1 2 3 4 1 14 (1999) 178-179 2 1993 176 3 27 4 1994 44-52 1998 133
5 6 7 8 138-140 2000 4 34-36 5 1995 6 92-94 (Franz Schurmann) Franz Schurmann, Ideology and Organization in Communist China (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1966), p. 86. 7 97-101 8 1981 3 5 1981 3 6 1980 12 11 134
10 11 12 3-1 13 9 9 1980 10 30 2 1988 222-224 29 2000 56-57 10 1989 2 24-28 11 25-26 12 1990 16 17-21 1991 11 12-15 13 135
14 15 16 214 14 1993 3 19-21 15 1994 105 2001 4 30 1993 162 16 30 136
17 18 19 20 21 17 1949-1990 1990 209 18 1991 66 1994 702 1992 439 1991 257-259 19 1996 174-181 20 1999 105-108 1994 44-52 2000 181-189 21 1995 3 105-108 137
22 23 24 25 22 1991 67-68 2000 8 2001 6 23 1999 68-70 24 2000 215 25 2000 5 31-35 1995 2 86-95 2002 141-156 138
26 27 28 26 1998 26-30 27 1999 6 27-29 2001 1 30-32 28 2000 6 48-57 139
30 (differentiation) 31 32 29 5-1 1. 1. 1. 2. 2. 2. 3. 3. 29 1992 5 26-32 30 1998 92-94 31 48 29 94 32 1993 4 6-8 140
5-1 141
(dilution) (transformation) 33 (exclusionary) (inclusionary) 33 Ken Jowitt, Inclusion and Mobilization in European Leninist Regimes, World Politics, Vol. 28, No. 1(Oct. 1975), pp. 69-96; Ken Jowitt, Gorbachev: Bolshevik or Menshevik?, in Stephen White, Alex Pravda and Zvi Gitelman eds., Developments in Soviet Politics (Houndmills: Macmillan, 1990), pp. 271-291. 142
(Bruce J. Dickson) 34 35 36 37 38 15% 13.1% 17.1% 16.6% 19.8% 39 34 Bruce J. Dickson, Cooptation and Corporatism in China: The Logic of Party Adaptation, Political Science Quarterly, Vol. 115, No. 4(Winter 2000/2001), pp. 517-540. 35 12.2%28.3% 30.6%22.8% 43.7% 20% 132.3 24.5% 31.6% 2003 1 18 2 36 2002 6 6635.5 5.2% 2002 9 2 1 37 Maurice Meisner, The Deng Xiaoping Era: An Inquiry into the Fate of Chinese Socilism, 1978-1994(New York: Hill and Wang, 1996), pp. 320-340; 2002 1 4-8 2001 5 4-9 38 Richard Lowenthal, Development vs. Utopia in Communist Policy, in Chalmers Johnson, ed., Change in Communist Systems (Stanford, Cal. : Stanford University Press, 1970), pp. 110-116. 39 Dickson, Cooptation and Corporatism in Chin, p. 525; 2002 2 3 143
40 41 42 43 44 ( )2001 5 26 92 1 27 13 40 1991 598 584 41 84 9 7 9 42 2000 6 3-6 43 2001 7 2 3 44 71 2002 6 5 144
45 46 (agents) 47 48 45 Patrick H. O Neil, Revolution from Within: Institutional Analysis, Transition from Authoritarianism, and the Case of Hungary, World Politics, Vol. 48, No. 4(July 1996), p. 585; http://61.155.181.1942001 7 24 ( )2001 5 32-34 ( )2001 1 21-34 46 ( )2001 5 2-11 47 Dickson, Cooptation and Corporatism in Chin, pp. 519-521; Jeffrey Pfeffer and Gerald B. Salancik, The External Control of Organizations: A Resource Dependence Perspective (New York: Harper and Row, 1978), pp. 164-165. 48 Dickson, Cooptation and Corporatism in Chin, pp. 526-527; Dorothy J. Solinger, China s Transition from Socialism: Statist Legacies and Market Reform, 1989-1990(Armonk, N. Y. : M. E. Sharp, 1993), p. 256. 145
49 50 (heterogeneity) 51 (Robert Michels) (iron law of oligarchy) 52 (party-as-a-system) 53 49 Bob Jessop, State Theory: Putting States in their Place (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1990), pp. 118-119; Philippe C. Schmitter, Still the Century of Corporatism? Review of Political Studies, Vol. 36, No. 1(1974), pp. 93-111. 50 51 Dorothy Solinger, China s Urban Transients in the Transition from Socialism and the Collapse of the Communist Urban Public Goods Regime, Comparative Politics, Vol. 27(January 1995), pp. 127-146. 52 Robert Michels, Political Parties: A Sociological Study of the Oligarchical Tendencies of Modern Democracy (New York: The Free Press, 1962). 53 30 6 80 6 62 146
