2017 4 357 GLOBAL EDUCATION Vol. 46 No4, 2017 K-12 2016 K-12 K-12 / 200062 / 200062 2015 8 2015 STEM STEM 1 Computer Science Association for Computing Machinery ACM Code Computer Science Teachers Association CSTA Cyber Innovation Center CIC + National Math + Science Initiative NMSI 50 2015 10 K-12 14 27 25 K-12 K-12 Computer Science Framework 2016 10 31 2 K-12 52
20 60 21 IT 36% 3 4 5 Computer Science Teachers Association, CSTA K-12 2011 K-12 CSTA K-12 K-12 K-6 K6-9 K9-12 6 2015 8 2015 STEM STEM STEM 2016 7 2016 1 Computer Science For All 53
computational thinking CEO 8 K-12 9 2015 2016 : K-12 10 K-12 11 K-12 K-12 K-12 CSTA K-12 Code + 27 K-12 25 K-12 K-12 core concepts core practices 1 K-12 K-12 National Research Council NRC 2011 K-12 : crosscutting 54
concepts K-12 K-12 K-12 2 4 8 12 K-12 K-12 subconcept 12 1 K-12 Computer Science Framework EB/OL. http://www. k12cs.org.2016-10-31/2017-03-10. 55
computing systems Networks and Internet Data and Analysis Algorithms and Programming Impacts of Computing K-12 K-12 learning progression 12 1 56
1 K-12 Computer Science Framework EB/OL. http://www. k12cs.org.2016-10-31/2017-03-10. 2 5 8 12 p.96 p.103 p.111 p.119 12 computational thinking 2006 Jeannette M. Wing 12 3 6 1 2 7 57
2 2 K-12 Computer Science Framework EB/OL. http://www. k12cs.org,2016-10-31/2017-03-10. 1. 12 2. 2 1 K-12 58
3. 12 4. Abstraction 12 5. computational products 6. 12 7. 59
K-12 K-12 K-12 K-12 K-12 K-12 1 2 / 3 4 / 5 / 6 / 7 8 9 60
K-12 K-12 K-12 K-12 K-12 K-12 K-12 K-12 61
AP K-12 2 2 K-12 Computer Science Framework EB/OL. http://www.k12cs.org,2016-10-31/2017-03-10. K-12 K-12 62
2011 CSTA K-12 K-12 2016 Digital Native K-12 20 90 3D 63
21 12 12 2013 K-12 2015 STEM STEM 2016 64
2016 1 21 Partnership for the 21st Century Skills 38 21 Bernie Trilling Charles Fadel K-12 5 4 K-12 2015 2016 K-12 K-12 K-12 10 50 10 7 Computing At School Gesellschaft fur Informatik e.v. K-12 K-12 65
1. STEM M.,2015. 2 The Association for Computing Machinery,Code.org,Computer Science Teachers Association, Cyber Innovation Center & National Math and Science Initiative. K-12 Computer Science Framework EB/ OL. http://www.k12cs.org,2016-10-31/2017-03-14. 3 4 Alliance for Science & Technology Research in America (ASTRA). The Case for Improving U.S. Computer Science Education EB/OL. https://usinnovation.org/reports/case -improving -us -computer - science-education,2017-01-23/2017-03-14. 5 P. J. Denning, D. Gries, M. C. Mulder & A. Tucker. Computing as a Discipline J. Communications of the ACM. 32 1 : 9-23.1989. 6 CSTA.K-12 Computer Science Standards EB/OL. http://www.csta.acm.org/ Curriculum/sub/CurrFiles/ CSTA_K-12_CSS.pdf,2016-04-18/2017-03-14. 7 8 The White House. Computer Science for All EB/OL. https://www. whitehouse. gov /blog/2016/01/ 30/computer-science-all,2016-01-30/2017-03-10. 9 College Board and Code.org. A Comprehensive Effort to Expand Diversity in Computer Science EB/ OL. https://code.org/college-board,2015-05-14/2017-03-10. 10 Searching for Computer Science. Access and Barriers in U.S. K -12 Education EB/OL. http:// services.google.com/fh/files/misc/ searching-for-computer-science_report.pdf,2017-02-20/2017-03-14. 11 Alliance for Science & Technology Research in America (ASTRA). Trends in the State of Computer Science in U.S. K -12 Schools EB/OL. https:// usinnovation.org/reports/trends -state -computer - science,2016-10-27/2017-03-14. 12 Jeannette M. Wing. Computational Thinking J. Communications of the ACM, 2006 3 :34-35. Computer Science as a Discipline: A Review of the K-12 Computer Science Framework in America ZHAO Zhongjian & ZHOU Lei Institute of International and Comparative Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China Abstract On the basis of American K-12 Computer Science Framework published in 2016, this paper first presents the background elements of computer science as an official discipline in the United States. Then, the core concepts and core practices of computer science in k-12 stage are introduced and analyzed in details. The specific implementation elements of computer science in primary and secondary schools during the implementation process are introduced as well. Based on the above, the paper also has its own analysis and consideration. Key words: The United States; computer science; information technology 66