :/ / www. ctn. com. cn/ 2290/ 2297/ 2005128-37783. html,2005 3 14 24, 25,,,,,, :,,,,,, J. Landies, The A dminist rative Process, 1938, p. 75 ; Richard B. Stewart,The Reformation of American Adminis2 trative Law, in 8 Harvard L aw Review, 1975,pp. 1685-1687 26,, (), (subjective justice),jerry Mashaw,, (individual dignity), Jerry Mashaw,Administrative Due Process : the Quest for a Dignitary Theory, in 61 Boston U niv. L aw Review, 1981, p. 885 27,,, 43
2005 3, 28,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :?,?,??,, 29,,,,, 30,,,,, () 1.,, ( ), 31,?, 28:, lic Interest Law : A Step Toward Social Balance, in 13 A riz. L. Rev., 1971, pp. 818-819. 29?,?, 1998,186,319 30,,, 31,, 44,,Sheldon,Pub2,, (, ),,,,,,,,,, (symbolic violence),, :,,,,,J. Mashaw, Greed, Chaos, and Governance : I m proving Public L aw Through Pub2 lic Choice, Yale University Press, 2000
,,, ;,, 32 ;,, 2.,, 33,, ( ),,, 34, 35,,, ( ), 36,,, 3.,( ), ( ) : 37,,,,,,,, 38 (),,?,,,,,,, ( ),, 32, 33, :,2002,342 34, ;;, Walter, Critique of Religion and Philosophy, Harvard University Press, 1961, p. 410. 35,, : :,,2002 1 36, 37,, :, 2001,536 38,,, ( ), 33,,369 45
2005 3, 39,,, 40,,,( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,20 90,,, 41,,,,,,, 42,,, 43,,,,,,,,,,, 44 () : 39,,,, 40,:,,, 2005 9 41,Tom Tyler, W hy People Obey the L aw, Yale University Press, 1990. 42, (deterrence curve) Lawrence Friedman,The Deterrence Curve, in The Legal S ystem : A Social Science Perspective, New York : Russell Sage Foundation, 1975 43,2004,, 9,,, ( ) ::,2005 2 17 44,,,,, 46,,, 522,,,,, ::, 2004,25
, :,,,,,,,,,,,?,, () (non - conforming behavior) (aberrant behavior),, 45,,,,?,,,,,(),,,,,;,,,, ;,,, () ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,,, 46,, 45, 2,82 46,,, 2,99 47
2005 3,,,,,,,,,;,,,, (lose - lose),,,,,,,?,,,,, (, ),,,,,,,,,,,,,, (comparative justice), 47,,,,,,,,,,,,, 48,,,,(),,,,,,,,, 47, X, Y ; Academic Publichers,pp. 92-94 48,,,, 48 X Y, X, Y,,X K. C. Davis, Discretionary J ustice : A Preli minary Inquiry, University of Illinois Press 1969,pp. 167-68 ;,M. D. Balyes, Procedural J ustice : A llocating to Individuals, Kluwer :,( ),, : :, 2004 1
,, 106,, :,,,,,,,,,,, Abstract :The government is in a dilemma. The lack of effect ual communication result in tension between the standpoint of the government and the civil society ; the excessive dependence on penalty and the ne2 glect of learning f rom t he civil society make t he rules running against practices. The government should communicate meaningf ully wit h t he civil society t hrough instit utionalized system, and should put empha2 sis on self - examination and improving policies in practical matters. Key words : dilemma in law enforcement, standpoints of government, attitudes of the civil society, laws come from life 49