植物油抑制植物病原真菌胞子發芽之效果1

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1 , 2500ppm ,000ppm ,000ppm 500ppm, (plant essential oil) (fungistatic) (fungicidal) (sclerotia) (spore) (garlic oil) (Macrophomina phaseolina) (9,10) ( Colletotrichum gloeosporioides) (4) (9) ( Phytophthora drechsleri) (zoospore) (5) ( Erysiphe polygoni) (29) (ginger oil)( Fusarium sp.) ( Alternaria sp.)( Sclerotium rolfsii) (Curvularia lunata) (8,32) 18

2 (29) (lemongrass ( oil) Aspergillus niger) ( Fusarium oxysporum) (Penicillium sp.) (14)( Rhizoctonia solani) (7) ( Helminthosporium oryzae)( Monilia sitophila) 9 (25) (eugenol) 6 (Alternaria alternata)( Fusarium solani) (33) (cumin oil) ( Colletotrichum falcatum) ( Curvularia pallescens) (Periconia sp.)(26) ( Colletotrichum capsici) ( Fusarium moniliformae)(15) (Aspergillus spp.) (6) (castor oil) (16) (menthe oil) (Mucor sp.) (3 (Rhynchosporium oryzae) (19) (pine oil) (Pestalotia versicolor)(18) (30) (mustard ( oil) Phomopsis viticola) ( P. psidii) (1) (castor (4) oil) (clove (6,21) oil) (18) ( Chaetomium indicum) (6) ( Alternaria solani) (17) (6,20,27) 10 (geraniol) ( Alternaria brassicae) , (ml) 100,000 Table 1. Plant pathogenic fungi tested in this study Chinese name Scientific name Alternaria brassicae (Berk) Sacc. Alternaria porri (Ellis) Cif.

3 Alternaria spinaciae Allescher and Noack Alternaria tenuis Auct. Alternaria solani (Ell. & Mart.) Sor. Ascochyta pisil ib Botrytis cinerea Fr. Capnodium sp. Cercospora apii Fres. Cercospora beticola Ciferri and Bruner Cercospora longissima Sacc. Cercospora arachidicola Hori. Cercospora personata (B. et C.) E. et E. Cercospora sp. Colletotrichum capsici (Sydow) Butler and Bisby. Colletotrichun gloeosporioides (Penz.) Sacc. Colletotrichum lagenarium (Pass.) Ellis & Halsted Colletotrichum spinaciae Ellis and Halsted Curvularia sp. Erysiphe cichorocearum DC. Fusarium oxysporum Helminthosporium maydis Nishik. Et Miyabe Helminthosporium turcicum Pass. Monilia fructicola (G. Wint.) Honey Oidiopsis taurica Tepper Oidium caricae Noack Phoma lingam (Tode) Desmazieres Phyllosticta chenopodii Sacc. Phyllosticta zingiberi Hori Phakopsora pachyrhizi Sydow Peronospora effusa (Grev.) Tul Puccinia alii F. Rudolphi Puccinia polysora Underw.

4 Puccinia sorghi Schw. Pyricularia oryzae Cavara Septoria lycopersici Spegazzini Stemphylium sp. Uromyces phaseoli (Reben) Wint typica Arth. (cinnamon Cinnamomum)(clove oil from oil from Syzygium)(lemongrass Cymbopogon)(cumin oil from Cuminum) oil from (garlic oil from Allium sativum) (ginger oil from Zingiber officinale) (menthe oil from Mentha) (castor oil from Ricinus comminis) (pine oil from Pinus) (mustard oil from Brassica juncea) 10 Tween 20 10:1 (micropippet) 10 (µl) (5,000ppm) 2,500ppm (cavity slide) (25±3 ) ,250 1,677 2,500ppm ppm ( Alternaria porri) ( Colletotrichum capsici) (conidia) (Puccinia sorghi)(urediospore) (eugenol) (geraniol) ,000ppm 10 (µl) ,250 2,500ppm ,000ppm, ppm 10

