- 18 A 1 9 9 1 1990 E PA 1992 5 T VA E PA
522 w w w... h t t p : / / n o b e l. s d s c. e d u / l a u r e a t e s / e c o n o m y - 1 9 9 1-1 - a u t o b i o. h t m l 18.1 [ 1 ] 18.1.1 1. 2. 3. 4. 18.1.2 [ 2 ] [ 3 Edward Ma s o n ] Joe Bain [1] F. M. Scherer and D. Ross, Industrial Market S t ru c t u re and Economic Performance, 3d ed. (boston: Houghton-Mifflin, 1990). [2] Edward S. Mason, Price Production Policies of Large-Scale Enterprise, American Economic Review, Supplement (March 1939), pp.61-74, and The Current State of the Monopoly Problem in the United States, H a rv a rd Law Review (June 1949), pp.1265-1285. [3] Joe S. Bain, Industrial org a n i z a t i o n (New York: John Wi l e y, 1959)
523 1 8-1 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 6. 18.1.3 18-1 3 1. [ 4 ] [4] See Stephen A.Rhoades, Market Performance and Nature of a Competitive Fringe, Journal of Economics and Business (May 1985).
524 18.1.4 2. 3. [ 5 ] 18-1 18-1 A. A.1 1 2 2 3 3 B. B. 1 1 2 3 4 C. C.1 1 2 2 Joe S. Bain, Industrial Org a n i z a t i o n (Now York: Wi l e y, 1959), PP. 237-265. [5] Bain, Industrial Org a n i z a t i o n, p.237.
525 18.1.5 William BaumolJ. C. J. C. Panzar R. D. R. D. Wi l l i g [ 6 ] 18.1.6 1 8-1 18.1.7 [6] William J. Baumol, J.C.Panzar, and R.D. Willig, Contestable Markets and the Theory of Industry Stru c t u re (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1982).
526 4 8 20 50 S I C S I C 7 2 4 5 4 5 4 SIC2893 SIC2879 4 S I C S I C 4 16 9 0 1 8-2 1978 / [ 7 ] H H I S i i N 100 H H I 10 000 1. 0H H I [ 8 ] H H I 4 H H I 18-2 HHI = S i 2 18-2 4 8 20 4 S I C - 4 8 20 2043 1987 87 99 99 + 2207 2 0 2 6 1 9 8 7 2 1 3 2 4 8 1 9 5 2 0 8 2 1 9 8 7 8 7 9 8 9 9 + N i=1 1 9 8 2 7 7 9 4 9 9 2 0 8 9 [7] O.Hirschman, The Paternity of an Index, American Economic Review 54 (September 1964), pp. 761-762. [8] See Scherer and Ross, Industrial Market Stru c t u re, pp. 72-73.
527 4 8 20 4 S I C - 4 8 20 2 0 8 2 1 9 7 7 6 4 8 3 9 8 1 9 7 2 5 2 7 0 9 1 2251 1987 61 72 88 1501 1 9 8 2 5 8 6 6 8 1 1 5 3 9 1 9 7 7 5 0 6 2 7 8 1 9 7 2 3 5 4 9 6 9 2841 1987 65 76 84 1698 2 9 11 1 9 8 7 3 2 5 2 7 8 4 3 5 3 2 11 1 9 8 7 8 2 1 9 6 8 1 9 8 2 8 5 2 0 3 2 1 9 7 1 9 0 9 9 9 9 + 1 9 7 2 9 2 1 0 0 3271 1987 7 12 21 33 3353 1987 75 91 99 + 1719 3511 1987 80 95 99 2162 1 9 8 2 8 4 9 2 9 8 2 6 0 2 1 9 7 7 8 6 9 7 9 9 1 9 7 2 9 0 9 6 9 9 3711 1987 90 95 99 3949 1987 13 21 35 94 1 9 8 2 1 7 2 8 4 4 1 4 0 1 9 7 7 2 1 2 8 4 1 1 9 7 2 2 8 3 7 5 0 3 9 9 5 1 9 8 7 5 9 6 6 7 7 1 8 2 0 1 9 8 2 5 2 6 0 7 1 1 2 4 7 1 9 7 7 3 6 4 8 6 2 1 9 7 2 2 5 3 4 4 7 1987 Census of Manufacturers, MC87-S-7, U.S. Department of Commerce, February 1992, Table 4. 18.2 1 8 9 0