54 55 56 57 54 88 341-365 55 1997 309-314 http://www.china.com.cn/chinese /PRmeeting/64103.htm; 2002 11 9 A10 56 348 57 86 8 158-159 147
58 5-1 5-1 58 ( )2002 12 8-10 2001 11 9-18; 1995 6 26-28 http://www6.chinesenewsnet.com 2002 1 22-24 1994 12 4-6 1996 4 17-18 1999 2 55-58 2001 8 123-128 2002 221-226 1999 4 9-14 91 8 11 11 148
5-2 5-2 (institutional isomorphism) 59 59 John W. Meyer and Brian Rowan, Institutionalized Organizations: Formal Structure as Myth and Ceremony, in Walter W. Powell and Paul J. DiMaggio, eds., The New Institutionalism in Organizational Analysis (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1991), pp. 52-53. 149
60. 61 60 1961 233 61 1999 2 56 125 150
62 63 (Guillermo O Donnell) 1999 4 9-14 A12 62 350-351 63 151
(recruitment) (political exit) 64 (R. Michels) (G. Mosca) (V. Pareto) (zone of uncertainty) 65 (renewal) (policy innovation) (policy 64 Michael Gallagher and Michael Marsh, eds., Candidate Selection in Comparative Perspective: The Secret Garden of Politics (London: SAGE, 1988), p.1; Elmer E. Schattschneider, Party Government (New York: Holt, 1942), p. 64; Gallagher and Marsh, Candidate Selection in Comparative Perspective, p. 277; Ranney, Governing, pp. 209-211. 65 Angelo Panebianco, Political Parties: Organization and Power (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1988), pp. 33-37. 152
agenda) 66 (alternative position) 67 68 (Lowell Dittmer) (two fronts) (protracted succession) 69 (1952) 70 71 66 39 3 89 3 59Macridis, Modern Political Regimes, p. 18; Valerie Bunce, Do New Leaders Make a Difference? Executive Succession and Public Policy under Capitalism and Socialism (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1981), p. 255. 67 Vernon Bogdanor, eds, The Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Political Institutions (New York: Basil Blackwell, 1987), p.397. 68 1994 162-168 69 Dittmer, China under Reform, pp. 61-108; Frederick C. Teiwes, Politics at Mao s Court: Gao Gang and Party Factionalism in the Early 1950s (Armonk: M. E. Sharpe, 1990), pp. 32, 116-117; Roderick MacFarquhar, The Origins of the Cultural Revolution 1: Contradictions among the People 1956-1957 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1974), pp. 152-156. 70 Dittmer, China under Reform, pp. 61-62 655 71.. 1975-1982 1983 368-369 153
5-2 5-2 1978-1988 1991 154
72 (Lucian Pye) 73 74 75 76 72 85 51-95Lowell Dittmer and Yu-Shan Wu, The Modernization of Factionalism in Chinese Politics, World Politics, Vol. 4, No. 4 (July 1995), pp. 467-494. 73 Lucian W. Pye, Factions and the Politics of Guanxi: Paradoxes in Chinese Administrative and Political Behavior, The China Journal, No. 34 (July 1995), p. 39. 74 82 177-178 1993 159-160 176-180 75 80-81 195 166 76 79 124 155
77 78 79 80 (Frederick C. Teiwes) 77 1997 78 90 1 8 11 2001 79 1997 9-11 1997 28-31 80 Frederick C. Teiwes, Politics at the Core : The Political Circumstances of Mao Zedong, Deng Xiaoping and Jiang Zemin, China Information, Vol. 15, No. 1(2001), pp. 1-65. 156
