唐 氏 症 兒 童 溝 通 與 語 言 學 習 困 難 相 關 因 素 之 初 探
9 壹 緣 起 與 動 機 1866 Langdon Down ------ 50 Down s syndrome Karol, 1991 21 47 Cicchetti & Beeghly, 1990
10 貳 唐 氏 症 兒 童 的 語 言 溝 通 ( 一 ) 語 言 發 展 Dodd 1975 prelinguistic linguistic Smith 1981 8 8.4 Cruttenden 1970 first word 12-15 Smith Wilson 1973 2 3 1 7 8 Smith 1981 21 7 10 10% 4 50% 2 preverbal vocalization meaning speech
11 Chapman, Schwartz and Bird, 1991 Coop milestone, Mathoney, Glover and Finger, 1981 ; Greenwald & Leonard, 1979 ; Cobo-lewis, Oller, Lynch and Levine, 1996 ; Chapman, Schwartz and Bird, 1991 ( 二 ) 仿 說 及 言 語 能 力 Sokolov 1992 89 Improving the communication of people with Down syndrome 95 % 50% 85 ( 三 ) 非 口 語 溝 通 與 社 會 互 動 Mundy 1995 nonverbal declarative skill
12 vocal vocal control restriction Sokoloy, 1992 ;, 2000 Tingley 1994 Harris 1996 expand Harris joint attention language acquisition 參 唐 氏 症 兒 童 的 語 言 通 學 習 困 難 原 因 分 析 ( 一 ) 本 身 生 理 缺 陷 1. 100%
13 Lorenz, 1998 2. 50% - 70% 90% 10 % 3. Lorenz, 1998 4. tongue protrusion mid-face Van, Mattheis, Eberly and Williams; 1995 5. Van, Mattheis, Eberly and Williams; 1995
14 6. 89 89 ( 二 ) 語 言 系 統 本 身 的 特 質 1. 80 2. 21 16
15 82 ( 三 ) 人 為 因 素 1. 1992 Sokolov Maurer & Sherrod 1987 2. 3.
16 肆 討 論 1
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 17
18 參 考 文 獻 中 文 部 分 1. 85 63 ~ 81 2. 80 3. 82 4. 89 15 4 21 ~ 31 西 文 部 分 Chapman, R. S., Schwartz, S. E., & Bird, E. K. (1991). Language skills of children and adolescents with down syndrome: I. Comprehension. Journal of speech and hearing research, Vol.34, Oct., P.1106-1120. Cicchetti, D., & Beeghly, M. ( 1990). Children with Down s syndrome- A evelopmentl perapective. Cambridge University Press. U.S.A. Cobo-lewis, A. B., Oller, K., Lynch, M. P., and Levine, S. L.(1996). Relations of motor and vocal milestones in typically developing infants and infants with Down syndrome. American Journal of Mental Retardation, Vol. 100, N.5, P. 456-467. Cooper S.A.& Collacott, R.A.(1995).The effect of age on language in people with Down s syndrome Journal Intellect of Disabilities Research, Vol 39, N 3, P.197-200. Greenwald, C. A., & Leonard, B. L.,( 1979). Communicative and sensorimotor develo[pment of Down s syndrome children. American Journal of Mental Deficiency, Vol. 84, N.3, P.296-303. Dodd, B.(1975). Recognition and reproduction of words by Down s syndrome children and non Down s syndrome retarded children. American Journal of Mental Deficiency, 80, P.306-311. Harris S, Kaiser C & Sigman M.D (1995). Joint attention and language gains
in children with Down s syndrome. American Journal of Mental Retardation, Vol.100, N. 6, P. 608-619. Karol Fishler and Richard Koch. (1991). Menatal development in Down syndrome mosaicism. American Journal of Mental Retardation, Vol. 96, N.3, P. 345-351. Lorenz, S. (1998). Children with Down s syndrome- A guide for teachers and learning support assistants in mainstream primary and secondary school. David Fulton Pub. London. Mathoney, G.; Glover, A.; and Finger, I., (1981). Relationship between language and sensorimtor development of Down syndrome and nonretarded children. American Journal of Mental Deficiency, Vol. 86, N.1, P.21-27. Mundy, P., Kasari, C., Sigban, M., & Ruskin, E. (1995). Noverbal communication and early language acquisition in children with Down s syndrome and in normally developing children. Journal of speech and hearing research, Vol. 38, N.1, P.83-97. Smith, D.W.& Wilson, A.A (1973), The child with Down s syndrome. Philadelphia, W.B. Saunders Co. Smith, B. L. & Oller, D.K. (1981). A Comparative study of premeaningful vocalization produced by normally-developing and Down s syndrome infants. Journal of speech and hearing research, Vol 36,N 1, P.83-97. Sokolov, J.L. (1992). Linguistic imitation in children with Down s syndrome. American Journal of Mental Retardation, Vol. 97, N.2, P.209-221. Tingley, E. C.; Gleason, J.b.; and Hooshyar, N. (1994). Mother s lexicon of internal state words in speech to children with down s syndrome and to nonhandicapped children at mealtime. Journal of communication disorders. Vol.27, No.2, P.135-155. Van Dyke, D. C. (1995). Topic in Down s syndrome- Medical & surgical care for children with Down s syndrome (A guide for parents). Woodbine House, Inc. M.D. 19
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