528 w w w... : h t t p : / / w w w. a n t i t r u s t. o rg / : h t t p : w w w. u s d o j. g o v / a t r / i n d e x. h t m l F i n d L a w : h t t p : / / w w w. f i n d l a w. c o m / 0 1 t o p i c s / 0 1 a n t i t r u s t / i n d e x. h t m l 18.2.1 1890 w w w... h t t p : / / w w w. l a w. c o r n e l l. e d u / u s c o d e / 1 5 / c h 1. h t m l 18.2.2 1 914 4 1. 2 2. 3 3. 7 2 3
529 4. 8 a b 100 c 18.2.3 1 9 1 4 F T C 5 1914 18.2.4-1 936 2 3 3 1. 2. 3. 3 3 2 2 1. 2 a 2 a 2 ( b ) 2. 2 ( c ) 3. 2 ( d ) ( e ) 18.2.5 - ( 1938 ) F T C 5
530 18.2.6 - ( 1950 ) 7 7 18.2.7 - - ( 1976 ) ( 1 1000 ) 30 18.2.8 ( F T C ) F T C F T C ( ) ( ) 3 18.2.9 ( ) 1994 6 ( ) 1982
531 (H H I) ( 1984 ) 1. H H I 1 800 50 1 00 ( ) 2. H H I 1 000 1 800 100 1 3. H H I 1 000 ( ) ( H H I)? AT & T 1 26 (McCaw Cellular) ( ) AT & T E C (British Airway) 353 w w w... 1992 h t t p : / / w w w. u s d o j. g o v / a t r / G u i d e l i n e s / m e rg e r. t x t 1982 AT & T [ 9 ] ( ) 95 95 80 95 [9] Based on Browse This, U.S. News & World Report, 5 December 1997, p.59. U.S. Sues Microsoft Over PC B r o w s e r, Wall Street Journal, 21 October 1997, p. A3, Knowing the ABCs of the Antitrust Case Against M i c r o s o f t, Wall Street Journal, 30 October 1997, p. B1, and M i c r o s o f t s Browser: A Bundle of Tr o u b l e, The Economist, 25 October 1997, p.74.
532 95 P C 95 1996 1997 20 39 w w w... F i n d L a w 1994 1997 95 I E h t t p : / / w w w / f i n d l a w. c o m / 0 1 t o p i c s / 0 1 a n t i t r u s t / m i c r o s o f t. h t m l ( ) ( ) ( A ) ( B ) ( B ) ( ) ( A ) ( A ( B ) ( B 90 18.3 18-3 18-3 / E PA C P S C E E O C
533 / O S H A N L R B I C C N R C S E C F C C F D A F E R C FA A N H T S A B AT F United States Government Manual 1994 / 5, Office of Federal Register, National Archives and Records Administration. [ 1 0 ] 1990 2005 215 5 1 000 4 000 C F C 2000 H C F C C F C H C F C H C F 200 [10] Based on How Clean-Air Bill Will Force Du Pont into Costly Moves, Wall Street Journal, 25 May 1990, p. 1ff.