5 1 30 ( 30 ) (cineole)(geraniol) (linalool) (11,12,22,23) 2,500ppm ( 2) (spectrum) 80 Cercospora beticola) ( C. apii) ( C. longissima)( Cercospora spp.) ( C. personata) ( Cercospora sp.) (eugenol) ( Fusarium oxysporum) ( F. solani)( Monilia sitophila) (Alternaria alternata) (7,14,33) 5 ( Colletotrichum falcatum) ( Curvularia pallescens) ( Colletotrichum capsici)( Alt-ernaria alternata) (Fusarium moniliforme) ( Helminthosporium oryzae) ( Alternaria),, 4 Colletotrichum gloeosporio-ides) (4) ( Fusarium) (Alternaria) (Curvularia) (Erysiphe) (8,29,32) ( Alternaria solani) Fusarium) ( Alternaria) (Curvularia) (31) 10 2,500ppm 7

6 Table 2. Effects of plant oils on spor egermination of plant pathogenic fungi germination ( ) Pathogenic fungus (Alternaria brassicae) (Alternaria porri) (Alternaria solani) (Alternaria spinaciae) (Ascochyta pisi) (Botrytis cinerea) (Cercospora apii) (Cercospora beticola) (Cercospora longissima) check cinnamon clove lemongrass cumin 100* (Cercospora personata) (Cercospora sp.) (Colletotrichun gloeosporioides) (Colletotrichum lagenarium) (Colletotrichum spinaciae)

7 (Curvularia sp.) (Erysiphe cichorocearum) (Fusarium oxysporum) (Helminthosporium maydis) (Helminthosporium turcica) (Oidiopsis taurica) (Phyllosticta chenopodii) (Phyllosticta zingiberi) (Phakopsora pachyrhizi) (Phoma lingam) (Peronospora effusa) (Puccinia polysora) (Pyricularia oryzae) (Uromyces phaseoli) Table 2. Effects of plant oils on spore germination of plant pathogenic fungi germination ( ) Pathogenic fungus (Alternaria brassicae) garlic ginger mentha castor pine mustard

8 (Alternaria porri) (Alternaria solani) (Alternaria spinaciae) (Ascochyta pisi) (Botrytis cinerea) (Cercospora apii) (Cercospora beticola) (Cercospora longissima) (Cercospora personata) (Cercospora sp.) (Colletotrichun gloeosporioides) (Colletotrichum lagenarium) (Colletotrichum spinaciae) (Curvularia sp.) (Erysiphe cichorocearum) (Fusarium oxysporum) (Helminthosporium maydis)

9 (Helminthosporium turcica) (Oidiopsis taurica) (Phyllosticta chenopodii) (Phyllosticta zingiberi) (Phakopsora pachyrhizi) (Phoma lingam) (Peronospora effusa) (Puccinia polysora) (Pyricularia oryzae) (Uromyces phaseoli) *, *mean of 4 replicates, and expressedin in teger. 2,500ppm ( 3) 10 1,667ppm ) 677ppm ) Table 3. Effect of different concentration of clove oil on spore germination of plantpathogenic fungi. germination ( )

10 pathogenic fungus concentration of clove oil (ppm) ( Alternaria porri) ( Alternaria solani) ( Alternaria tenuis) ( Botrytis cinerea) ( Capnodium sp.) ( Cercospora arachidis) ( Cercospora bataticola) ( Cercospora personata) ( Cercospora sp.) ( Colletotrichum capsici) ( C. gloeosporioides) ( Colletotrichum lagenarium) ( Curvularia sp.) ( Helminthosporium maydis) ( Helminthosporium turcica) ( Monilia fructicola) ( Oidium caricae) ( Phoma lingam) ( Phyllosticta zingiberi) ( Puccinia alii) ( Puccinia polysora) ( Puccinia sorghi) ( Pyricularia oryzae) ( Septoria lycopersici) ( Stemphylium sp.) * mean of 4 replicates.