81 82 81 (Lowell Dittmer) 89 62 (Frederick C. Teiwes) 89 Lowell Dittmer, Patterns of Elite Strife and Succession in Chinese Politics, China Quarterly, No. 123 (Sep. 1990), pp. 405-430 H. Lyman Miller, The Succession of Hu Jintao, http://www.chinaleadershipmonitor.org/ 20011b /20011LM.html. 82 86 5William H. Overbolt, China after Deng, Foreign Affairs, Vol. 75, Iss. 3 (May/June 1996), pp. 63-78 157
(first among equals) 83 84 (normal politics) 85 86 87 1997 303-325 83 1975-1982 1983 300 84 17 85 Frederick C. Teiwes, Normal Politics with Chinese Characteristics, The China Journal, No. 45(Jan. 2001), pp. 69-82; Frederick C. Teiwes, The Paradoxical Post-Mao Transition: From Obeying the Leader to Normal Politics, The China Journal, No. 34(July 1995), pp. 55-94. 86 3 3 91 126 87 Li Cheng, China in 1999: Seeking Common Ground at a Time of Tension and Conflict, Asian Survey (Jan/Feb 2000), p. 117; You Ji, Jiang Zemin: In Quest of Post-Deng Supremacy, in Maurice Brosseau, Suzanne Pepper and Tsang Shu-Ki, eds., China Review 1996 (Hong Kong: The Chinese University Press, 1996), pp. 4-7. 158
(Charles Lindblom) (supporting organization) (unilateral authority) 88 89 (dual-role elite) 90 91 88 Charles E. Lindblom, Politics and Markets: the World s Political Economic Systems (New York: Basic Books, 1977), p. 121. 89 ( ) 535 1997 7 10-20 90 Amos Perlmutter and William M. LeoGrande, "The Party in Uniform: Toward a Theory of Civil-Military Relations in Communist Political System," American Political Science Review, Vol. 76, December 1982, pp. 778-789. ; Hsiao-shih Cheng, Party-Military Relations in the PRC and Taiwan: Paradoxes of Control (Boulder: Westview Press, 1990), pp. 37-69. ; David Shambaugh, "The soldier and the state in China: the political work system in the PLA," The China Quarterly, No. 127(Set. 1991), pp. 527-568; 82 95-122 91 27 3 84 29-54 28-31 2002 525-527 19-46 159
92 5-31993-2003 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 432.48 550.62 636.72 720.06 812.57 934.72 1076.7 1197.96 1411.56 1660 1853 (%) 14.44 27.32 15.64 13.08 12.84 15.03 15.19 11.27 17.83 17.6 9.6 http://www.mnd.gov.tw. 82 3 6 13 93 94 5-3 95 92 2002 97-98 1995 VII 9-12 93 (Ellis Joffe) 118 94 http://www.dsis.org.tw/peaceforum/cindex.htm. 95 David Shambaugh, China s Military in Transition: Politics, Professionalism, and Power Projection, 160
5-4 96 5-4 7/17 12/25 6/21 13/23 11/28 2/17 2/20 2/22 2/24 30/97 85/170 52/195 61/201 50/210 23/175 44/189 41/193 44/193 97 98 in David Shambaugh and Richard H. Yang, eds., China s Military in Transition (New York: Clarendon Press, 1997), pp. 6-15; Ellis Joffe, Party-Army Relations in China: Retrospect and Prospect, Ibid., pp. 45-50. 96 108 1 2 45 97 27 3 84 10Lowell Dittmer, China under Reform (Boulder: Westview Press, 1994), pp. 24-31 72-105 98 22 161
99 100 101 5-5 60 55 45 1. 45 1 2. 50 60 55 45 1. 50 3 2 2. 45 1 3. 50 1. 40 2. 40 1 3. 45 1. 45 2 40 1 2. 40 1. 35 1 2. 35 99 1992 172 100 44 5 90 5 5 101 1993 2189 162
102 5-5 103 104 105 106 102 2002 53-93 103 85 104 88 1998 1998 Li Cheng and Lynn White, The 15 th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party: Full-Fledged Technocratic Leadership with Partial Control by Jiang Zemin, Asian Survey, Vol. 38, No. 3(March 1998), pp. 245-247; 92 3 2 11 105 17-18 106 46 163