534 [ 11 ] [ 1 2 ] 25 E PA 100 12 000 E PA P = $15 000 0. 3Q P Q T R M R T R = P Q = $15 000Q 0. 3Q 2 T C M C MR = dtr dq = $15000 0.6Q TC =$100 000 000 + 6Q + 0.05 Q 2 MC = dtc dq = 6 + 0.1Q Q MC = M R 6 + 0.1Q = 15 000 0. 6Q 0. 7Q = 14 994 Q * = 21 420 [ 11] 11 [12]
535 P * = 15 000 0.3 (21 420) = $8 574 = T R T C = P Q T C = 8 574 (21 420) [100 000 000 + 6 (21 420) + 0.05 (21 420) 2 ] * = $60 585 740 6 060 R O I 8. 4 ROI = E PA 1. 5 1 500 1 500 1. 5 R O I T C 1 = $115 000 000 + 8Q + 0.1 Q 2 $60.6 10 6 $840 10 6 100 = 7.2% ROI 1 = $45.5 10 6 $840 10 6 100 = 5.4% 13 [ ] MC 1 = dtc 1 dq =8 + 0.2Q M C 1 M R M C 1 = M R 8 + 0. 2Q = 15 000 0. 6Q 0. 8Q = 14 992 Q * =18 740 P * = 15 000 0.3 (18 740) = $9 378 3 000 800 2 2 = T R T C 1 = 9 378 (18 740 [ 115 000 000 + 8 18 740 +0.1 (18 740) 2 ] 2 * = $25 475 040 [13] 1. 5 R O I 4. 6 %
536 R O I 2 E PA T C 2 = $85 000 000 + 15Q + 0.2Q 2 M C 2 = 15 + 0.4Q M C 2 = M R 15 + 0.4Q = 15 000 = 0.6Q Q * = 14 985 P * = 15 000 0.3 (14 983) = $10 504 4 000 18 740 14 985 1 150 3 3 = T R T C = 10 504 (14 985 [85 000 000 + 15 14 985 +0.2 (14 985) 2 ] 3 * = $27 267 620 ROI 2 = R O I 3 2 500 2 700 6.3 ROI 3 = $25.5 10 6 $840 10 6 100 = 3.0% $27.2 10 6 $630 10 6 100 = 4.3% 3 000 21 420 14 985 10 300 B O P B O P = 1/2 21 420 14 985$10 300 = $33 140 250 E PA E PA
537 w w w... h t t p : / / w w w. f e r c. f e d. u s / 70 80 9 0 1978 1 976 1 980 AT & T M C I ( ) AT & T AT & T 7 [ 14 ] 1992 18.4 1. 2. 18.4.1 w w w... h t t p : / / W W. u s p t o. g o v / [14] A. E. Kahn, Surprises from Airline Deregulation, R. W. Crandall, Surprises from Telephone Deregulation and the AT&T Divestiture, and E. J. kane, Interaction of Financial and Regulatory Innovation, American Economic Review (May 1988), pp. 316-334.
538 / ( ) 17 17 [ 15 ] 1. 2. [15] A.E. Kahn, The Role of Patents, in Competition, Cartels and Their Regulation, ed. J.P.Miller (Amsterdam: North Holland, 1962).
539 1936 A & P A & P A & P 1988 5 3 ( G M 1966 ) ( F T C S t r i d e R i t 1996 ) ( I S O ) I S O ( 1 9 9 2 ) I S O 80 1 300 1 000
540 [ 16 ] w w w... h t t p : / / ff a s. u s d a. g o v / i t p / i m p o r t s / s u g a r- i m p o r t. h t m l 1982 1 8-2 1983 S S D D 15 61. 4 191. 8 130. 4 21. 8 2. 8 59. 6 4 6. 8 2. 8 / 21.8 17.8 15.0 /10 18-2 P. Krugman and M. Obstfeld, International Economics (Glenview, Ill.: Scott, Foresman, 1988). f, g, h, i j 12. 66 f, g, h, i j f 6. 16 1. 67 i 4. 8 g, j h g [16] Adapted from C. C. Coughlin and G. E. Wo o d, An Introduction to Non-Ta r i ff Barriers to trade, F e d e r a l Reserve Bank of St. Louis, January 1989, pp. 32-46.