11 Table 4. Effect of different concentratrion of cinnamom on spore germination of plant pathogenic fungi. germination ( ) concentration of cinnamon oil (ppm) pathogenic fungus (Alternaria porri) 98* (Alternaria tenuis) (Capnodium sp.) (Cercospora arachidis) (Cercospora bataticola) (Cercospora personata) (Cercospora sp.) (Colletotrichum capsici) (C. gloeosporioides) (C. lagenarium) (Curvularia sp.) (Helminthosporium maydis) (Helminthosporium turcica) (Monilia fructicola)

12 (Phoma lingam) (Phyllosticta zingiberi) (Puccinia polysora) (Puccinia sorghi) (Pyricularia oryzae) (Septoria lycopersici) (Stemphylium sp.) * mean of 4 replicates. ( Alternaria porri) 2,500ppm 1,000ppm 0( 5) 625ppm 333ppm 1,250ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm (Synergistic activity) Pandey (1982) ( Citrus aurantifolia)( Mentha arvensis) Aegle marmelos 4 8 1,250ppm 250ppm (Colletotrichum capsici) 250ppm 1,000ppm ( 6) 500ppm ppm (Puccinia sorghi) 1,250ppm 1,000ppm ppm 90 ( 7) 333ppm 167ppm

13 Table 5. Effect of combination of clove oil and cinnamom oil on conidia germination of Alternaria porri germination ( ) cinnamom oil conc. (ppm) clove oil conc (ppm) 1, ,500 0* , * mean of 6 replicates Table 6. Effect of combination of clove oil and cinnamom oil on conidia germination of Colletotrichum capsici germination ( ) cinnamom oil conc. (ppm) clove oil conc (ppm) 1, ,500 0*(100) 0(100) 0(100) 0(100) 0(100) 1,250 0(100)** 0(100) 9.0(88) 20.5(74) 17.5(77) 625 0(100) 3.0(94) 27.5(43) 47.5(39) 45.0(42) 500 0(100) 5.0(96) 29.0(63) 52.5(32) 65.0(16) 0 0(100) 19.0(75) 44.0(65) 54.3(30) 77.5(-) * mean of 4 replicates. ** value in parenthesis is the inhibition percentage. Table 7. Effect of combination of cloveoil and cinnamum oil on urediospore germination of Puccinia sorghi. germination ( ) clove oil conc. (ppm) cinnamom oil conc. (ppm) 1, ,500 0*(100) 2.5(97) 3.5(95) 0.5(99) 0(100) 0(100) 0(100)

14 1,250 0(100)** 1.5(98) 6.5(91) 2.5(97) 0(100) 0(100) 1.0(99) 625 0(100) 0(100) 4.4(94) 4.6(94) 5.1(93) 13.9(81) 9.2(87) 500 0(100) 3.5(95) 6.2(92) 6.5(91) 7.6(90) 13.9(81) 20.9(71) 333 0(100) 0(100) 0(100) 8.8(88) 8.8(88) 15.2(79) 49.3(33) 0 0(100) 3.2(96) 4.5(94) 6.3(31) 22.7(69) 37.9(48) 73.3(-) * mean of 4 replicates ** value in parenthesis is the inhibition percentage (eugenol) (geraniol) (2,3,23,24,40) 2,000ppm 1, ppm ppm 24.0 ( 8) 2,000 1,000ppm 500ppm ppm ,000ppm 90 Table 8. Inhibitory effect of eugenol and geraniol on sporegermination of plant pathogenic fungi germination ( ) pathogenic fungus concentration (ppm) plant oils 2,000 1, eugenol (Alternaria porri) geraniol eugenol (Colletotrichum capsici) geraniol eugenol (Puccinia sorghi) geraniol * mean of 4 replicates Suzhi (1981) ( Colletotrichum lagenarium) 40 Muhadam & Deshpande (1977) (Alternaria brassicicolla) (RNA) (germtube) 110 Colletotrichum capsici)

15 ( Alternaria porri) 1 ( Puccinia sorghi) ( 9) ppm ppm ) ppm ) 250ppm ( 5) ppm Table 9. Effect of dryness on germination of fungal spores post-treated with cinnamom oil germination ( ) cinnamom oil conc. (ppm) pathogenic fungus dried duration, (hour) (wetted check) * (Colletotrichum capsici) (wetted check) (Puccinia sorghi) (wetted check) (Alternaria porri)

