No. 10082 Bruce R. Conard 1000 500 toxon toxikon 1493-1541 [1]
[2] 1 [3][4][5][6] 1
2 ED EC ED Effective dose EC Effective concentration ED 50 EC 50 LD 50 LC 50 / LC 50 1 LC 50 NOAEL LOAEL 1 LD50 LD 50 (mg/kg) 10 000 4 000 900 ( ) 2 1 0.001 2
1~3 [8] LOAEL 0.1 1/10 1/10 1/10 1/100~1/1000 [9] [10][11][12][13] 3
SMRs SIR 100 SMR 100 A.B.Hill 1965 SMR 10000 150 Ni ++ Ni ++ Ni ++ Ni ++ [14] DNA [15] Zatka [16]
1 0.008% [17] 24 0.003% 3~6µg/L, 5µg/L 0.1~0.5µg/L [18] 5ng/m 3 250 ng/m 3[19] 0.03ppm 0.08 ppm 1.6 ppm 7.6 ppm 13.4 [18] 2 [Ni(co) 4 ] Sunderman [20] ACGIH [21] 8 / TLV 0.12mg/m 3 TLV 50 12 LC 50 20~20 100 mg/m 3 2500 mg/m 3[22] 3 3 1 10%~15% 1%~2% [23] 3 2 2 15g [25] 0.5~2.5g [26] 1000mg/L 17~39 90% [27] [28]
NiPERA 16% 4% 2.5% 3 3 Ni ++ 2 Rendall [29] 400mg(Ni ++ )/m 3 4 4 1 Richard Doll International Committee of Nickel Carcinogenesisin Men(ICNCM) ( ) 10 Inco Falconbridge Outokompu Hanna Eramet Inco at Huntington; Wiggin at Hereford Oak Ridge gaseous diffusion plant Ni 3 S 2 2 1937 Clydach Ni 3 S 2 10~100mg / m 3 Inco Copper Cliff 1954 40 100mg m 3,1962 3 2 1937 Clydach 30 * SMR SMR <5 4 1.4 280 1 0.009 11000 5~9 6 0.70 860 3 0.004 67000 10~14 4 0.26 1560 1 0.002 47000 15 2 0.007 28000 2 <0.001 120000 16 2.4 725 7 0.016 45000 * 3 Inco Copper Cliff 30 SMR * SMR < 1 15 12.0 125 0 0.1 0 1~4 15 4.3 350 2 0.04 5700 5~9 12 1.6 740 1 0.01 8200 10-14 20 2.2 920 2 0.02 12000 *
Inco Port Colborne 5~80mg /m 3 SMR=239 95% =187~302 72 30 SMR=7800 95% 4700~12000 19 0. 24 Clydach Kristiansand, Coniston Falconbridge Clydach 1925 [31] Oak Ridge <1mg /m 3 SMR 60 95% 27~113 9 15. 1 ICNCM Kristiansand 1967 1~5mg /m 3 Clydach Clydach Ni 3 S 2 Kris-tiansand Port Colborne Port Colborne 2000 SMR 88 95% =53~137 19 21.6 Kristiansand 10mg/m 3 Img/ m 3 4 2 Inco Roberts [32] Inco 54509 ICNCM Copper Cliff Coniston Port Col-borne LC&S [25] 25 SMR 200 26 13.3 4 3 Inco Thompson 1991 Roberts [33] 1 4 4 Redmond 13 40 60 1988 61 31165
[35] 4 5 Julian-Muir McMaster Inco Falconbridge1950 6 1964~1989 15 Port Colborne 35 4 ICNCM 5 25 6 1.3~1.5 [ 36 ][ 37 ][ 38 ] Sudburg 1.3 Roberts SMR 130 McMaster SIR 140
480 26 1960 McMaster 35 25 5 [ 39 ] [ 40 ] [41][ 42 ] 5 1 LOAEL 15mg/m 3 5 2 NTP [ 43 ] 1994 6 5 1mg /m 3 [ 44 Sunderman ] Ni-Cu 12 LOAEL 7. 5mg/ m 3, 23mg/ m 3, LOAEL LD 50 1000mg/kg, NICO 3 500 mg/kg 5 3 Ni 3 S 2 Ni 3 S 2 LOAEL 1. 8mg / m 3 LOAEL 0. 44mg m 3 LOAEL 0.22mg/m 3 5 4 LOAEL 0. 6 mg/ m 3, 0.011mg/ m 3 ( ) NTP 2 0.1~0.2mg/ m 3
LD 50 43~330mg/kg 60mg/kg [ 45 ] Oller [ 46 ] 7 1 7 7 2 Ni ++ DNA 3 Oller DNA 1 Ni 3 S 2 Ni 3 S 2 Ni ++
Ni 3 S 2 Ni 3 S 2 NiS Ni ++ 2 NiO 3 S 2 NiO Ni 3 S 2 3 Ni ++ Ni ++ ACGIH 0.1mg/m 3 4 Ni ++ 5 Ni 3 S 2 50
[ 47 ] [ 48 ][ 49 ][ 50 ] [ 51 ] [ 52 ] [ 53 ]
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