541 j 2. 38 h 2. 38 1985 6 776 1988 17 1986 1987 27. 64 5. 7 1 1 983 6 2 1 9 8 5 1 G AT T 1975 1 981 1975 1 981 1981 93 500 1983 28 000 1 983 52 G AT T 18.4.2 [ 17 ] [17] A m t r a k F D I C F S L I C F S L I 1 000
542 [ 1 8 ] ( A m t r a k ) Penn Central 6 C o n r a i l R & D 4 8 20 50 H H I 1890 1 914 F T C 1936 1 938 1 950 1976 [18]
543 C o n r a i l 1. 8 A 3 0 E 8 B 2 5 F 5 C 1 5 G 4 D 1 0 H 3 ( 1984 )? a. C D ( 25 ) b. F G ( 9 ) 2. (Specific Motors Corporation) 55 2 1 5 55 55 28 P = 16 000 0. 0 2Q T C = 850 000 000 + 4 000Q a. b.?? c. 28 ( x = b± b2 4ac 2a a x 2 + bx + c = 0 ) 3. P = 800 2 0Q Q
544 ( ) T C = 300 + 500Q + 10Q 2 Q a. b.? c. ( 500 ) P = 620 ( ) d. ( c )? e. 15 2 0 [ a ( b ) ]? f.? g. (Clear Water Coalition) T C = 400 + 560Q + 10Q 2? h. 500 50?? 4. (Public Service Company) 10 12 3 19 7 + 0.3 a. [ ( ) T = w A 2 2 2 A +w B 2 B +2w A w B AB A B w A w B A B w A + w B = 1 A B A B A B A B ] b. w A = 0.333( ) w B = 0.667( ) c.? d.? 5. P = 1 500 9Q P = 80 + 3Q
545 M C = 50 + 3Q a. b. c. 450?? w w w Anthony Becker h t t p // w w w. s t o l a f. e d u / p e o p l e / b e c k e r / a n t i t r u s t / s u b j e c t. h t m l Ricky Hasbronk (496U.S.543) h t t p : / / w w w. s t o l a f. e d n / p e o p l e / b e c k e r / a n t i t r u s t / S u m m a r i e s / 4 9 6 u s 5 4 3. h t m l
18A.1 18A.1.1 ( ) ( ) 18A.1.2 [ 19 ] ( ) ( ) u x = u x (W 1, W 2, W 3,..., W n, Z 1 ) 1 8 A - 1 X X W 1 W n Z 1 [19]
547 18A.1.3 1 2 ( ) ( ) P = M C ( ) ) 18A.1.4 18 A - 1 X Y 2 0 17
548 18A.1.5 ( P a s a d e n a ) 18A.1.6 S c h u y l k i l l 7 500 Rapid Transit District 18A.1.7 ( ) 18A.1.8 ( ) -
549 18A.1.9?? ( ) [ 20 ] 18 A - 1 ( 18 A - 1 a ) 10 1 4046. 856 m 2 600 ( 18 A - 1 a ) 10 20 300 800 300 9 00 1 500 1 000 501 600 ( ) ( ) 10 [20] Ronald Coase, The Problem of Social Cost, Journal of Law and Economies 2 (October 1960), pp. 1-44.
550 20 (1 600 ) 10 60 ( 1 200 ) 1 000 1 500 2400 1 2 101 100 ( 1 500 1 600 ) 10 600 701 1 000 18 A - 1 b 18-1 100 20 1 600 10 1 500 600 10 a b 18A-1 18A.1.10 10 18 A - 1 a 18 A - 1 b ( ) (
551 18A.2 ) ( ) 13 [ 21 ] 18A.2.1 18A.2.2 18A.2.3 [21] J. Farrell, Information and the Coase Theorem, Journal of Economic Perspectives, Fall 1987, pp. 113-137 and F.H.B. Harris, Economic Negligence, Moral hazard, and the Coase Theorem, Southern Economic Journal, 56(3), January 1990, pp. 698-704.
552 ( )? 70 4 500 ( 1 ) ( 2 ( 3 ) 185 000 185 000 / 18A.2.4 18A.2.5 ( )
553 18A.2.6 ( ) ) w w w... h t t p : / / w w w. e p a. g o v / d o c s / a c i d r a i n / a r d h o m e. h t m l 1990 ( ) ( ) ( )
554 18A.2.7 Times Mirror C o m p a n y 150 1. 2 50 000 [ 22 ] ( )? [ 23 ] ( ) 18 A - 2 ( ) ( ) 10 10 1 5 8 ( ) 8 20 [22] This example is based on Otto A. Davis and Andrew Whinston, The Economics of Urban Renewal, L a w and Contemporary Pro b l e m s ( Winter 1961), pp. 104-11 7. [23] 15 16
555 1 8 A - 2 15 20 10 10 15 0. 15 0. 20 0. 15 0. 20 0. 08 0. 08 0. 10 0. 10 18A-2 ( ) 1 5 30
556 1. Lead Weight Refining Q Q A ( ) Q B T C = 25 000 + 8Q + 4Q 2 P A = 4 522 4Q A P B = 400 Q B a. b. c.? 2. 100 20 + 2.5Q a.? b. 10 1?