16 * mean of 4 replicates ( 10) ppm ppm ) 500ppm 300ppm 250ppm Table 10. Effect of dryness on inhibition of conidia germination of Colletotrichum capsici treated with cinnamon oil germination ( ) dried duration, (hour) cinnamonoil conc. (ppm) water oil water oil water oil 1 0(100)** 0(100) 7.7(89) 0(100) 8.8(88) 0(100) 11.0(84) 2 0(100) 0(100) 2.2(97) 0(100) 5.5(92) 0(100) 9.9(86) 3 0(100) 0(100) 0(100) 0(100) 0(100) 0(100) 4.4(94) (wetted ck) 4.4(68)* 27.5(62) 26.4(64) 72.6(-) * mean of 4 replicates ** value in parenthesis is the inhibition percentage Table 11. Effect of dryness on the inhibition of urediospore germination of Puccinia sorghit reated withc innamon oil germination ( ) dried duration, (hour) cinnamon oil conc.(ppm)

17 water oil water oil water oil 1 0(100)** 0(100) 7.5(89) 0(100) 11.5(83) 0(100) 17.0(75) 2 1.5(98) 0(100) 2.5(96) 0(100) 12.0(83) 2.5(96) 16.0(77) 3 0(100) 1.0(99) 1.5(98) 0(100) 9.5(86) 1.0(99) 9.5(86) 7.5(89)* 18.5(73) 18.0(74) 69.3(-) (wetted ck) * mean of 4 replicates ** value in parenthesis is the inhibition percentage ( 12) ppm ppm, ppm 500ppm 17.5 Table 12. Effect of dryness on the inhibition of conidia germination of Alternaria porri treated with cinnamom oil germination( ) cinnamon oil conc. (ppm) driedduration, (hour) water oil water oil water oil * (75) (wettedck) * mean of 6 replicates

18 1. Arun Ara Control of Phomopsis fruit-rots of grapes and guava. Indian Phytopathology 41: Caccioni, D. R. L.; Guizzardi, M Inhibition of germination and growth of fruit and vegetable postharvest pathogenic fungi by essential oil components. Journal of Essential Oil Re search 6: Chandravadana, M. V.; Nidiry, E. S. J Antifungal activity of essential oil of Pelargonium graveolens and its contituents against Colletotrichum gloeosporio ides. Indian Journal of Experi mental Biology 32: Chauhan, H. L.; Joshi, H. U Evaluation of phyto-extracts for control of mango fruit anthracnose. In Batanical pesticides in integrated pest management: Proceedings of National Symposium held on Jan 21-22, at Rajahmundry, India. p Chauhan V. B. Singh U. P Effect of 6 volatiles of some plant extracts on germination of zoospores of Phytophthora drechsleri f. sp. cajani. Indian Phytopath. 44: Chatterjee, D Inhibition of fungal growth and infection in maize grains by spice oils. Letters in Applied Microbiology 11 : Devi, S. B.; Naseema, A.; Nair, M. C In vitro effect of lemongrass oil on the mycelial growth of Rhizoctonia solani. Indian Phytopathology 35: Dhirendra Mishra Seed protectant property of ginger essential oil of Zingiber of ficinale Oscoe. Indian Perfumer 34: Dubey, R. C Fungicidal effect of essential oils of three higher plants on sclerotia of Macrophomina phaseolina. Indian Phytopathology 44 : Dubey, R. C. Dwivedl Fungitoxic properties of some plant extracts against vegetative growth and sclerotial viability of Macrophomina phaseoli na. Indian Phytopathology 44 : Dung N. X.; Sothy, N.; Lo V. N.; Leclercq, P. A Chemical composition of the wood oil of Cinnamomum albiflorum Nees from Kampuchea. Journal of Essential Oil Research 6 : Dung, N. X.; Sothy, N.; Lo, V. N.; Leclercq, P. A Chemical composition of the essential oil of Cinnamomum cambodianum H. Lec. Journal of Essential Oil Research 5:

19 13.Furusawa, I.; Nishiguchi, M.; Tani, M.; Ishida, N Evidence of early protein synthesis essential of the spore germination of Col letotrichum lagenarium. Journal of General Microbiology 101: Gangrade, S. K.; Shrivastava, R. D.; Sharma, O. P.; Jain, N. K.; Trivedi, K. C In vitro antifungal effect of the essential oils. Indian Perfumer 35: Garg, S. C.; Siddiqui, N Antifungal activity of some essential oil is olates. Pharmazie 47: Khanna, R. K.; Jouhari, J. K.; Sharma, O. S.; Singh, A Essential oil from the fruit rind of Cinnamomum cecidodaphne Meissn. Indian Perfumer 32: Kole, C.; Pattnaik, S.; Subramanyam, V. R.; Narain, A Antifungal efficacy of oil and its genetic variability in citronella. Crop Research ( Hisar) 6: Madhukar, J.; Reddy, S. M Efficacy of certain oils in the con trol of fruit-rot of guava. Indian Journal of Mycology and Plant Pathology 19: Maiti, D.; Kole, C. R.; Sen, C Antimicrobial efficacy of some essential oils. Zeitschrift fur Pflanzenkrankheite nund Pflanzenschutz 92: Morozumi, S A new antifungal agent in cinnamon. Japanese Journal of Medical Mycology 19: Mukherjee, P. S.; Nandi, S. K.; Nandi, B Antifungal activity of some essential oils against storage fungi. Journal of Mycopathological Research 30: Nath, S. C.; Hazarika, A. K.; Baruah, R. N.; Singh, R. S.; Ghosh, A. C Major components of the leaf oil of Cinnamomum sulphuratum Nees. Journal of Essential Oil Research 6: Nath, S. C.; Baruah, A. K. S Eugenol as the major component of the leaf oils of Cinnamomum impressinervium Meissn. Journal of Essential Oil Research 6 : Pandey, D. K.; Chandra, H.; Tripathi, N. N.; Dixit, S. N Fungitoxicity of some higher plants with special reference the synergistic activity amongst some volatile fungitoxicants. Phytopathologische Zeitschrift 106 : Qamar, S.; Chaudhary, F. M Antifungal activity of some essential oils from local plants. Pakistan Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research 34: Rao, C. P.; Singh, M.; Singh, H. N Fugnitoxic evaluation of essential oils extracted from higher plants some sugarcane pathogens in vitro. Tropical Science 32: Rodriguez, M.; Alvarez, M.; Zayas, M Microbiological quality of spices consumed in Cu ba. Revista Latinoamericana de Microbiologia 33: Singh, G.; Upadhyay, R. K Fungitoxic activity of cumaldehyde, main constituent of the Cuminum cyminum oil. Fitoterapia 62:86.

20 12: Singh, U. P.; Singh, H. B Comparative efficacy of some commercial fungicides, plant extracts and oil for the control of powdery mildew (Erysiphe polygoni DC.) of pea (Pisum sativum L.). Australasian Plant Pathology 12: Singh R. K. and Dwvedi R. S Effect of oil son Sclerotium rolfsii causing foot-rot of barley. Indian Phytopathology 40: Singh, S. P.; Negi, S.; Laxmi Chand; Singh, A. K Antibacterial and antifungal activities of Mentha arvensis essential oil. Fitoterapia 63: Singh, S. P.; Negi, S.; Laxmi Chand; Singh, A. K Antimicrobial properties of essential oils from Zingiber chrysanthum leaves and rhizomes. Fitoterapia 63: Thakur, R. N ; Singh, P.; Khosla, M. K In vitro studies on antifungal activities of some aromatic oils Indian Perfumer 33: Tripathi, R. D.; Rawar, A. K. S.; Johri, J. K.; Chaurasia, R. S.; Nainon, M. O.; Balasub rahmanyam. V. R Tolerant factor (s) of Piper betle L.cv. 'Kapoori' to some fungal pathogens. Indian Journal of Plant Pathology 3:

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Microsoft Word - 廣效性植物源農藥之開發.doc 12 1 97 11 30 ( ) E-Mail [email protected] 80 1000 26 (Trichoderma spp.) T20 T21 24 T21 T22 T26 46 63 33 19 600 100 800 800 1000 500 200 2000 Abstract In this study, chemical pesticide, antimicroorganisms