(Susan Shirk) (reciprocal accountability) 107 108 (internalize) 109 110 111 112 107 Susan L. Shirk, The Political Logic of Economic Reform in China (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993), pp. 82-86. 108 10 91 10 97 109 Joseph Fewsmith, The New Shape of Elite Politics, The China Journal, No. 45(Jan. 2001), pp. 83-93. 110 87 111 90 9 30 13 91 1 16 13 91 4 6 7 91 6 22 13 91 7 2 11 112 92 3 16 11 164
113 (vision) 113 138-139 165
(Hannah Arendt) 114 115 116 (institutional choice) 5-6 114 150 2000 2 56 115 Donald L. Horowitz, Juan J. Linz and Seymour Martin Lipset, Debate: Presidents vs. Parliaments, Journal of Democracy,Vol.1, No. 4(Fall 1990), pp. 73-91; Scott Mainwaring, Presidentialism, Multipartism, and Democracy: the Difficult Combination, Comparative Political Studies, Vol. 26, No. 2(July 1993), pp. 198-228; Alfred Stepan and Cindy Skach, Presidentialism and Parliamentarism in Comparative Perspective, in Juan J. Linz and Arturo Valenzuela, eds., The Failure of Presidential Democracy: Comparative Perspectives, Vol. 1 (Baltimore, Md. : John Hopkins University Press, 1994), pp. 119-136; Arend Lijphart, Patterns of Democracy: Government Forms and Performance in Thirty-Six Countries (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1999). 116 (Andrew J. Nathan) 89 351 1987 6 3-20 1987 1988 1998 1999 1999 161-306 1998 152-176 166
(ideal type) 5-6 1. 2. 3. 1. 2. 3. 1. 2. 1. 2. 3. 1. 2. 3. 4. (Juan J. Linz) (Matthew S. Shugart) (Arend Lijphart) 117 117 (Juan J. Linz) (Scott Mainwaring) (dual legitimacy) (Matthew S. Shugart) (John M. Carey) (accountability) (arbiter) (Maurice Duverger) Juan J. Linz, The Perils of Presidentialism, Journal of Democracy, Vol. 1, 167
(fusion) (separation) 118 119 No. 1(Winter 1990), pp. 51-69; Scott Mainwaring, Presidentialism in Latin American, Latin American Research Review, Vol. 25, No.1(1990), pp. 157-179; Matthew Soberg Shugart and John M. Carey, Presidents and Assemblies: Constitutional Design and Electoral Dynamics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992), pp. 43-49; Maurice Duverger, A New Political System Model: Semi-Presidential Government, European Journal of Political Research, Vol. 8, No. 2(Juan 1980), pp. 165-187; 1992~1999 89 119 118 Giovanni Sartori, Comparative Constitutional Engeering: An Inquiry into Structures, Incentives and Outcomes (New York: New York University Press, 1994), pp. 173-204; 119 1987 1271-1272 2002 10Pitman B. Potter, The Chinese Legal System: Continuing Commitment to the 168
120 5-7 121 5-7 * 41 19 60 47 16 63 60 27 87 85 32 117 84 29 113 317 123 440 Primacy of State Power, in Richard L. Edmond, ed., The People s Republic of China After 50 Years (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000), p. 114. 120 2000 5 596-604 121 1949-1999 2000 5 13 169
122 123 124 125 126 127 122 1991 262 123 1989 62 124 45 5 91 98-99 125 Murray Scot Tanner, The National People s Congress, in Merle Goldman and Roderick MacFarquhar, eds., The Paradox of China s Post-Mao Reforms (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1999), pp. 112-113; 2001 5 22 126 23-24 127 170
