1 2 1 jwhuang@nchu.edu.tw04-22851676 2 Lethbridge ) ( ) (plant disease) (symptoms) (signs) (continuous (fungi) irritant) (bacteria) (virus) (nematodes) (phytoplasma) (discontinuous irritant) (injury)
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (discoloration) ( 4, 5, 7, 12, 13, 14, 16, 19, 22, 23) ( ) (shot hole) (A) (B) ( )(wilting) (damping-off of seedling) ( 2, 3, 4, 6) ) (necrosis) ( 8, 10, 11, 17, 18, 24, 28, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 43, 44) ( ) (stunting or atrophy) ( )(hypertrophy) ( 1, 7, 20, 25) (hypertrophy) (hyperplasia) ( ) (organ deformation) (replacement of organs by new structures) ( 42) ( ) (mummification) ( 41) ( ) (alternation of habit and symmetry) ( ) (destruction of organs) ( ) () (production of exceresences and malformations) ( 9) () (exudations) () (rotting of tissue) ( 15, 21, 26, 27, 29, 30, 31, 37, 38, 39, 40)
( ) 1. 10 50 Cercospora apii) Fusarium solani) 8,000 2. ( ) ( ) (spores 3. (1) (2) ( ) 1. 180
( 2. (1) (Agrobacterium) (2) (Pseudomonas) (3)( Xanthomonas) (4) ( Erwinia) (5) (Clavibacter) (6)( Streptomyces) ( (2) (3) Clavibacter Streptomyces (4) Erwinia tracheiphila) (5) (6) 3. ( Xanthomonas campestris pv. citri)
(Erwinia amylovora) ( ) 1. 2. capsids (nucleic acid) nucleo capsid RNA) ( ) (deoxyribonucleic acid, DNA) 20 R RNA RNA 3. (1)
(2) () ( ) ( ) (3) (4) (TMV) (5) ( Xiphinema index) (big vein of ( lettuce) Olpidium brassicae) ( ) 1. 1967 2. 75 100Å
3. ( ) 1. 15,000 2.(1) 6 (3) 3. ( ) 1.
2. 3. 2 3 15 4. ) ( )(parasite) (host) ( )(parasitism) ( ) 8000 10000 200 500 75 (hyperparasite) (obligate parasites) (facultative saprophytes) (facultative parasites) (obligate saprophytes) (pathogeni (symbiosis)
(1) (inoculation) (inoculum) (2) (penetration) (3) (infection) ( ) ( ) (hypersensitive reaction) ( ) (4) (incubation) ( ) (latent infection) (5) (invasion) 10 300 (6) (dissemination)
(7) (overwintering)( ) (initial inoculum) (1) (2) ( ) (wildfire toxin) C 10 H 16 O 6 N 2 AK (hormones) IAA (Pseudomonas solanacearum) ( )
1929 H. H. Whetzel (1)(Exclusion) (Eradication) (3) (Protection) (4) (Resistance) Whetzel (economic loss level)
1. 1991 79 2. 1998 160 3. 2001 401 4. 2001 429 5. Agrios, G. N. 1988. Plant Pathology. 3 rd edition. Academic Press, Inc., San Diego. USA. 803pp.
1. ( Plasmodiophora brassicae) 2. ( Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cucumerinum ) 3. ( Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. tracheiphilum) 4. ( Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense) 5. 6. ( Ophiostoma querci) 7. (Meloidogyne incognita) 8. ( Phoma asparagi) 9. (Botryosphaeria dothidea) 10. (Elsinoe batatas) 11. ( Didymella bryoniae) 12. (Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici) 13. Ceratocystis spp. (blue stain) 14. 15. (Rhizoctonia solani AG-4) 16. ( Albugo bliti) 17. ( Alternaria brassicicola) 18. ( Phyllachora repens) 19. ( Sphaerotheca fusca) 20. ( Exobasidium formosanum) 21. ( Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora ) 22. ( Turnip Mosaic Virus) 23. ( ) 24. 25. ( Plasmodiophora brassicae ) 26. ( Phytophthora citrophthora) 27. ( Phytophthora melonis ) 28. ( Phytophthora infestans ) 29. ( Rhizopus stolonifer ) 30. ( Botrytis allii) 31. ( Botyrtis cinerea ) 32. ( Colletotrichum gloeosporioides ) 33. ( Colletotrichum lagenarium ) 34. ( Colletotrichum capsici )
35. ( Alternaria alternata) 36. ( Fusarium solani) 37. ( Fusarium solani) 38. ( Phomopsis fukushii) 39. ( Botryosphaeria dothidea ) 40. ( Monilinia fructicola) 41. ( Monilinia fructicola ) 42. ( Ustilago maydis ) 43. ( Tobacco Mosaic Virus Cucumber Mosaic Virus ) 44. ( )