5-8 6 15 5 18 5 18 5 17 7 18 6 9 6 14 4 13 5 13 8 15 5 16 4 14 6 13 7 18 6 9 7 21 7 21 6 19 10 23 6 20 4 24 4 26 6 27 6 28 6 10 5 11 3 11 6 8 7 10 4 8 4 12 4 16 6 19 7 12 5 11 5 15 5 22 5 20 4 19 34 71 36 116 36 130 50 151 61 165 90 195 2003 3 18 2 (Nelson W. Polsby) (David T. Canon) (durability) (well-bounded) (internal complexity) 4-4 128 5-8 129 2003 3 16 A19 2003 3 18 2 128 1999 165 129 87-108 171
130 (legislative embeddedness) 131 132 26 9 90 9 28 1993 1 54-57 41 5 87 5 54 130 33 131 Kevin J. O Brien, Chinese People s Congresses and Legislative Embeddedness: Understanding Early Organizational Development, Comparative Political Studies, Vol. 27, No. 1(April 1994), pp. 80-109; Murray Scot Tanner, Organizations and Politics in China s Post-Mao Law-Making System, in Potter, ed., Domestic Law Reforms in Post-Mao China, pp. 56-89; Murray Scot Tanner, The Erosion of Communist Party Control over Lawmaking in China, China Quarterly, No. 138 (June 1994), pp. 381-403. 132 1992-1999 57-58 172
133 (David Beetham) 134 135 136 137 133 12 5 2001 9 5-16 134 David Beetham, The Legitimation of Power (London: Macmillan, 1991), p. 181. 135 22 2002 / 100 136 1998 6 59-69 137 2002 102-118 173
138 5-9 1 / / / 2 / / / / 3 / / / 4 vs. 5 vs. 6 (general will) (co-ordinate)5-8 4-6 (veto power) (reactive powers) 139 138 (Andrew Nathan) 6 1995 13 139 Frank L. Wilson, Sources of Party Transformation: The Case of France, in Peter H. Merkl, ed., Western European Party Systems: Trends and Prospects (New York: The Free Press, 1980), pp. 526-551. 174
140 141 (rule by law) (rule of law) 142 140 1997 202 141 2003 2 142 2000 5 9-11 175
(spill-over) (Murray Scot Tanner) (multi-stage) (multi-arena) 143 5-3 5-3 (sanctity) (entrepreneurs) 143 Murray Scot Tanner, How a Bill Becomes a Law in China: Stages and Processes in Lawmaking, China Quarterly, No. 141(March 1995), p. 39. 176
(institutional competition) 145 146 147 148. 144 144 Minxin Pei, Creeping Democratization in China, Journal of Democracy, Vol. 6, No. 4 (Oct. 1995), pp. 67-69. 145 88 329-330 146 336-337; Potter, The Chinese Legal System: Continuing Commitment to the Primacy of State Power, p. 114 147 1993 278 148 Murray Scot Tanner, The Politics of Lawmaking in Post-Mao China: Institutions, Processes and Democratic Prospects (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1999), pp. 55-56. 177
149 (party discipline) 150 (homogenization) 5-4 OR 5-4 151 149 1997 153-154 150 Giovanni Sartori, Comparative Constitutional Engeering: An Inquiry into Structures, Incentives and Outcomes (New York: New York University Press, 1994), pp. 189-194. 151 69 2002 2 134 178
E. H. Carr 152 153 154 155 152 Edward H. Carr, Socialism in One Country: 1924-1926, Vol. 2 (New York: Macmillan, 1960), pp. 219-220. 153 203 154 1994 1 3-11 1999 4 9-14 155 119-125 209-210 179
(inactive) (agents) (remonstrator) 156 (political ornaments) 157 158 (representative) 159 (fractionalism) (malignant) 160 161 156 Kevin J. O Brien, Agents and Remonstrators: Role Accumulation by Chinese People s Congress Deputies, China Quarterly, No. 138 (June 1994), pp. 359-361. 157 2002 12 158 2003 1 159 O Brien, Agents and Remonstrators, pp. 375-378. 160 Michael Waller, Democratic Centralism (New York: St. Martin s Press, 1981), pp. 19-20. 161 Sartori, Parties and Party System, p. 105. 180
162 162 181